Solvent-Responsive Reversible and Controllable Conversion between a Polyimine Membrane and an Organic Molecule Cage.

Adaptive bionic self-correcting behavior offers an attractive property for chemical systems. Here, based on the dynamic feature of imine formation, we propose a solvent-responsive strategy for smart switching between an amorphous ionic polyimine membrane and a crystalline organic molecule cage without the addition of other building blocks. To adapt to solvent environmental constraints, the aldehyde and amine components undergo self-correction to form a polymer network or a molecular cage. Studies have shown that the amorphous film can be switched in acetonitrile to generate a discrete cage with bright birefringence under polarized light. Conversely, the membrane from the cage crystal conversion can be regained in ethanol. Such a membrane-cage interconversion can be cycled continuously at least 5 times by switching the two solvents. This work builds a bridge between the polymer network and crystalline molecules and offers prospects for smart dynamic materials.

Boost of Gas Adsorption Kinetics of Covalent Organic Frameworks via Ionic Liquid Solution Process.

Adsorption, storage, and conversion of gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and iodine) are the three critical topics in the field of clean energy and environmental mediation. Exploring new methods to prepare high-performance materials to improve gas adsorption is one of the most concerning topics in recent years. In this work, an ionic liquid solution process (ILSP), which can greatly improve the adsorption kinetic performance of covalent organic framework (COF) materials for gaseous iodine, is explored. Anionic COF TpPaSO3 H is modified by amino-triazolium cation through the ILSP method, which successfully makes the iodine adsorption kinetic performance (K80% rate) of ionic liquid (IL) modified COF AC4 tirmTpPaSO3 quintuple compared with the original COF. A series of experimental characterization and theoretical calculation results show that the improvement of adsorption kinetics is benefited from the increased weak interaction between the COF and iodine, due to the local charge separation of the COF skeleton caused by the substitution of protons by the bulky cations of ILs. This ILSP strategy has competitive help for COF materials in the field of gas adsorption, separation, or conversion, and is expected to expand and improve the application of COF materials in energy and environmental science.

Self-Assembled Biomimetic Capsules for Self-Preservation.

The inorganic semiconductor is an attractive material in sewage disposal and solar power generation. The main challenges associated with environment-sensitive semiconductors are structural degradation and deactivation caused by the unfavorable environment. Here, inspired by the pomegranate, a self-protection strategy based on the self-assembly of silver chloride (AgCl) particles is reported. The distributed photosensitive AgCl particles can be encapsulated by themselves through mixing aqueous silver nitrate and protic ionic liquids (PILs). A probable assembling mechanism is proposed based on the electrostatic potential investigation of PILs cations. The AgCl particles inside the shell maintain their morphology and structure well after 6 months light-treatment. Moreover, they exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity, same as newly prepared AgCl particles, for degradation of methyl orange (MO), neutral red (NR), bromocresol green (BG), rhodamine B (RhB), Congo red (CR), and crystal violet (CV).

Anomalous Melting Point of Multicharge Ionic Liquids: Structural, Electrostatic, and Orbital Properties of [Ln(NO3)6]3- (Ln = Ce, Pr) Anions.

Salts composed of multicharged cations/anions usually exhibit a large lattice energy and strong Coulomb force, which results in high melting points. However, an increasing number of highly charged ionic liquids exceed expectations based on conventional experience; even their melting points are much lower than those found for simple ionic liquids composed of monovalent ions. To further study this phenomenon, we studied a group of stable ionic liquids containing tricharged [Ce(NO3)6]3- and [Pr(NO3)6]3- anions. The structures for [C6mim]3[Ce(NO3)6] and [C6mim]3[Pr(NO3)6] were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction with triclinic and P1̅ space groups. The electrostatic potential density per unit ion surface and volume was proposed and calculated. Additionally, theoretical analysis based on Hirshfeld surface and charge decomposition was carried out to explore the intermolecular interaction and electronic structure of the lanthanide anions. The electrostatic and orbital properties were found to be more useful for understanding the melting points of highly charged salts compared with the sole use of lattice energy. The electrostatic potential density per unit ion surface and volume showed a linear relationship with the melting point of ionic liquids composed of monovalent to trivalent ions. These structure-melting point relationships will be beneficial for expounding new low-melting-point ionic liquids with a wide liquidus range.

The Proton Dissociation of Bio-Protic Ionic Liquids: [AAE]X Amino Acid Ionic Liquids.

