Factors affecting the short-term outcomes of robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) is a relatively new approach to lung cancer surgery. To promote the development of RATS procedures, we investigated the factors related to short-term postoperative outcomes. METHODS: We analyzed the records of patients who underwent RATS lobectomy for primary lung cancer at our institution between June, 2018 and January, 2023. The primary outcome was operative time, and the estimated value of surgery-related factors was calculated by linear regression analysis. The secondary outcome was surgical morbidity and the risk was assessed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The study cohort comprised 238 patients. Left upper lobectomy had the longest mean operative time, followed by right upper lobectomy. Postoperative complications occurred in 13.0% of the patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that upper lobectomy, the number of staples used for interlobular fissures, and the number of cases experienced by the surgeon were significantly associated with a longer operative time. The only significant risk factor for postoperative complications was heavy smoking. CONCLUSION: Patients with well-lobulated middle or lower lobe lung cancer who are not heavy smokers are recommended for the introductory period of RATS lobectomy. Improving the procedures for upper lobectomy and dividing incomplete interlobular fissures will promote the further development of RATS.

Safety and efficacy of new staple-line reinforcement in lung resection: a prospective study of 48 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of new staple-line reinforcement (SLR) in pulmonary resection through a prospective study and to compare the results of this study with historical control data in an exploratory study. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 48 patients who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy. The primary endpoint was air leakage from the staple line. The secondary endpoints were the location of air leakage, duration of air leakage, and postoperative pulmonary complications. RESULTS: The incidence of intraoperative air leakage from the staple line was 6.3%. Three patients had prolonged air leakage as a postoperative pulmonary complication. No malfunction was found in patients who underwent SLR with the stapling device. When compared with the historical group, the SLR group had a significantly lower incidence of air leakage from the staple line (6.3% vs. 28.5%, P < 0.001) and significantly shorter indwelling chest drainage time (P = 0.049) and length of hospital stay (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of SLR in pulmonary resection was safe and effective. When compared with conventional products, SLR could control intraoperative air leakage from the staple line and shorten time needed for indwelling chest drainage and the length of hospital stay.

Clinical outcomes of left upper segmentectomy vs. lobectomy for early non-small-cell lung cancer: a nationwide database study in Japan.

PURPOSE: Given that left upper lobe and right upper and middle lobes share a similar anatomy, segmentectomy, such as upper division and lingulectomy, should yield identical oncological clearance to left upper lobectomy. We compared the prognosis of segmentectomy with that of lobectomy for early stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the left upper lobe. METHODS: We retrospectively examined 2115 patients who underwent segmentectomy or lobectomy for c-stage I (TNM 8th edition) NSCLC in the left upper lobe in 2010. We compared the oncological outcomes of segmentectomy (n = 483) and lobectomy (n = 483) using a propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: The 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates in the segmentectomy and lobectomy groups were comparable, irrespective of c-stage IA or IB. Subset analyses according to radiological tumor findings showed that segmentectomy yielded oncological outcomes comparable to those of lobectomy for non-pure solid tumors. In cases where the solid tumor exceeded 20 mm, segmentectomy showed a recurrence-free survival inferior to that of lobectomy (p = 0.028), despite an equivalent overall survival (p = 0.38). CONCLUSION: Segmentectomy may be an acceptable alternative to lobectomy with regard to the overall survival of patients with c-stage I NSCLC in the left upper lobe.

[Perioperative Strategy of Fluid and Nutrition in the Compromised Patients After Lung Resection].

The strategy for the administration of fluid and nutrition management after lung resection is not unusual, as compared to the other ordinal surgeries. However, it should be kept in mind that relative reduction in right ventricular function could occur following lung resection due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The surgical trauma such as pulmonary arterial clamp and lymphadenectomy as well as the removal of the lung, and perioperative factors such as single lung ventilation, could also increase pulmonary vascular resistance, all of which could be related to acute lung injury. Regarding the fluid management, excessive fluid administration could cause pulmonary edema, decreased alveolar gas permeability, atelectasis, and hypoxia, while restrictive fluid management could induce complication related to hypoperfusion. Since these adverse effects are highly associated with the main causes of morbidity and mortality particularly in the compromised patients, a proper assessment and monitoring of fluid balance (fluid optimization) would be required. In addition, along with the increasing number of the elderly patients, particular concerns must be given to the patients with the sarcopenia or frailty. The appropriate nutritional support following lung surgery is necessary to reduce surgical morbidity and morbidity especially for the malnourished and elderly patients.

