M1/M4 receptors as potential therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia: A comprehensive study.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although activating mAChRs holds potential in addressing the full range of schizophrenia symptoms, clinical application of many non-selective mAChR agonists in cognitive deficits, positive and negative symptoms is hindered by peripheral side effects (gastrointestinal disturbances and cardiovascular effects) and dosage restrictions. Ligands binding to the allosteric sites of mAChRs, particularly the M1 and M4 subtypes, demonstrate activity in improving cognitive function and amelioration of positive and negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia, enhancing our understanding of schizophrenia. The article aims to critically examine current design concepts and clinical advancements in synthesizing and designing small molecules targeting M1/M4, providing theoretical insights and empirical support for future research in this field.

Review and prospects of targeted therapies for Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK).

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. The dysregulation of SYK is closely related to the occurrence and development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancer. SYK has become an attractive target for drug discovery due to its important biological functions. This article reviews the biological function of SYK, the relationship between SYK and disease, and therapies targeting SYK. In addition, inspired by new technologies such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and phosphatase recruiting chimeras (PHORCs), we propose the development of new therapeutic approaches for targeting SYK, such as SYK PROTACs and SYK PHORCs, which may overcome deficiencies of existing methods.

Uptake, Translocation, and Fate of Carcinogenic Aristolochic Acid in Typical Vegetables in Soil-Plant Systems.

When Aristolochia plants wilt and decay, aristolochic acids (AAs) are released into the soil, causing soil contamination. It has been demonstrated that aristolochic acid can be accumulated and enriched in crops through plant uptake. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the migration and accumulation of AAs in a realistic simulated soil environment. In this study, Aristolochia herbal extracts were mixed with soil for growing three typical vegetables: lettuce, celery, and tomato. The contents of AAs in the above-mentioned plants were determined by an established highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method to study the migration and accumulation of AAs. We found that AAs in the soil can be transferred and accumulated in plants. AAs first entered the roots, which were more likely to accumulate AAs, and partially entered the above-ground parts. This further confirms that AAs can enter the food chain through plants and can have serious effects on human health. It was also shown that plants with vigorous growth and a large size absorbed AAs from the soil at a faster rate. The more AAs present in the soil, the more they accumulated in the plant.

An Integrated Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Polymeric Micelle for Smart Drug Delivery and Effective Drug Release.

Tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive polymeric micelles are promising carriers for drug delivery. In order to meet the needs of various applications, multifarious TME-responsive switches are used to construct smart polymeric micelles, which causes the complexity and corpulence of the polymeric micelle system and increases the difficulty of preparation. In this study, we designed and synthesized an ingenious TME-responsive switch through grafting disulfide bond-modified piperidinepropionic acid (CPA) on copolymer poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(aspartate)(PEG-b-PAsp) and built a novel pH/reduction-responsive PEG-b-PAsp-g-CPA polymeric micelle delivery system. The CPA-pendants can reverse the surface charge of the polymeric micelle from negative to positive at pH 6.5 because of the protonation of piperidine groups, thereby enhancing the internalization of cell. Subsequently, more piperidine groups are protonated at pH 5.0 which will increase the hydrophilicity of polymeric micelles and cause the hydrophobic core to swell, thus making the disulfide bonds packed in the core to be more easily broken by GSH. With the synergistic effect of the pH-triggered protonation of piperidine groups and reduction triggered break of disulfide bonds, the polymeric micelles will disintegrate and achieve efficient intracellular drug release. The TME-responsive polymeric micelles exhibited good biological safety, enhanced internalization, and rapid intracellular doxorubicin (DOX) release in vitro. Moreover, the PEG-b-PAsp-g-CPA/DOX polymeric micelles showed excellent antitumor efficacy and low systemic toxicity in lung tumor-bearing BALB/C mice. These results indicated that the novel integrated TME-responsive switch CPA helps the PEG-b-PAsp-g-CPA polymeric micelles to obtain excellent TME-responsiveness and antitumor drug delivery capabilities, while it also makes the preparation of TME-responsive polymeric micelles simpler and more convenient. This work provides a new idea for the architecture of TME-responsive polymeric micelles.

The discovery of quinoline derivatives, as NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) inhibitors with anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, low toxicities against T cell growth.

NIK is a critical regulatory protein of the non-classical NF-kB pathway, and its dysregulated activation has been proved to be one of the pathogenic factors in a variety of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Nevertheless, its corresponding development of inhibitors faces many obstacles, including the lack of structure types of known inhibitors, immature activity evaluation methods of compounds in vitro. In this study, a series of quinoline derivatives were obtained through rational design and chemical synthesis. Among them, the representative compounds 17c and 24c have excellent inhibitory activities on LPS-induced macrophage (J774) nitric oxide release and anti-Con A-stimulated primary T cell proliferation. This evaluation method has good universality and overcomes the obstacles mentioned above, which are faced by the current inhibitor research to a certain extent. Besides, the compound's toxicity against the growth of T cells under non-stress conditions was evaluated, for the first time, as an indicator for the investigation to avoid potential safety risks. Pharmacokinetic properties evaluation of the less toxic compound 24c confirmed its good metabolic behavior (especially oral properties, F% = 21.7%), and subsequent development value.