[AAE]X composed of amino acid ester cations is a sort of typically "bio-based" protic ionic liquids (PILs). They possess potential Brønsted acidity due to the active hydrogens on their cations. The Brønsted acidity of [AAE]X PILs in green solvents (water and ethanol) at room temperature was systematically studied. Various frameworks of amino acid ester cations and four anions were investigated in this work from the viewpoint of structure-property relationship. Four different ways were used to study the acidity. Acid dissociation constants (pKa) of [AAE]X determined by the OIM (overlapping indicator method) were from 7.10 to 7.73 in water and from 8.54 to 9.05 in ethanol. The pKa values determined by the PTM (potential titration method) were from 7.12 to 7.82 in water. Their Hammett acidity function (H0) values (0.05 mol·L-1) were about 4.6 in water. In addition, the pKa values obtained by the DFT (proton-transfer reactions) were from 7.11 to 7.83 in water and from 8.54 to 9.34 in ethanol, respectively. The data revealed that the cationic structures of [AAE]X had little effect and the anions had no effect on the acidity of [AAE]X. At the same time, the OIM, PTM, Hammett method and DFT method were reliable for determining the acidic strength of [AAE]X in this study.

Desymmetrized Vertex Design toward a Molecular Cage with Unusual Topology.

A novel low-symmetry organic molecular cage with distinctive geometry was successfully synthesized from 5,5'-(propane-2,2-diyl)bis(2-hydroxyisophthalaldehyde) and 1,2-cyclohexanediamine building blocks, through the desymmetrized vertex design strategy. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the cage contains asymmetrical and nonplanar windows, exhibiting an unprecedented C2 symmetry and an efficient packing. The molecular cage structure was also characterized by FTIR, NMR, and MALDI-TOF. Quantum chemistry studies show that the cage structure contains rare intramolecular hydrogen-hydrogen (C-H⋅⋅⋅H-C) bonding interactions. The cage crystals exhibit high iodine vapor uptake (3.78 g g-1 ), which is among the highest for porous molecular materials. The knowledge gained in this study would open new possibilities for the design and synthesis of molecular cages with novel topologies targeting a broad range of applications.

Biocompatible Ionic Liquid Based on Curcumin as Fluorescence Probe for Detecting Benzoyl Peroxide without the Interference of H2O2.

Accurate estimation of the level of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is of considerable significance because of its threat to humanity and environment. Several research efforts have been devoted to the detection of BPO by fluorescent method with high sensitivity and selectivity. However, it remains challenging to eliminate the interference of H2O2 due to its similar properties to BPO. In this work, the first demonstration of fluorescent and colorimetric probe for specific detection of BPO without the disturbance of H2O2 was achieved by curcumin-based ionic liquid (CIL) that possesses simple fabrication, good biocompatibility, and low cost. The fluorescence quenches and emission peak blue-shifts once the probe selectively interacts with BPO, whereas the other possible interfering agents, including H2O2, do not have this phenomenon. The probe CIL exhibits prominent sensitivity for BPO sensing and enables the detection limit at levels as ultralow as 10 nM. The local detection of BPO in practical samples is realized by visualization using a portable device derived from CIL-based liquid atomizer.

Hydrogen-Bonding-Driven Ion-Pair Formation in Protic Ionic Liquid Aqueous Solution.

Protic ionic liquids (PILs) in solution especially in water have attracted more and more attention due to their unique properties. The solvation of PILs in water is important to their properties and applications. To explore the solvation of bio-based PILs in water, acidity of 49 [AA]X amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) consisting of 7 different cations and 7 different anions was studied as a favorable probe. The pKa values for [AA]X PILs containing same cations were obtained and discussed. The acidity strength of the [AA]X PILs varies with both cation and anion which does not follow the conventional assumption that the acidity for PILs is independent of anions. The acidic discrepancy of [AA]X PILs aqueous solution is probably mediated by the formation of ion pairs according to a revised solvation model of PILs. Quantum-chemistry calculation was employed to unpuzzle anion's different effects on the acid balance of cations where cation-anion hydrogen bonds play an important role. Such difference in acidity allows us to understand the formation of solvated ion pairs. This work provides an insight into the fundamental solvation of PILs from acid perspective and their influence on acidity properties for the first time.

Fluorescigenic Magnetofluids Based on Gadolinium, Terbium, and Dysprosium-Containing Imidazolium Salts.