EWSR1-CREM fusion in pulmonary mesenchymal neoplasm showing distinctive clear cell morphology.

EWSR1-CREM gene fusions were recently discovered in several mesenchymal and epithelial tumors, including myxoid mesenchymal tumors of the central nervous system, rare cases of soft tissue clear cell sarcoma and angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma, and hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma, which implicates the potential phenotypic diversities of tumors harboring an EWSR1-CREM fusion. We herein present an exceedingly indolent pulmonary mesenchymal tumor showing distinctive clinicopathological features. This tumor histologically displayed a small nest and alveolar pattern consisting of monomorphic clear cells intermingled with dilated anastomosing vasculature. Immunophenotypically, tumor cells were positive for vimentin and focally positive for synaptophysin, but negative for many immunohistochemical panels including keratins, EMA, desmin, mesothelial markers, melanotic markers, smooth muscle actin, inhibin and S-100 protein. Interestingly, RNA sequencing identified an in-frame EWSR1-CREM fusion, which was confirmed by subsequent real-time/reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. Clinical follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence and metastasis. Our pathological findings further expand the phenotypic spectrum of tumors associated with EWSR1-CREM fusions, implying the emergence of a possible novel tumor entity.

[Left Paraganglioma in the Posterior Mediastinum].

A 69-year-old man with hypertension was referred for an abnormal shadow detected on chest computed tomography(CT) at a medical checkup. Enhanced CT showed a highly enhanced posterior mediastinal tumor of 34×27 mm. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Thus, a neurogenic tumor was suspected and the surgery was performed. The tumor was carefully dissected as it was hyper-vascular and hemorrhagic. Immediately after tumor resection, the patient's blood pressure rapidly decreased, and phenylephrine hydrochloride was needed to maintain the blood pressure. The pathological diagnosis was paraganglioma.

Significant role of Psf3 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer.

The GINS complex associates with cell division cycle (Cdc) protein 45 and mini-chromosome maintenance (Mcm) proteins 2-7 to form the Cdc45-Mcm-GINS (CMG) complex, which is essential for DNA duplication. One member of the GINS complex is Psf3. We previously found that increased Psf3 expression was strongly associated with poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we investigated the role of Psf3 expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We verified Psf3 expression in human NSCLC tissues (180 patients) and cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the overexpression of Psf3 was significantly associated with vessel invasion (P = 0.016), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.002), and pleural invasion (P = 0.036). The overall survival rate in patients with Psf3 overexpression was significantly lower than that in patients without Psf3 overexpression (P = 0.006). Multivariate survival analysis revealed Psf3 expression to be an independent risk factor for an unfavorable outcome (P = 0.049). A proximal ligation assay showed interactions between Psf3 and other CMG components (such as Mcm2 and Cdc45) in both NSCLC specimens and cell lines, indicating that Psf3 acted as the CMG complex, which could lead to excessive proliferation. Knockdown of Psf3 inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines by delaying the S phase, which revealed that Psf3 played an important role in cancer proliferation. Thus, Psf3 acted as the CMG complex, promoting excessive proliferation. These results suggest that Psf3 inhibition might be a therapeutic target for NSCLC with Psf3 overexpression.

[Perforation of the Mediastinal Mature Teratoma;Report of a Case].

The mediastinal mature teratoma is uncommon in adult and sometimes ruptures. We present a case of perforation of mediastinal mature teratoma. A 22-year-old man, who had been scheduled for surgery to resect anterior mediastinal teratoma, was referred to our hospital due to sudden chest pain. The enhanced computed tomography findings suggested a perforation of the teratoma and the emergency surgery was performed. Extirpation of the tumor with partial resection of right upper lung, pericardium, and superior vena cava was performed. The histological diagnosis was mature teratoma and the defect of the mediastinal pleura was found to be the site of perforation. The patient was well and discharged from the hospital without complications.

The role of Necl-5 in the invasive activity of lung adenocarcinoma.

