RESUMO
Neutrophils are expanded and abundant in cancer-bearing hosts. Under the influence of CXCR1 and CXCR2 chemokine receptor agonists and other chemotactic factors produced by tumors, neutrophils, and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from cancer patients extrude their neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In our hands, CXCR1 and CXCR2 agonists proved to be the major mediators of cancer-promoted NETosis. NETs wrap and coat tumor cells and shield them from cytotoxicity, as mediated by CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, by obstructing contact between immune cells and the surrounding target cells. Tumor cells protected from cytotoxicity by NETs underlie successful cancer metastases in mice and the immunotherapeutic synergy of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitors, which curtail NETosis with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Intravital microscopy provides evidence of neutrophil NETs interfering cytolytic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cell contacts with tumor cells.
Assuntos
Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/terapia , Receptores de Quimiocinas/agonistas , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/agonistas , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/agonistas , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/imunologia , Células HT29 , Humanos , Microscopia Intravital/métodos , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Ligantes , Camundongos , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/imunologia , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologiaRESUMO
Antigen cross-priming of CD8+ T cells is a critical process necessary for the effective expansion and activation of CD8+ T cells endowed with the ability to recognize and destroy tumor cells. The cross-presentation of tumor antigens to cross-prime CD8+ T cells is mainly mediated, if not only, by a subset of professional antigen-presenting cells termed type-1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). The demise of malignant cells can be immunogenic if it occurs in the context of premortem stress. These ways of dying are termed immunogenic cell death (ICD) and are associated with biochemical features favoring cDC1 for the efficient cross-priming of tumor antigens. Immunosurveillance and the success of immunotherapies heavily rely on the ability of cytotoxic immune cells, primarily CD8+ T cells and NK cells, to detect and eliminate tumor cells through mechanisms collectively known as cytotoxicity. Recent studies have revealed the significance of NK- and CTL-mediated cytotoxicity as a prominent form of immunogenic cell death, resulting in mechanisms that promote and sustain antigen-specific immune responses. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the cross-presentation of antigens released during tumor cell killing by cytotoxic immune cells, with an emphasis on the role of cDC1 cells. Indeed, cDC1s are instrumental in the effectiveness of most immunotherapies, underscoring the significance of tumor antigen cross-priming in contexts of immunogenic cell death. The notion of the potent immunogenicity of cell death resulting from NK or cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated cytotoxicity has far-reaching implications for cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Apresentação Cruzada , Humanos , Apresentação de Antígeno , Morte Celular Imunogênica , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Células DendríticasRESUMO
The role of the immune system in the control of cancer formation and progression has been a matter of considerable debate over many years. In this issue of Immunity, Mlecnik et al. (2016) show the importance of immunosurveillance in controlling tumors in a series of microsatellite-instable human colon carcinomas.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico , Imunoensaio/métodos , Patologia Molecular/métodos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Células Th1/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Combined PD-1 and CTLA-4-targeted immunotherapy with nivolumab and ipilimumab is effective against melanoma, renal cell carcinoma and non-small-cell lung cancer1-3. However, this comes at the cost of frequent, serious immune-related adverse events, necessitating a reduction in the recommended dose of ipilimumab that is given to patients4. In mice, co-treatment with surrogate anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies is effective in transplantable cancer models, but also exacerbates autoimmune colitis. Here we show that treating mice with clinically available TNF inhibitors concomitantly with combined CTLA-4 and PD-1 immunotherapy ameliorates colitis and, in addition, improves anti-tumour efficacy. Notably, TNF is upregulated in the intestine of patients suffering from colitis after dual ipilimumab and nivolumab treatment. We created a model in which Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice were adoptively transferred with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, causing graft-versus-host disease that was further exacerbated by ipilimumab and nivolumab treatment. When human colon cancer cells were xenografted into these mice, prophylactic blockade of human TNF improved colitis and hepatitis in xenografted mice, and moreover, immunotherapeutic control of xenografted tumours was retained. Our results provide clinically feasible strategies to dissociate efficacy and toxicity in the use of combined immune checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Imunoterapia/efeitos adversos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/farmacologia , Inibidores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/uso terapêutico , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/farmacologia , Feminino , Doença Enxerto-Hospedeiro , Hepatite/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ipilimumab/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Nivolumabe/efeitos adversos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Costimulation via CD137 (4-1BB) enhances antitumor immunity mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Anti-CD137 agonist antibodies elicit mild liver inflammation in mice, and the maximum tolerated dose of Urelumab, an anti-human CD137 agonist monoclonal antibody, in the clinic was defined by liver inflammation-related side effects. A protease-activated prodrug form of the anti-mouse CD137 agonist antibody 1D8 (1D8 Probody therapeutic, Pb-Tx) was constructed and found to be selectively activated in the tumor microenvironment. This construct, which encompasses a protease-cleavable linker holding in place a peptide that masks the antigen binding site, exerted antitumor effects comparable to the unmodified antibody but did not result in liver inflammation. Moreover, it efficaciously synergized with both PD-1 blockade and adoptive T-cell therapy. Surprisingly, minimal active Pb-Tx reached tumor-draining lymph nodes, and regional lymphadenectomy did not abrogate antitumor efficacy. By contrast, S1P receptor-dependent recirculation of T cells was absolutely required for efficacy. The preferential cleavage of the anti-CD137 Pb-Tx by tumor proteases offers multiple therapeutic opportunities, including neoadjuvant therapy, as shown by experiments in which the Pb-Tx is given prior to surgery to avoid spontaneous metastases.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Inflamação/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Linfonodos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfonodos/patologia , Camundongos , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismoRESUMO
In humans, IL-8 (CXCL8) is a key chemokine for chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages when acting on CXCR1 and CXCR2. CXCL8 activity on neutrophils includes chemotaxis and eliciting the extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this study, we show that concentrations of IL-8 that induce NETosis surpass in at least one order of magnitude those required to elicit chemoattraction in human neutrophils. IL-8-induced NETosis was less dependent on G-proteins than migration, while extracellular Ca+2 chelation similarly inhibited both processes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were more important for NETosis than for chemotaxis as evidenced by neutralization with N-acetyl -cysteine. Interestingly, selective blockade with anti-CXCR1 mAb inhibited NETosis much more readily than chemotaxis, while pharmacological inhibition of both CXCR1 and CXCR2, or selective inhibition for CXCR2 alone, similarly inhibited both functions. Together, these results propose a model according to which low concentrations of IL-8 in a gradient attract neutrophils to the inflammatory foci, while high receptor-saturating concentrations of IL-8 give rise to NETosis once leukocytes reach the core of the inflammatory insult.
Assuntos
Quimiotaxia/imunologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Acetilcisteína/metabolismo , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Interleucina-8A/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are webs of extracellular nuclear DNA extruded by dying neutrophils infiltrating tissue. NETs constitute a defence mechanism to entrap and kill fungi and bacteria. Tumours induce the formation of NETs to the advantage of the malignancy via a variety of mechanisms shown in mouse models. Here, we investigated the presence of NETs in a variety of human solid tumours and their association with IL-8 (CXCL8) protein expression and CD8+ T-cell density in the tumour microenvironment. Multiplex immunofluorescence panels were developed to identify NETs in human cancer tissues by co-staining with the granulocyte marker CD15, the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase and citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit), as well as IL-8 protein and CD8+ T cells. Three ELISA methods to detect and quantify circulating NETs in serum were optimised and utilised. Whole tumour sections and tissue microarrays from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 14), bladder cancer (n = 14), melanoma (n = 11), breast cancer (n = 31), colorectal cancer (n = 20) and mesothelioma (n = 61) were studied. Also, serum samples collected retrospectively from patients with metastatic melanoma (n = 12) and NSCLC (n = 34) were ELISA assayed to quantify circulating NETs and IL-8. NETs were detected in six different human cancer types with wide individual variation in terms of tissue density and distribution. At least in NSCLC, bladder cancer and metastatic melanoma, NET density positively correlated with IL-8 protein expression and inversely correlated with CD8+ T-cell densities. In a series of serum samples from melanoma and NSCLC patients, a positive correlation between circulating NETs and IL-8 was found. In conclusion, NETs are detectable in formalin-fixed human biopsy samples from solid tumours and in the circulation of cancer patients with a considerable degree of individual variation. NETs show a positive association with IL-8 and a trend towards a negative association with CD8+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Armadilhas Extracelulares/imunologia , Interleucina-8/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , HumanosRESUMO
