The role of complex interactions between the intestinal flora and host in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Pharmacological treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is inefficient and difficult to discontinue appropriately, and enterobacterial interactions are expected to provide a new target for the treatment of IBD. We collected recent studies on the enterobacterial interactions among the host, enterobacteria, and their metabolite products and discuss potential therapeutic options. Intestinal flora interactions in IBD are affected in the reduced bacterial diversity, impact the immune system and are influenced by multiple factors such as host genetics and diet. Enterobacterial metabolites such as SCFAs, bile acids, and tryptophan also play important roles in enterobacterial interactions, especially in the progression of IBD. Therapeutically, a wide range of sources of probiotics and prebiotics exhibit potential therapeutic benefit in IBD through enterobacterial interactions, and some have gained wide recognition as adjuvant drugs. Different dietary patterns and foods, especially functional foods, are novel therapeutic modalities that distinguish pro-and prebiotics from traditional medications. Combined studies with food science may significantly improve the therapeutic experience of patients with IBD. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the role of enterobacteria and their metabolites in enterobacterial interactions, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the potential therapeutic options derived from such metabolites, and postulate directions for further research.

Access to (Z)-ß-Substituted Enamides from N1-H-1,2,3-Triazoles.

A direct ring-opening/nucleophilic substitution reaction of N1-H-1,2,3-triazoles has been described. Divergent (Z)-ß-halogen- or sulfonyl-substituted enamides could be stereospecifically synthesized in a tunable manner. This strategy might not only enable a new ring-opening method of N1-H-1,2,3-triazoles under nonmetal catalysis and mild reaction conditions but also offer a good opportunity to reliably access versatile (Z)-ß-substituted enamides that could be used as synthetic precursors for further synthetic transformations.

Copper and Rhodium Relay Catalysis for Selective Access to cis-2,3-Dihydroazepines.

A new catalytic protocol to access synthetically challenging cis-2,3-dihydroazepines is reported. The reaction starts with readily available dienals, alkynes, and sulfonyl azides as the substrates and employs copper and rhodium as relay catalysts. Key steps include a copper-catalyzed reaction between an alkyne and a sulfonyl azide to form a triazole intermediate. The subsequent activation of this triazole intermediate by a rhodium catalyst, followed by a reaction with the dienal substrate, eventually leads to the dihydroazepine product. The regio- and stereochemistries of the products are believed to be controlled through a stereospecific conrotatory 8π-electrocyclization process against a possible competing 6π-electrocyclization process.

Enhancement of Image Quality in LCD by Doping γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles and Reducing Friction Torque Difference.

Improving image sticking in liquid crystal display (LCD) has attracted tremendous interest because of its potential to enhance the quality of the display image. Here, we proposed a method to evaluate the residual direct current (DC) voltage by varying liquid crystal (LC) cell capacitance under the combined action of alternating current (AC) and DC signals. This method was then used to study the improvement of image sticking by doping γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles into LC materials and adjusting the friction torque difference of the upper and lower substrates. Detailed analysis and comparison of residual characteristics for LC materials with different doping concentrations revealed that the LC material, added with 0.02 wt% γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, can absorb the majority of free ions stably, thereby reducing the residual DC voltage and extending the time to reach the saturated state. The physical properties of the LC materials were enhanced by the addition of a small amount of nanoparticles and the response time of doping 0.02 wt% γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles was about 10% faster than that of pure LC. Furthermore, the lower absolute value of the friction torque difference between the upper and lower substrates contributed to the reduction of the residual DC voltage induced by ion adsorption in the LC cell under the same conditions. To promote the image quality of different display frames in the switching process, we added small amounts of the nanoparticles to the LC materials and controlled friction technology accurately to ensure the same torque. Both approaches were proven to be highly feasible.