Nectin-like molecule-5 (Necl-5) is an immunoglobulin-like molecule that was originally identified as a poliovirus receptor and is often upregulated in cancer cells. It has been said that Necl-5 plays a role in not only cell-cell adhesion, but also cell migration, proliferation, and metastasis. In this study, we used a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (BAC) cell line and fibroblasts to assess the expression of Necl-5 in the development of cancer-stroma communication by using an easy-to-prepare double-layered collagen gel hemisphere (DL-CGH) system that enables visualization of cell migration during invasion. The expression of Necl-5 was higher in BAC cells than in fibroblasts. This tendency didn't change even when the BAC cells were mixed with fibroblasts. To assess the role of Necl-5 in the invasive activity of the BAC cells, we knocked down its expression using RNA interference (RNAi). The invasion assay with DL-CGH revealed that inhibition of Necl-5 expression in the BAC cells was associated with suppressed invasiveness. In addition, Necl-5 knockdown inhibited the movement and proliferation of the BAC cells. Necl-5 expression in lung cancer cells is crucial for their invasiveness in the cancer-stromal interaction, suggesting that Necl-5 could be a favorable molecular target for the suppression of invasiveness in lung adenocarcinoma.

Console and bedside surgeon fused robot-assisted thoracic surgery.

In the last decade, even thoracic surgery has seen an increase in the use of robotic surgical systems, and robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) is considered one of the main issues. While RATS is associated with solo manipulative freedom and high-definition optical systems, several disadvantages, such as the lack of tactile sensation and difficult learning curves for the whole team, have been raised. Therefore, to overcome these issues, we developed a 'fusion surgery' approach combining a robotic procedure with manual maneuvers, where the table surgeon retracts the lung and staples the pulmonary vasculature and bronchus. Herein, we introduce our 'fusion surgery' procedure and elaborate on its advantage from technical and educational perspectives.

The dynamic pulmonary functional change after thoracoscopic lower lobe segmentectomy.

BACKGROUND: The advantages of segmentectomy over lobectomy in sparing pulmonary function remain controversial. Lower lobe segmentectomy is divided into simple segmentectomy, such as segment 6; and complex segmentectomy that includes the basal segments. Here, we compared residual lung function after thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus lobectomy in the lower lobe using the three-dimensional computed tomography volumetric method. METHODS: Between January 2012 and October 2020, 67 patients who underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy of the lower lobe were matched to 67 patients who underwent thoracoscopic lower lobectomy during the same period using propensity score matching analysis. The postoperative decrease in the rate of forced expiratory volume in 1 s was compared between methods. The regional forced expiratory volume in 1 s of the residual lobe rescued by segmentectomy was measured using volumetric and spirometric analyses and compared to lower lobectomy. The ratio of the actual to predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s in the residual lobe was defined as the preservation rate. RESULTS: Of the 67 thoracoscopic segmentectomies, 43 were S6, seven were S8, three were S8 + 9, seven were S10, and seven were S9 + 10. The percentage of postoperative/preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s was significantly higher in the segmentectomy versus lobectomy group (90.7% vs. 85.7%, p = 0.001). The preservation rates after simple segmentectomy (n = 43) and complex segmentectomy (n = 24) did not differ significantly (82.2% vs. 80.2%, p = 0.709). CONCLUSIONS: Thoracoscopic lower lobe segmentectomy versus lobectomy preserves postoperative lung function. Even complex segmentectomy exhibited outcomes relevant to simple segmentectomy by sparing the residual lobe.

Uniportal left S1 + 2 segmentectomy.

The left upper lobe is one of the largest lobes of the lung; left upper segmentectomy is well established among thoracic surgeons. In uniportal left S1 + 2 segmentectomy, dissection of the vasculature, bronchus, and intersegmental plane can be performed anteriorly. Given that the fissureless technique is commonly used in uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, S1 + 2 segmentectomy exhibits high affinity with the unidirectional approach. We have frequently performed left S1 + 2 segmentectomy for early non-small cell lung cancer located in the apical segment, since this procedure has the potential to preserve pulmonary function over tri-segmentectomy. Herein, we introduce our approach to uniportal left S1 + 2 segmentectomy as a minimally invasive alternative for preserving lung function.

Programmed death ligand-1 expression and occult lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Identifying the preoperative risk factors for lymph node upstaging could contribute to the development of individualized perioperative treatment for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The current study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for lymph node upstaging, including gene mutation and programmed death ligand-1 expression in patients with resectable NSCLC. METHODS: Data on the clinicopathological characteristics of patients who underwent lobectomy for clinical N0 NSCLC at our institution were collected. The clinicopathological findings of the pathological N0 and lymph node upstaging groups were then analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the predictive factors for nodal upstaging. RESULTS: Of 291 patients, 40 had postoperative nodal upstaging (n = 25, N1; n = 15, N2). Large tumor size and high maximum standardized uptake value were significantly associated with nodal upstaging. The nodal upstaging group had a higher proportion of patients with solid adenocarcinoma and lymphatic, vascular, and pleural invasion than the pathological N0 group. Further, the nodal upstaging group had a higher proportion of patients with positive programmed death ligand-1 expression than the pathological N0 group. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor size and positive programmed death ligand-1 expression were associated with nodal upstaging. CONCLUSION: The appropriate therapeutic strategy including preoperative treatment and resection should be cautiously considered preoperatively in patients with clinical N0 NSCLC who have large tumors and positive programmed death ligand-1 expression.