Mucosal infections with Candida albicans belong to the most frequent forms of fungal diseases. Host protection is conferred by cellular immunity; however, the induction of antifungal immunity is not well understood. Using a mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) we show that interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling is critical for fungal control at the onset of infection through its impact on neutrophils at two levels. We demonstrate that both the recruitment of circulating neutrophils to the site of infection and the mobilization of newly generated neutrophils from the bone marrow depended on IL-1R. Consistently, IL-1R-deficient mice displayed impaired chemokine production at the site of infection and defective secretion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in the circulation in response to C. albicans. Strikingly, endothelial cells were identified as the primary cellular source of G-CSF during OPC, which responded to IL-1α that was released from keratinocytes in the infected tissue. The IL-1-dependent crosstalk between two different cellular subsets of the nonhematopoietic compartment was confirmed in vitro using a novel murine tongue-derived keratinocyte cell line and an established endothelial cell line. These data establish a new link between IL-1 and granulopoiesis in the context of fungal infection. Together, we identified two complementary mechanisms coordinating the neutrophil response in the oral mucosa, which is critical for preventing fungal growth and dissemination, and thus protects the host from disease.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/imunologia , Candidíase/imunologia , Interleucina-1alfa/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Animais , Candidíase/genética , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Células Endoteliais/microbiologia , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/genética , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos/imunologia , Interleucina-1alfa/genética , Queratinócitos/imunologia , Queratinócitos/microbiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologia , Mielopoese/genética , Mielopoese/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-1/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-1/imunologia , Língua/imunologia , Língua/microbiologiaRESUMO
Cancer immunotherapy is undergoing significant progress due to recent clinical successes by refined adoptive T-cell transfer and immunostimulatory monoclonal Ab (mAbs). B16F10-derived OVA-expressing mouse melanomas resist curative immunotherapy with either adoptive transfer of activated anti-OVA OT1 CTLs or agonist anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAb. However, when acting in synergistic combination, these treatments consistently achieve tumor eradication. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that accomplish tumor rejection exhibit enhanced effector functions in both transferred OT-1 and endogenous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This is consistent with higher levels of expression of eomesodermin in transferred and endogenous CTLs and with intravital live-cell two-photon microscopy evidence for more efficacious CTL-mediated tumor cell killing. Anti-CD137 mAb treatment resulted in prolonged intratumor persistence of the OT1 CTL-effector cells and improved function with focused and confined interaction kinetics of OT-1 CTL with target cells and increased apoptosis induction lasting up to six days postadoptive transfer. The synergy of adoptive T-cell therapy and agonist anti-CD137 mAb thus results from in vivo enhancement and sustainment of effector functions.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Terapia Combinada , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Ovalbumina/genética , Proteínas com Domínio T/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/deficiência , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
Agonist anti-CD137 (4-1BB) mAbs enhance CD8-mediated antitumor immunity. Agonist anti-human CD137 mAbs binding to four distinct epitopes on the CD137 glycoprotein costimulated T cell activation irrespective of the engaged epitope or its interference with CD137L binding. CD137 perturbation with all these agonist mAbs resulted in Ag and Ab internalization toward an endosomal vesicular compartment. Internalization was observed in activated T lymphocytes from humans and mice, not only in culture but also in Ab-injected living animals. These in vivo experiments were carried out upon systemic i.v. injections with anti-CD137 mAbs and showed CD137 internalization in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and in activated human T cells transferred to immunodeficient mice. Efficient CD137 internalization required K63 polyubiquitination and endocytosed CD137-containing vesicles recruited TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 2 and were decorated with K63 polyubiquitins. CD137 stimulation activates NF-κB through a K63-linked polyubiquitination-dependent route, and CD137-associated TRAF2 becomes K63 polyubiquitinated. Consistent with a role for TRAF2 in CD137 signaling, transgenic mice functionally deficient in TRAF2 showed delayed immunotherapeutic activity of anti-CD137 mAbs. As a whole, these findings advance our knowledge of the mechanisms of action of anti-CD137 immunostimulatory mAbs such as those currently undergoing clinical trials in cancer patients.