ß-Functionalization of Indolin-2-one-Derived Aliphatic Acids for the Divergent Synthesis of Spirooxindole γ-Butyrolactones.

ß-Functionalization of indolin-2-one-derived aliphatic acids has been applied in formal [3 + 2] annualtions for catalyst-free and divergent synthesis of two series of structurally interesting 3,3'-spirooxindole γ-butyrolactones that may be attractive for potential drug discovery. These findings also pave the way for further diversity-oriented synthesis of spirooxindoles starting from indolin-2-one-derived aliphatic acids or their derivatives.

Rational design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Pan-Raf inhibitors to overcome resistance.

Selective BRafV600E inhibitors with DFG-in conformation have been proven effective against a subset of melanoma. However, representative inhibitor vemurafenib rapidly acquires resistance in the BRafWT cells through a CRaf or BRafWT dependent manner. Simultaneous targeting of all subtypes of Raf proteins offers the prospect of enhanced efficacy as well as reduced potential for acquired resistance. Herein, we describe the design and characterization of a series of compounds I-01-I-22, based on a pyrimidine scaffold with DFG-out conformation as Pan-Raf inhibitors. Among them, I-15 binds to all Raf protomers with IC50 values of 12.6 nM (BRafV600E), 30.1 nM (ARaf), 19.7 nM (BRafWT) and 17.5 nM (CRaf) and demonstrates cellular activity against BRafWT phenotypic melanoma and BRafV600E phenotypic colorectal cancer cells. The western blot results for the P-Erk inhibition in human melanoma SK-Mel-2 cell line showed that I-15 inhibited the proliferation of the SK-Mel-2 cell line at concentrations as low as 400 nM, without paradoxical activation of Erk as vemurafenib, which supported that I-15 may become a good candidate compound to overcome the resistance of melanoma induced by vemurafenib. I-15 also has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in rats. Rational design, synthesis, SAR, lead selection and evaluation of the key compounds studied are described.

Potent Pan-Raf and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Based on a Cyclopropyl Formamide Fragment Overcome Resistance.

While selective BRafV600E inhibitors have been proven effective clinically, acquired resistance rapidly develops through reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Simultaneous targeting of multiple nodes in the pathway offers the prospect of enhanced efficacy as well as reduced potential for acquired resistance. Replacement pyridine group of Y-1 by a cyclopropyl formamide group afforded I-01 as a novel multitargeted kinase inhibitor template. I-01 displayed enzyme potency against Pan-Raf and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Based on the binding mode of I-01, analogues I-02-I-18 were designed and synthesized. The most promising compound I-16 potently inhibits all subtypes of Rafs with IC50 values of 3.49 (BRafV600E), 8.86 (ARaf), 5.78 (BRafWT), and 1.65 nM (CRaf), respectively. I-16 not only exhibit comparable antiproliferative activities with positive control compounds against HepG2, SW579, MV4-11, and COLO205 cell lines, but also suppress the proliferation of melanoma SK-MEL-2 harboring overexpressed BRafWT with IC50 values of 0.93 µM. The Western blot results for the ERK inhibition in human melanoma SK-MEL-2 cell lines show that I-16 inhibits the proliferation of SK-MEL-2 cell lines without paradoxical activation of ERK, which support the hypothesis that the inhibition of Pan-Raf and RTKs might be a tractable strategy to overcome the resistance of melanoma induced by the therapy with the current selective BRafV600E inhibitors.

Access to Spiro and Fused Indole Derivatives from α,ß-Unsaturated Aldehydes Enabled by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis.

Spiro and fused indoles are attractive heterocyclic compounds with broad and promising activities in various therapeutic fields, and thus, have become the synthetic targets of organic chemists. In this account, we describe our recent progress in the synthesis of a series of spiro and fused indole derivatives through N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed annulations of diverse NHC-bound intermediates derived from α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes. Particularly, the novel synthesized isatin-derived α-bromoenals may be used as versatile 1,3-biselectrophile synthons for combination with a range of bisnucleophiles for potentially divergent syntheses of skeletally diverse spirooxindoles in the future.

Targeting epigenetic reader and eraser: Rational design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of dimethylisoxazoles derivatives as BRD4/HDAC dual inhibitors.