Exploration of a novel prognostic model based on nomogram in non-small cell lung cancer patients with distant organ metastasis: implications for immunotherapy.

Background: Evidence for the effects of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with distant organ metastasis is insufficient, and the predictive efficacy of established markers in tissue and blood is elusive. Our study aimed to determine the prognostic factors and develop a survival prognosis model for these patients. Methods: A total of 100 advanced NSCLC patients with distant organ metastases, who received single or combination immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in Xijing Hospital between June 2018 and June 2021, were enrolled for retrospective analysis. The major clinicopathological parameters were collected, and associated survival outcomes were followed up by telephone or inpatient follow-up for nearly 3 years to assess prognoses. The survival prognosis model was established based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses to determine the candidate prognostic factors. Results: From the start of immunotherapy to the last follow-up, 77 patients progressed and 42 patients died, with a median follow-up of 18 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 15-19.9]. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 8 months (95% CI: 5.6-10.4) and 21 months (95% CI: 8.9-33.1), respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), body mass index (BMI), age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) were correlated significantly with OS. Based on these five predictive factors, a nomogram and corresponding dynamic web page were constructed with a concordance index (C-index) of 0.81 and a 95% CI of 0.778-0.842. Additionally, the calibration plot and time-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve validated the precision of the model at 6-, 12-, and 18-month area under the curves (AUCs) reached 0.934, 0.829, and 0.846, respectively. According to the critical point of the model, patients were further divided into a high-risk total point score (TPS) >258, middle-risk (204< TPS ≤258), and low-risk group (TPS ≤204), and significant OS differences were observed among the three subgroups (median OS: 4.8 vs. 13.0 vs. 32.9 months). Conclusions: A feasible and practical model based on clinical characteristics has been developed to predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients with distant organ metastasis undergoing immunotherapy.

Basal segment deep wedge resection for lung cancer with pulmonary fibrosis.

Acute exacerbation (AE) of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is among the most fatal postoperative complications of lung resection in patients with IPF. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with IPF exhibits basal segment dominance. Treatment options for these lesions include lobectomy or basal segment segmentectomies. However, these procedures potentially increase risks of AE due to surgical stress including prolonged operative time and loss of pulmonary function. Therefore, as an alternative to these procedures, we developed a simple and practical deep wedge resection technique for basal segments. Our technique is minimally invasive and quick and simple approach in patients with NSCLC and IPF.

Segmentectomy versus lobectomy for inner-located small-sized early non-small-cell lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Although segmentectomy is an acceptable alternative to lobectomy for peripheral small-sized non-small-cell lung cancer, the effectiveness of segmentectomy for inner lesions remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of segmentectomy in comparison with lobectomy for inner lesions. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 570 patients with small (≤2 cm) cN0 non-small-cell lung cancer who underwent segmentectomy or lobectomy between January 2007 and March 2021. We focused on patients with lesions located in the inner two-thirds, which were determined using three-dimensional computed tomography (n = 227). After propensity score matching analysis based on sex, age, pulmonary function, serum carcinoembryonic antigen level, radiographic tumour findings and tumour location, we compared the surgical and oncological outcomes in patients who underwent segmentectomy (n = 66) and lobectomy (n = 66). RESULTS: Postoperative mortality or morbidity did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. The 5-year recurrence-free and overall survival rates in the segmentectomy and lobectomy groups were 93.6% vs 84.1% and 95.8% vs 87.9%, respectively. The differences between 2 groups were not significant (P = 0.62 and P = 0.23, respectively). The 2 groups also showed no differences in loco-regional recurrence. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that segmentectomy had a comparable impact on recurrence-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-2.03; P = 0.43). CONCLUSIONS: Segmentectomy for inner-located small-sized non-small-cell lung tumours could be an acceptable treatment in comparison with lobectomy.

Segmental volumetric analysis with a ventilated or perfused area: identifying the intersegmental plane.