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Endocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Endocitose/imunologia , Endossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Endossomos/imunologia , Endossomos/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoprecipitação , Imunoterapia/métodos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , NF-kappa B/imunologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Neoplasias Experimentais/terapia , Poliubiquitina/imunologia , Poliubiquitina/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Fator 2 Associado a Receptor de TNF/imunologia , Fator 2 Associado a Receptor de TNF/metabolismo , Transfecção , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The tissue immune microenvironment is associated with key aspects of tumor biology. The interaction between the immune system and cancer cells has predictive and prognostic potential across different tumor types. Spatially resolved tissue-based technologies allowed researchers to simultaneously quantify different immune populations in tumor samples. However, bare quantification fails to harness the spatial nature of tissue-based technologies. Tumor-immune interactions are associated with specific spatial patterns that can be measured. In recent years, several computational tools have been developed to increase our understanding of these spatial patterns. TOPICS COVERED: In this review, we cover standard techniques as well as new advances in the field of spatial analysis of the immune microenvironment. We focused on marker quantification, spatial intratumor heterogeneity analysis, cellâcell spatial interaction studies and neighborhood analyses.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Microambiente Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Humanos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/patologia , AnimaisRESUMO
Biomarkers for cancer immunotherapy are an unmet medical need. The group of Daniela Thommen at the NKI recently reported on novel methodologies based on short-term cultures of patient-derived tumor fragments whose cytokine concentrations in the supernatants and activation markers on infiltrating T cells were associated with clinical response to PD-1 blockade. We set up a similar culture technology with tumor-derived fragments using mouse tumors transplanted into syngeneic immunocompetent mice to test an agonist anti-CD137 mAb and its combinations with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-TGF-ß. Increases in IFNγ concentrations in the tissue culture supernatants were detected upon in-culture activation with the anti-CD137 and anti-PD-1 mAb combinations or concanavalin A as a positive control. No other cytokine from a wide array was informative of stimulation with these mAbs. Interestingly, increases in Ki67 and other activation markers were substantiated in lymphocytes from cell suspensions gathered at the end of 72 h cultures. In mice bearing bilateral tumors in which one was excised prior to in vivo anti-CD137 + anti-PD-1 treatment to perform the fragment culture evaluation, no association was found between IFNγ production from the fragments and the in vivo therapeutic outcome in the non-resected contralateral tumors. The experimental system permitted freezing and thawing of the fragments with similar functional outcomes. Using a series of patient-derived tumor fragments from excised solid malignancies, we showed IFNγ production in a fraction of the studied cases, that was conserved in frozen/thawed fragments. The small tumor fragment culture technique seems suitable to preclinically explore immunotherapy combinations.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral , Animais , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/agonistas , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/metabolismo , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Camundongos , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Feminino , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Cancer patients frequently undergo radiotherapy in their clinical management with unintended irradiation of blood vessels and copiously irrigated organs in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes circulate. Following the observation that such low doses of ionizing radiation are able to induce neutrophils to extrude neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), we have investigated the mechanisms, consequences and the occurrence of such phenomena in patients undergoing radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: NETosis was analyzed in cultures of neutrophils isolated from healthy donors, cancer patients and cancer-bearing mice under confocal microscopy. Cocultures of radiation-induced NETs, immune effector lymphocytes and tumor cells were used to study the effects of irradiation-induced NETs on immune cytotoxicity. Radiation-induced NETs were intravenously injected to mice assessing their effects on metastasis. Circulating NETs in irradiated cancer patients were measured by ELISA methods detecting MPO-DNA complexes and citrullinated H3. RESULTS: Very low γ-radiation doses (0.5-1 Gy) given to neutrophils elicit NET formation in a manner dependent on oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase activity and autocrine interleukin-8. Radiation-induced NETs interfere with NK- and T-cell cytotoxicity. As a consequence, pre-injection of irradiation-induced NETs increases the number of successful metastases in mouse tumor models. Increases in circulating NETs were readily detected in two prospective series of patients following the first fraction of their radiotherapy courses. CONCLUSIONS: NETosis is induced by low-dose ionizing irradiation in a neutrophil-intrinsic fashion and radiation-induced NETs are able to interfere with immune-mediated cytotoxicity. Radiation-induced NETs foster metastasis in mouse models and can be detected in the circulation of patients undergoing conventional radiotherapy treatments.
