Recent Trends in Enzyme Immobilization-Concepts for Expanding the Biocatalysis Toolbox.

Enzymes have been exploited by humans for thousands of years in brewing and baking, but it is only recently that biocatalysis has become a mainstream technology for synthesis. Today, enzymes are used extensively in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, food, fine chemicals, flavors, fragrances and other products. Enzyme immobilization technology has also developed in parallel as a means of increasing enzyme performance and reducing process costs. The aim of this review is to present and discuss some of the more recent promising technical developments in enzyme immobilization, including the supports used, methods of fabrication, and their application in synthesis. The review highlights new support technologies such as the use of well-established polysaccharides in novel ways, the use of magnetic particles, DNA, renewable materials and hybrid organic-inorganic supports. The review also addresses how immobilization is being integrated into developing biocatalytic technology, for example in flow biocatalysis, the use of 3D printing and multi-enzymatic cascade reactions.

Engineering and application of P450 monooxygenases in pharmaceutical and metabolite synthesis.

Cytochrome P450 monoxygenase (P450s or CYPs) allow access to drug metabolites, necessary for approval of new therapeutics in one step, with increased success being demonstrated using bacterial and fungal P450s. Moreover, 12 of the 13 products of the human metabolism of verapamil can be accessed through engineered and chimeric bacterial P450s. These P450s are also used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals themselves, including the semi-synthetic production of artemisinin in an engineered cell. The integration of new technologies including ultrasound and polyfluorinated hydrocarbon solvents offers an attractive means by the true synthetic potential of ubiquitous P450s can be fully realised.