The bromodomain protein module and histone deacetylase (HDAC), which recognize and remove acetylated lysine, respectively, have emerged as important epigenetic therapeutic targets in cancer treatments. Herein we presented a novel design approach for cancer drug development by combination of bromodomain and HDAC inhibitory activity in one molecule. The designed compounds were synthesized which showed inhibitory activity against bromodomain 4 and HDAC1. The representative dual bromodomain/HDAC inhibitors, compound 11 and 12, showed potent antiproliferative activities against human leukaemia cell line K562 and MV4-11 in cellular assays. This work may lay the foundation for developing dual bromodomain/HDAC inhibitors as potential anticancer therapeutics.

Expression of TGF-ß1 and CTGF Is Associated with Fibrosis of Denervated Sternocleidomastoid Muscles in Mice.

Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve often leads to permanent vocal cord paralysis, which has a significant negative impact on the quality of life. Long-term denervation can induce laryngeal muscle fibrosis, which obstructs the muscle recovery after laryngeal reinnervation. However, the mechanisms of fibrosis remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to analyze the changes in the expression of fibrosis-related factors, including transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in denervated skeletal muscles using a mouse model of accessory nerve transection. Because of the small size, we used sternocleidomastoid muscles instead of laryngeal muscles for denervation experiments. Masson's trichrome staining showed that the grade of atrophy and fibrosis of muscles became more severe with time, but showed a plateau at 4 weeks after denervation, followed by a slow decrease. Quantitative assessment and immunohistochemistry showed that TGF-ß1 expression peaked at 1 week after denervation (p < 0.05) and was maintained at its high level until 4 weeks. CTGF- and α-SMA-positive muscle cells were detected at 1 week after denervation, peaked at 2 weeks (p < 0.05), and remained at high levels with a subsequent slight decrease for 3-4 weeks. These results suggest that TGF-ß1 and CTGF may be involved in the process of denervated skeletal muscle fibrosis. They may induce the differentiation of myoblasts into myofibroblasts, as characterized by the activation of α-SMA. These findings may provide insights on key pathological processes in denervated skeletal muscle fibrosis and develop novel therapeutic strategies.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1-(2-Aminophenyl)-3-arylurea Derivatives as Potential EphA2 and HDAC Dual Inhibitors.

A series of 1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-arylurea novel derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) kinase. Most of the compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against EphA2 and HDAC. The antiproliferative activities were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) (thiazolyl blue, tetrazolium blue) against the human cancer cell lines HCT116, K562 and MCF7. Compounds 5a and b showed the most potent inhibitory activity against EphA2 and HDAC. However, compound 5b exhibited higher potency against HCT116 (IC50=5.29 µM) and MCF7 (IC50=7.42 µM). 1-(2-Aminophenyl)-3-arylurea analogues may serve as new EphA2-HDAC dual inhibitors.

N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Annulation of α-Bromoenals with 3-Aminooxindoles: A Stereoselective Synthesis of Spirooxindole γ-Butyrolactams.

A stereoselective synthetic approach to spirooxindole γ-butyrolactams is developed via N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed formal [3 + 2] annulation of α-bromoenals with 3-aminooxindoles. An enantioselective variant of this methodology is also investigated resulting in good substrate tolerance and high enantioselectivities.

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed annulation of cyclic ß-enamino esters with enals: access to functionalized indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines.

A novel synthetic approach to functionalized indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidines is developed via an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-catalyzed annulation of cyclic ß-enamino esters with enals . This methodology offers a pathway for quick and efficient construction of an indolo[2,3-a]quinolizidine skeleton which is a core structure of many natural products with diverse bioactivities.

Cooperative N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-Lewis acid-mediated regioselective umpolung formal [3 + 2] annulations of alkynyl aldehydes with isatins.

A novel and regioselective umpolung synthesis of spirooxindoles has been developed by cooperative NHC-Lewis acid-mediated formal [3 + 2] annulations of alkynyl aldehydes with isatins. In most cases, the reactions proceeded via a(3)-d(3) umpolung of alkynyl aldehydes resulting in spirooxindole butenolides. In a few cases, spirooxindole furan-3(2H)-ones were formed as the major products via an a(1)-d(1) umpolung process by controlling the reaction temperature. These newly formed spirooxindoles could provide promising candidates for chemical biology and drug lead discovery.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel NIK Inhibitor with Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects for Sepsis Treatment.

NIK plays a crucial role in the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway associated with diverse inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Our study presents compound 54, a novel NIK inhibitor, designed through a structure-based scaffold-hopping approach from the previously identified B022. Compound 54 demonstrates remarkable selectivity and potency against NIK both in vitro and in vivo, effectively suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production. In mouse models, compound 54 protected against LPS-induced systemic sepsis, reducing AST, ALT, and AKP liver injury markers. Additionally, it also attenuates sepsis-induced lung and kidney damage. Mechanistically, compound 54 blocks the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway by targeting NIK, preventing p100 to p52 processing. This work reveals a novel class of NIK inhibitors with significant potential for sepsis therapy.