Multistimuli responsive soft materials are urgently needed in many different fields, such as anticounterfeiting technology and microdroplet manipulation. Herein, the straightforward preparation of fluorescigenic magnetofluids by the introduction of the paramagnetic metal ions Gd3+, Tb3+, and Dy3+ into alkylimidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) is reported. Bright visible fluorescence was observed under UV irradiation for Tb- and Dy-containing ILs. Either pure samples or papers coated with these ILs exhibited pronounced magnetic responses. Consistent and stable structures of these salts were confirmed by systematical characterizations. Because of the competition of nitrate ligands, structural water in the precursors was eliminated easily under a vacuum. For Tb- and Dy-containing ILs, featured electronic transitions were observed and were assigned in the fluorescence spectra. The long lifetimes of these transitions were also confirmed. The field-cooling experiments showed that all of these ILs display paramagnetism at room temperature. At low temperature, small deviations from the Curie Law indicate the occurrence of antiferromagnetic coupling and spin canting in these ILs. Temperature-induced differences in magnetic properties were further verified by field-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements carried out at 5 and 300 K.

On-site portable detection of gaseous methyl iodide using an electrochemical method.

We report an electrochemical device for portable on-site detection of gaseous CH3I based on PVIm-F for the first time. The device achieves detection of gaseous CH3I with a significant selectivity and a low detection limit (0.474 ppb) in 20 min at 50 °C and 50% relative humidity, which is of great significance for achieving real-time on-site monitoring of radioactive hazardous environments.

Ionic Polyimine-Based Composite Membrane with Inductive and Complexation Synergistic Effects for Sensitive and On-Site Fluorescent Detection of Volatile Iodine.

Along with the development of nuclear power, concerns about radioactive emissions and the potential for nuclear leakage have been widely raised, particularly of harmful iodine isotopes. However, as a significant component of nuclear air waste, the enrichment and detection of air-dispersed gaseous iodine remain a challenge. In this work, it is focused on developing an attraction-immobilization-detection strategy-based fluorescence method for the on-site detection of volatile iodine, by employing a photoluminescent ionic polyimine network-polyvinylpyrrolidone (IPIN-PVP) composite membrane. This strategy synergizes ion-induced dipole interactions from IPIN and complexation effects from PVP, allowing effective iodine enrichment and immobilization. As a result, the optimized IPIN-PVP membrane exhibits rapid response times of 5 s and a low detection limit of 4.087 × 10-8 m for gaseous iodine. It also introduces a portable handheld detection device that utilizes the composite membrane, offering a practical solution for real-time on-site detection of volatile iodine. This innovation enhances nuclear safety measures and disaster management by providing rapid and reliable iodine detection capabilities.

Bio-based ionic liquid filter with enhanced electrostatic attraction for outside filtration and inside collection of viral aerosols.

Hazardous biological pathogens in the air pose a significant public environmental health concern as infected individuals emit virus-laden aerosols (VLAs) during routine respiratory activities. Mask-wearing is a key preventive measure, but conventional filtration methods face challenges, particularly in high humidity conditions, where electrostatic charge decline increases the risk of infection. This study introduces a bio-based air filter comprising glycine ionic liquids (GILs) and malleable polymer composite (GILP) with high polarity and functional group density, which are wrapped around a melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin skeleton, forming a conductive, porous GIL functionized ionic network air filter (GILP@MF). When subjected to low voltage, the GILP@MF composite efficiently captures VLAs including nanoscale virus particles through the enhanced electrostatic attraction, especially in facing high humidity bioaerosols exhaled by human body. The filtration/collection efficiency and quality factor can reach 98.3% and 0.264 Pa-1 at 0.1 m s-1, respectively. This innovative filter provides effective VLA protection and offers potential for non-invasive respiratory virus sampling, advancing medical diagnosis efforts.

Water-free rare-earth-metal ionic liquids/ionic liquid crystals based on hexanitratolanthanate(III) anion.