RESUMO
Collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is the first described and most studied member of a family of proteins that mediate the addition of tubulin dimers to the growing microtubule. CRMPs have mainly been studied in the nervous system, but recently, they have been described in other tissues where they participate in vesicle transport, migration and mitosis. In this work, we aimed at studying the role of CRMP-2 in lung cancer cell division. We first explored the expression of CRMP-2 and phosphorylated (Thr 514) CRMP-2 in 91 samples obtained from patients with localized nonsmall cell lung cancer. We observed a significant correlation between high levels of nuclear phosphorylated CRMP-2 and poor prognosis in those patients. Interestingly, this association was only positive for untreated patients. To provide a mechanistic explanation to these findings, we used in vitro models to analyze the role of CRMP-2 and its phosphorylated forms in cell division. Thus, we observed by confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation assays that CRMP-2 differentially colocalizes with the mitotic spindle during cell division. The use of phosphodefective or phosphomimetic mutants of CRMP-2 allowed us to prove that anomalies in the phosphorylation status of CRMP-2 result in changes in the mitotic tempo, and increments in the number of multinucleated cells. Finally, here we demonstrate that CRMP-2 phosphorylation impairment, or silencing induces p53 expression and promotes apoptosis through caspase 3 activation. These results pointed to CRMP-2 phosphorylation as a prognostic marker and potential new target to be explored in cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Apoptose , Western Blotting , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/mortalidade , Carcinoma Adenoescamoso/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células Grandes/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/mortalidade , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Ciclo Celular , Proliferação de Células , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Imunofluorescência , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Imunoprecipitação , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Mutação/genética , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Fosforilação , Prognóstico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Fuso Acromático , Taxa de Sobrevida , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
CD137/TNFR9/41BB was originally described as a surface molecule present on activated T and NK cells. However, its expression is broader among leukocytes, and it is also detected on hypoxic endothelial cells and inflamed blood vessels, as well as in atherosclerotic lesions. Here, we demonstrate that lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) up-regulate CD137 expression from undetectable baseline levels on stimulation with TNF-α, LPS, and IL-1ß. CD137 cross-linking with an agonistic mAb results in NF-κB nuclear translocation, followed by up-regulation of VCAM and a 3-fold increase in the production of the chemokine CCL21. Accordingly, there is a 50% increase in CCR7-dependent migration toward conditioned medium from activated LECs on CD137 cross-linking with the agonistic mAb or the natural ligand (CD137L). Such an enhancement of cell migration is also observed with monocyte-derived dendritic cells transmigrating across CD137-activated LEC monolayers. Using explanted human dermal tissue, we found that inflamed skin contains abundant CD137(+) lymphatic vessels and that ex vivo incubation of explanted human dermis with TNF-α induces CD137 expression in lymphatic capillaries. More interestingly, treatment with CD137 agonistic antibody induces CCL21 expression and DC accumulation close to lymphatic vessels. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the inflammatory function of lymphatic vessels can be regulated by CD137.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/citologia , Células Endoteliais/imunologia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/fisiologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Quimiocina CCL21/fisiologia , Dermatite/patologia , Dermatite/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Vasos Linfáticos/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/farmacologia , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/biossíntese , Membro 9 da Superfamília de Receptores de Fatores de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Regulação para Cima , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/biossínteseRESUMO
How do we identify patients most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapies? This month in Med, Wu and colleagues1 identify that CCL19+ mature dendritic cells correlated with responses to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer patients, suggesting the use of CCL19 as a biomarker to predict patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Células DendríticasRESUMO
In cancer pathogenesis, soluble mediators are responsible for a type of inflammation that favors the progression of tumors. The mechanisms chiefly involve changes in the cellular composition of the tumor tissue stroma and in the functional modulation of myeloid and lymphoid leukocytes. Active immunosuppression, proangiogenesis, changes in leukocyte traffic, extracellular matrix remodeling, and alterations in tumor-antigen presentation are the main mechanisms linked to the inflammation that fosters tumor growth and metastasis. Soluble inflammatory mediators and their receptors are amenable to various types of inhibitors that can be combined with other immunotherapy approaches. The main proinflammatory targets which can be interfered with at present and which are under preclinical and clinical development are IL1ß, IL6, the CXCR1/2 chemokine axis, TNFα, VEGF, leukemia inhibitory factor, CCL2, IL35, and prostaglandins. In many instances, the corresponding neutralizing agents are already clinically available and can be repurposed as a result of their use in other areas of medicine such as autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions.