OBJECTIVES: Two methods are available to identify the intersegmental plane during segmentectomy: the inflation-deflation method, based on the ventilation area, and injection of indocyanine green, based on the pulmonary arterial distribution. However, whether the intersegmental plane created by these 2 methods matches remains unknown. Our goal was to identify the demarcation lines based on bronchial and arterial territories using 3-dimensional computed tomography-based volumetry. METHODS: We collected data from patients who underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy in our hospital between April 2012 and May 2021. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed from the preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography data using the SYNAPSE VINCENT software program. The volume of the affected area and the distance of the tumour from the intersegmental plane were calculated based on each affected artery and bronchus. Each calculated volume was compared to each affected segment using a paired t-test. RESULTS: Of 195 patients, 114 underwent upper lobe segmentectomy, and 81 underwent lower lobe segmentectomy. In upper lobe segmentectomy, the affected arterial segmental volume was smaller than the bronchial volume (505.0 ml vs 539.4 ml, P < 0.001). In lower lobe segmentectomy, there was no significant difference between arterial and bronchial volumes (234.6 ml vs 236.9 ml, P = 0.607). The volume of the affected arterial segmental lung and the distance of the tumour from the intersegmental plane were significantly smaller than the bronchial volume in upper lobe segmentectomies. CONCLUSIONS: As per the results, the affected segmental volume delineated by the indocyanine green method would be underestimated in upper lobe segmentectomy.

Comparison of oncological outcomes between trisegmentectomy and lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer in the left upper division.

Background: The left upper lobe is one of the largest lobes in the lungs and is divided into two anatomical units: the upper division (segments 1+2 and segment 3) and lingula (segments 4 and 5). This anatomical classification is similar to that used for the right upper and middle lobes. Although bilobectomy is not recommended for right upper or middle lobe tumors close to the interlobar plane, lobectomy is often performed for tumors located close to the intersegmental plane in the left upper division. To aid in establishing trisegmentectomy as a standard treatment for clinical N0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the left upper lobe, we aimed to re-assess its feasibility based on oncological outcomes according to tumor location. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with clinical N0 NSCLC in the left upper division who underwent left upper lobectomy or trisegmentectomy between April 2006 and December 2020. After propensity score matching, oncological outcomes were compared between the trisegmentectomy and lobectomy groups. To verify whether trisegmentectomy was indicated regardless of tumor distance from the intersegmental plane, we compared the recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates following trisegmentectomy between patients with tumors ≤20 and >20 mm from the intersegmental plane. Results: After propensity score matching, 46 patients were included in each group. There was no significant difference in the 5-year RFS rate between the lobectomy and trisegmentectomy groups (75.5% vs. 84.0%, P=0.41). In the trisegmentectomy cohort, the 5-year RFS rate did not significantly differ according to tumor distance from the intersegmental plane (≤20 or >20 mm) measured using three-dimensional computed tomography (79.4% vs. 81.2%, P=0.69). Multivariate analysis indicated that tumor distance from the intersegmental plane was not a significant predictor of RFS (hazard ratio: 1.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.52-5.91, P=0.37). Conclusions: Our analysis suggests that oncological outcomes (i.e., RFS rates) following trisegmentectomy for clinical N0 NSCLC in the left upper division are not significantly inferior to those following lobectomy, even if the tumor is located close to the intersegmental plane.

The difference in postoperative pulmonary functional change between upper and lower thoracoscopic lobectomy.

OBJECTIVES: Through 3-dimensional lung volumetric and morphological analyses, we aimed to evaluate the difference in postoperative functional changes between upper and lower thoracoscopic lobectomy. METHODS: A total of 145 lung cancer patients who underwent thoracoscopic upper lobectomy (UL) were matched with 145 patients with lung cancer who underwent thoracoscopic lower lobectomy (LL) between April 2012 and December 2018, based on their sex, age, smoking history, operation side, and pulmonary function. Spirometry and computed tomography were performed before and 6 months after the operation. In addition, the postoperative pulmonary function, volume and morphological changes between the 2 groups were compared. RESULTS: The rate of postoperative decreased and the ratio of actual to predicted postoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s were significantly higher after LL than after UL (P < 0.001 for both). The tendency above was similar irrespective of the resected side. The postoperative actual volumes of the ipsilateral residual lobe and contralateral lung were larger than the preoperatively measured volumes in each side lobectomy. Moreover, the increased change was particularly remarkable in the middle lobe after right LL. The change in the D-value, representing the structural complexity of the lung, was better maintained in the left lung after LL than after UL (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary function after thoracoscopic LL was superior to that after UL because the upward displacement and the pulmonary reserves of the remaining lobe appeared more robust after LL.