The hexanitratolanthanate anion (La(NO(3))(6)(3-)) is an interesting symmetric anion suitable to construct the component of water-free rare-earth-metal ionic liquids. The syntheses and structural characterization of eleven lanthanum nitrate complexes, [C(n)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)] (n=1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18), including 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(1)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 1), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(2)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 2), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(4)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 3), 1-isobutyl-3-methylimidazolium hexanetratolanthanate ([isoC(4)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 4), 1-methyl-3-(3'-methylbutyl)imidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([MC(4)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 5), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(6)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 6), 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(8)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 7), 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(12)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 8), 1-methyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(14)mim](3)[La-(NO(3))(6)], 9), 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimid-azolium hexanitratolanthanum ([C(16)dmim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 10), and 1-methyl-3-octadecylimidazolium hexanitratolanthanate ([C(18)mim](3)[La(NO(3))(6)], 11) are reported. All new compounds were characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR, and IR spectroscopy as well as elemental analysis. The crystal structure of compound 1 was determined by using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, giving the following crystallographic information: monoclinic; P2(1)/c; a=15.3170 (3), b=14.2340 (2), c=13.8954(2) Å; ß=94.3453(15)°, V=3020.80(9) Å(3), Z=4, ρ=1.764 g cm(-3). The coordination polyhedron around the lanthanum ion is rationalized by six nitrate anions with twelve oxygen atoms. No hydrogen-bonding network or water molecule was found in 1. The thermodynamic stability of the new complexes was investigated by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The water-free hexanitratolanthanate ionic liquids are thermal and moisture stable. Four complexes, namely complexes 8-11, were found to be ionic liquid crystals by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM). They all present smectic A liquid-crystalline phase.

Low-melting multicharge ionic liquids with [Ln(NO3)5]2- (Ln = Ho-Lu): structural, electrostatic, thermochemical, and fluorescence properties.

A series of green and safe heavy-rare-earth ionic liquids were obtained using a straightforward method. The stable structures of these ionic liquids, characterized by high-coordinating anions, were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). These ionic liquids exhibited wide liquid phase intervals and excellent thermal stability. The bidentate nitrato ligands occupied a sufficient number of coordination sites on the lanthanide ions, resulting in the formation of water-free 10-coordination structures. To explain the anomalous melting points observed in these multi-charged ionic liquids, a combination of experimental data and theoretical studies was employed to investigate the relationship between the electrostatic properties and the melting point. The electrostatic potential density per unit ion surface and volume were proposed and utilized for melting point prediction, demonstrating good linearity. Furthermore, the coordinating spheres of the lanthanide ions in these ionic liquids were devoid of luminescence quenchers such as O-H and N-H groups. Notably, the ionic liquids containing Ho3+, Er3+, and Tm3+ exhibited long lifetime near-infrared (NIR) and blue emissions, respectively. The UV-vis-NIR spectra revealed numerous electronic transitions of the lanthanide ions, which were attributed to their unique optical properties.

Lead Sequestration in Perovskite Photovoltaic Device Encapsulated with Water-Proof and Adhesive Poly(ionic liquid).

The inevitable usage of toxic lead impedes the commercialization of lead halide perovskite solar cells, especially considering lead ions potentially unseals from the discarded and damaged devices and consequently contaminates the environment. In this work, we proposed a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) cohered sandwich structure (PCSS) to realize lead sequestration in perovskite solar cells by a water-proof and adhesive poly([1-(3-propionic acid)-3-vinylimidazolium] bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (PPVI-TFSI). A transparent ambidextrous protective shield manufactured from PPVI-TFSI was achieved and applied in lead sequestration for perovskite solar cells. PCSS provides robustness and water-resistance, which improves device stability toward water erosion and extreme situations (such as acid, base, salty water, and hot water). PPVI-TFSI exhibited excellent affinity toward lead with adsorption capacity of 516 mg·g-1, which assisted to prevent lead leakage in abandoned devices as proved in the test of wheat germination vividly. PCSS provides a promising solution for complex lead sequestration and management issues, which contribute to the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

Hydrogen-bonding and π-π interaction promoted solution-processable covalent organic frameworks.

Covalent organic frameworks show great potential in gas adsorption/separation, biomedicine, device, sensing, and printing arenas. However, covalent organic frameworks are generally not dispersible in common solvents resulting in the poor processability, which severely obstruct their application in practice. In this study, we develop a convenient top-down process for fabricating solution-processable covalent organic frameworks by introducing intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions from ionic liquids. The bulk powders of imine-linked, azine-linked, and ß-ketoenamine linked covalent organic frameworks can be dispersed homogeneously in optimal ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide after heat treatment. The resulting high-concentration colloids are utilized to create the covalent organic framework inks that can be directly printed onto the surface. Molecular dynamics simulations and the quantum mechanical calculations suggest that C‒H···π and π-π interaction between ionic liquid cations and covalent organic frameworks may promote the formation of colloidal solution. These findings offer a roadmap for preparing solution-processable covalent organic frameworks, enabling their practical applications.

Nitrogen-rich 5-(1-methylhydrazinyl)tetrazole and its copper and silver complexes.