Efficacy and safety of anlotinib-based chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with no effective treatment. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and safety of anlotinib-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy for ATC. METHODS: Locally advanced or metastatic (LA/M) ATC patients who never received antitumor treatment of any sort were eligible for this study. The patients received 2-6 cycles anlotinib12mg on days 1-14 per 21 days. Chemotherapy regimens consisted of paclitaxel, capecitabine, or paclitaxel plus carboplatin/capecitabine. The end points including Objective Response Rate (ORR), Disease Control Rate (DCR), Progression-Free Survival (PFS), and Disease Specification Survival (DCS) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were enrolled. 1 patient achieved a Complete Response (CR) and 14 patients achieved Partial Response (PR). The best ORR was 60.0%, and the DCR was 88.0%. The median PFS was 25.1 weeks, and the median DCS was 96.0 weeks. Approximately 56% (14 patients) had at least one Adverse Event (AE) of any grade. Most AEs were well tolerated. The most common AEs was palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome (28.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Anlotinib-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy is a safe and effective intervention for the treatment of LA/M ATC patients.

Discovery of 3-(1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4 -amine derivatives as novel and potent syk inhibitors for the treatment of hematological malignancies.

Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an important oncogene and signal transduction mediator that is mainly expressed in hematopoietic cells. Syk plays a key role in the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Abnormal activation of Syk is closely related to the occurrence and development of hematological malignancies. Therefore, Syk is a potential target for the treatment of various hematologic cancers. Starting from compound 6(Syk, IC50 = 15.8 µM), we performed fragment-based rational drug design for structural optimization based on the specific solvent-accessible region, hydrophobic region, and ribose region of Syk. This resulted in the discovery of a series of novel 3-(1H-benzo [d]imidazole-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-amine Syk inhibitors, which led to the identification of 19q, a highly potent Syk inhibitor that exhibited excellent inhibitory activity on Syk enzyme (IC50 = 0.52 nM) and showed potency against several other kinases. In addition, compound 19q effectively reduced phosphorylation of downstream PLCγ2 level in Romos cells. And it also exhibited antiproliferative activity in multiple hematological tumour cells. More gratifyingly, 19q showed impressive efficacy at a low dosage (1 mg/kg/day) in the MV4-11 mouse xenograft model without affecting the body weight of the mice. These findings suggest that 19q is a promising new Syk inhibitor for treating blood cancers.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of ß-carboline derivatives as novel inhibitors targeting B-Raf kinase.

ß-Carboline family of compounds is a large group of alkaloids widely distributed in nature and exhibits broad-spectrum anti-tumor activities. We designed and synthesized two series of novel 1-carboxamide- and 6-sulfonamide-substituted ß-carboline derivatives 7a-p and 12a-b, and their wild type B-Raf kinase inhibitory activities were described. Most compounds showed moderate to excellent inhibitory activities. Among them, 1-carboxamide-6-(N-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-sulfamoyl)-ß-carboline, 7e exhibited potent activity (IC(50)=1.62 µM), showing the potential for further investigation as a lead compound.

Racial Disparities in Survival of Breast Cancer Patients After Surgery.

Introduction: The racial disparities of opportunity to receive the appropriate intervention and lower insurance coverage may result in survival disparities in different races. This study aims to provide a perspective on racial disparities in the survival of breast cancer patients after surgery. Methods: Through data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, this study estimated the survival of breast cancer patients of different races from 1998 to 2017. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was utilized to adjust the imbalanced clinicopathological features of patients of different races. Results: This study analyzed 214,965 breast cancer patients after surgery. Among them, 130,746 patients received BCS, and the remaining 84,219 breast cancer patients underwent mastectomy. Although Asian or Pacific Islander (API) patients after surgery showed higher survival benefit than that of white patients in the primary data, after adjusting for age at diagnosis, luminal subtype, grade, T stage, and N stage in different races, white individuals had the longest period of survival was higher than that of the minority groups in BCS group [breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS): HRWhitevs.API = 0.402, HRWhitevs.Black = 0.132; P < 0.001; overall survival (OS): HRWhitevs.API = 0.689, HRWhitevs.Black = 0.254; all P < 0.001] and mastectomy group (BCSS: HRWhitevs.API = 0.325, HRWhitevs.Black = 0.128; P < 0.001; OS: HRWhitevs.API = 0.481, HRWhitevs.Black = 0.206; all P < 0.001). Conclusions: We first identified that the survival benefit of the minority group after surgery was lower than that of white individuals, regardless of tumor chrematistics and surgery types.