Assuntos
Mediadores da Inflamação , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Imunoterapia , Inflamação , QuimiocinasRESUMO
NK-cell reactivity against cancer is conceivably suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by the interaction of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A with the non-classical MHC-I molecules HLA-E in humans or Qa-1b in mice. We found that intratumoral delivery of NK cells attains significant therapeutic effects only if co-injected with anti-NKG2A and anti-Qa-1b blocking monoclonal antibodies against solid mouse tumor models. Such therapeutic activity was contingent on endogenous CD8 T cells and type-1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). Moreover, the anti-tumor effects were enhanced upon combination with systemic anti-PD-1 mAb treatment and achieved partial abscopal efficacy against distant non-injected tumors. In xenografted mice bearing HLA-E-expressing human cancer cells, intratumoral co-injection of activated allogeneic human NK cells and clinical-grade anti-NKG2A mAb (monalizumab) synergistically achieved therapeutic effects. In conclusion, these studies provide evidence for the clinical potential of intratumoral NK cell-based immunotherapies that exert their anti-tumor efficacy as a result of eliciting endogenous T-cell responses.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Neoplasias , Camundongos , Humanos , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I , Células Matadoras Naturais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Previous studies have shown that local delivery of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes engineered to transiently express single-chain IL-12 mRNA is highly efficacious. Peritoneal dissemination of cancer is a frequent and often fatal patient condition usually diagnosed when the tumor burden is too large and hence uncontrollable with current treatment options. In this study, we have modeled intracavitary adoptive T cell therapy with OVA-specific OT-I T cells electroporated with IL-12 mRNA to treat B16-OVA and PANC02-OVA tumor spread in the peritoneal cavity. Tumor localization in the omentum and the effects of local T-cell encounter with the tumor antigens were monitored, the gene expression profile evaluated, and the phenotypic reprogramming of several immune subsets was characterized. Intraperitoneal administration of T cells promoted homing to the omentum more effectively than intravenous administration. Transient IL-12 expression was responsible for a favorable reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment, longer persistence of transferred T lymphocytes in vivo, and the development of immunity to endogenous antigens following primary tumor eradication. The efficacy of the strategy was at least in part recapitulated with the adoptive transfer of lower affinity transgenic TCR-bearing PMEL-1 T lymphocytes to treat the aggressive intraperitoneally disseminated B16-F10 tumor. Locoregional adoptive transfer of transiently IL-12-armored T cells appears to offer promising therapeutic advantages in terms of anti-tumor efficacy to treat peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias Peritoneais , Camundongos , Animais , Interleucina-12/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Neoplasias Peritoneais/terapia , Transferência Adotiva , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Immune checkpoint-inhibitor combinations are the best therapeutic option for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, but improvements in efficacy are needed to improve response rates. We develop a multifocal HCC model to test immunotherapies by introducing c-myc using hydrodynamic gene transfer along with CRISPR-Cas9-mediated disruption of p53 in mouse hepatocytes. Additionally, induced co-expression of luciferase, EGFP, and the melanosomal antigen gp100 facilitates studies on the underlying immunological mechanisms. We show that treatment of the mice with a combination of anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD1 mAbs results in partial clearance of the tumor with an improvement in survival. However, the addition of either recombinant IL-2 or an anti-CD137 mAb markedly improves both outcomes in these mice. Combining tumor-specific adoptive T cell therapy to the aCTLA-4/aPD1/rIL2 or aCTLA-4/aPD1/aCD137 regimens enhances efficacy in a synergistic manner. As shown by multiplex tissue immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, combined immunotherapy treatments enhance T cell infiltration and the intratumoral performance of T lymphocytes.