Nitrogen-rich 5-(1-methylhydrazinyl)tetrazole (1, MHT) was synthesized by using a straightforward method. White plate crystals of 1 were isolated in acetonitrile and crystallized in the monoclinic system P2(1)/c (# 14) (a = 3.8713(18) Å, b = 12.770(6) Å, c = 9.974(5) Å, α = 90°, ß = 93.397(6)°, γ = 90°, V = 492.3(4) Å(3), Z = 4). The reactions of Cu(II) and Ag(I) ions in aqueous solution with 1 were investigated and found to form two complexes under mild conditions. The crystal structures of 2 and 3 are discussed with respect to the coordination mode of the MHT anion. Thermal stabilities were determined from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) combined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests. Impact sensitivity was determined by BAM standards showing that these MHT salts are insensitive to impact (>40 J) confirmed by UN standards. The energies of combustion of 1-3 were determined using oxygen bomb calorimetry values and were used to obtain the corresponding enthalpies of formation. Combined with these data above, the neutral MHT is an attractive nitrogen-rich ligand for metallic energetic materials. Its copper and silver coordinated complexes are of interest as potential "green" metal energetic materials with high thermal stability as well as low sensitivity to impact and a high molar enthalpy of formation.

Hydrogen-bonding and "π-π" interaction promoted solution-processable mixed matrix membranes for aromatic amines detection.

Detection of hazardous compounds can alleviate risk to human health. However, it remains a challenge to develop easy-to-use testing tools for carcinogenic aromatic amines. Herein, we presented a conjugated molecule-based aniline detector, mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), through the solution-processable strategy. The pentacene-based dispersed phase is achieved using the state-of-the-art ionic liquids (ILs) as the continuous phase, based on which MMMs are easily manufactured by a solution process. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanical calculations suggested that hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction between ILs cations and pentacene could promote the dissolution. These prepared MMMs can offer easy-operation and on-site detection of carcinogenic primary aromatic amines with eye-readable fluorescence signal. This work provides a paradigm for the design of a portable testing device for various hazardous compounds.

Ultralow-cost portable device for cesium detection via perovskite fluorescence.

Public anxiety and concern from cesium pollution in oceans have been back on the agenda since tons of nuclear waste water were announced to be poured into oceans. Cesium ion can easily enter organisms and bioaccumulate in animals and plants, thus its harm is chronic to humans through food chains. Here we showed a kind of hybrid ionic liquid membrane (HILM) for detection of cesium ion in seawater through CsPbBr3 perovskite fluorescence. With sustainability in mind, HILM was built frugally. The lowest cost of HILM is below 3 cents per piece. The HILM can detect cesium ion quickly with eye-readable fluorescence signal. Ultracheap, portable, easy-to-use on-site detection device could offer benefit for personal security and applications in environment science and ecology in the future decades.

Liquid dinitromethanide salts.

The dinitromethanide (DNM) anion is a useful component of room temperature ionic liquids. Eight DNM ionic liquids with substituted imidazolium cations including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (1), 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium (2), 1-allyl-3-butylimidazolium (3), 1,3-diallylimidazolium (4), 1-(2'-methoxyl)ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (5), 1-(ethoxylmethyl)-3-methylimidazolium (6), 1-(hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium (7), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (8) were obtained. DNM ionic liquids 1-8 were synthesized by metathesis reactions from the corresponding imidazolium halides with potassium dinitromethanide or silver dinitromethanide. These DNM ionic liquids have been fully characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, thermal stability, phase behavior, and viscosity. The molecular structure of 8 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 8 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̅, with a density of 1.453 g cm(-3) (a = 7.1402(19) Å, b = 9.376(3) Å, c = 13.793(4) Å, α = 103.759(4)°, ß = 90.757(4)°, γ = 96.874(4)°, V = 889.6(4) Å(3), and Z = 4). Delocalization of both the DNM anion and dimethylimidazolium cation was found from the single-crystal structure data of 8. The heats of formation of 1-8 along with their detonation properties were investigated and analyzed. Their sensitivities toward impact were determined by BAM standards and found to be impact-insensitive (>40 J). The DNM-containing ionic liquids 1-7 are liquids at room temperature with desirable low viscosities. The temperature dependence of the viscosities for 1-7 was studied. These DNM ionic liquids were found to be a significant feature of glass-forming liquids. They also exhibit good liquid characteristics with desirable long liquidus ranges of more than 200 °C.