Broadening the clinical spectrum: molecular mechanisms and new phenotypes of ANO3-dystonia.

Anoctamin 3 (ANO3) belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins that form phospholipid scramblases and ion channels. A large number of ANO3 variants were identified as the cause of craniocervical dystonia, but the underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain obscure. It was suggested that ANO3 variants may dysregulate intracellular Ca2+ signalling, as variants in other Ca2+ regulating proteins like hippocalcin were also identified as a cause of dystonia. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical, radiological, and molecular characteristics of four individuals from four families who carried heterozygous variants in ANO3. The median age at follow-up was 6.6 years (ranging from 3.8 to 8.7 years). Three individuals presented with hypotonia and motor developmental delay. Two patients exhibited generalized progressive dystonia, while one patient presented with paroxysmal dystonia. Additionally, another patient exhibited early dyskinetic encephalopathy. One patient underwent bipallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) and showed a mild but noteworthy response, while another patient is currently being considered for DBS treatment. Neuroimaging analysis of brain MRI studies did not reveal any specific abnormalities. The molecular spectrum included two novel ANO3 variants (V561L and S116L) and two previously reported ANO3 variants (A599D and S651N). As anoctamins are suggested to affect intracellular Ca2+ signals, we compared Ca2+ signalling and activation of ion channels in cells expressing wild type ANO3 and cells expressing ANO variants. Novel V561L and S116L variants were compared with previously reported A599D and S651N variants and with wtANO3 expressed in fibroblasts isolated from patients or when overexpressed in HEK293 cells. We identified ANO3 as a Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase that also conducts ions. Impaired Ca2+ signalling and compromised activation of Ca2+ dependent K+ channels were detected in cells expressing ANO3 variants. In the brain striatal cells of affected patients, impaired activation of KCa3.1 channels due to compromised Ca2+ signals may lead to depolarized membrane voltage and neuronal hyperexcitability and may also lead to reduced cellular viability, as shown in the present study. In conclusion, our study reveals the association between ANO3 variants and paroxysmal dystonia, representing the first reported link between these variants and this specific dystonic phenotype. We demonstrate that ANO3 functions as a Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase and ion channel; cells expressing ANO3 variants exhibit impaired Ca2+ signalling and compromised activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. These findings provide a mechanism for the observed clinical manifestations and highlight the importance of ANO3 for neuronal excitability and cellular viability.

Shared Biological Pathways and Processes in Patients with Intellectual Disability: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Although the underlying genetic causes of intellectual disability (ID) continue to be rapidly identified, the biological pathways and processes that could be targets for a potential molecular therapy are not yet known. This study aimed to identify ID-related shared pathways and processes utilizing enrichment analyses. METHODS: In this multicenter study, causative genes of patients with ID were used as input for Disease Ontology (DO), Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. RESULTS: Genetic test results of 720 patients from 27 centers were obtained. Patients with chromosomal deletion/duplication, non-ID genes, novel genes, and results with changes in more than one gene were excluded. A total of 558 patients with 341 different causative genes were included in the study. Pathway-based enrichment analysis of the ID-related genes via ClusterProfiler revealed 18 shared pathways, with lysine degradation and nicotine addiction being the most common. The most common of the 25 overrepresented DO terms was ID. The most frequently overrepresented GO biological process, cellular component, and molecular function terms were regulation of membrane potential, ion channel complex, and voltage-gated ion channel activity/voltage-gated channel activity, respectively. CONCLUSION: Lysine degradation, nicotine addiction, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways are well-suited to be research areas for the discovery of new targeted therapies in ID patients.

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors of childhood: Ege University experience.

BACKGROUND: Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors (DNETs) are rare, low-grade tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) of childhood. It is an important cause of intractable epilepsy, and it is surgically curable. We aimed to review our institutional experience with DNET in children. METHODS: Medical records of children aged less than 18 years of age diagnosed with DNET between 2009 and 2020 at Ege University Hospital were reviewed. Clinical features of the patients including age, gender, initial symptoms, duration of symptoms, medical treatments, age at the time of surgery, tumor location, degree of surgical resection, and outcome of the patients were documented. RESULTS: We reviewed the records of 17 patients with DNETs. Twelve of them were male (70%), 5 of them female (30%). The median age was 11 years (19 months-17 years). The major symptom was a seizure in all of the patients. Thirteen patients presented with complex partial seizures, whereas 2 had a simple partial seizure, and 2 generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Seven patients had drug resistant epilepsy and had received at least two anti-epileptic drugs before surgery. The median duration of symptoms was 6.6 months (0-48 months). In surgery, total surgical resection was performed in 15 patients, and 2 patients underwent partial resection. From these 15 patients, seven patients underwent lesionectomy of the tumor while the other eight patients had extended lesionectomy. The mean follow-up time was 107 months (54-144 months), the seizure control was achieved in 14 patients (82.4%) after surgery, but 3 patients experienced tumor recurrence in the follow-up. CONCLUSION: In DNETs, the complete total resection of the lesion is generally associated with seizure-free outcomes. In the patients with partial resection and lesionectomy, MRI follow-up is recommended for recurrence.

Evaluation of micronutrient levels in children with cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND: Many studies evaluating the nutritional status of children with cerebral palsy (CP) have focused on energy requirements and protein intake. The present work aimed to assess nutritional status and micronutrient levels of children with (CP). METHODS: This multicenter, cross-sectional and observational study was conducted in 10 different cities in Turkey. Data were available for 398 participants. Anthropometric measurements, feeding mode, nutritional status, and micronutrient levels were evaluated. RESULTS: The study was conducted with 398 participants (303 patients and 95 healthy controls). Statistical analysis showed that according to the Gomez Classification, weight-for-age (WFA) revealed malnutrition in 92.6% of children with CP, based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles. Measurements of micronutrient levels showed that zinc levels were low in patients, whereas vitamin A levels were low in controls. Phosphorous and manganese levels were significantly lower in malnourished children than in typical children. The results revealed that children consuming enteral nutrition solutions had higher selenium and lower zinc levels than non-consumers. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition is not only a protein- or calorie-based problem; micronutrient deficiencies might cause severe health problems. Children with chronic neurological disabilities must be carefully evaluated for these issues. Therefore, nutritional interventions should be adapted to nutrition.

Sulthiame add-on treatment in children with epileptic encephalopathy with status epilepticus: an efficacy analysis in etiologic subgroups.

PURPOSE: Sulthiame (STM) has been recommended as an effective antiepileptic drug (AED) in children with epileptic encephalopathy with status epilepticus in sleep (ESES). The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of STM add-on treatment in children with pattern of ESES with respect to the etiologic subgroup. METHODS: Twenty-nine children with ESES pattern with three different etiologic subgroups (epileptic syndromes: 14, structural/infectious: 9, unknown: 6) who were given STM as add-on treatment were included into the study. The efficacy of STM was evaluated in terms of seizure control, electroencephalography (EEG) findings, need of the new AEDs after add-on STM, and behavioral and cognitive improvement. RESULTS: The range of the follow-up duration after add-on STM treatment was between 5 and 51 months. At the end of 1 year of STM treatment, the most successful electrophysiologic improvement was identified in the well-defined epileptic syndrome group; epileptic syndrome, 71.4% (10/14); structural/infectious, 33.3% (3/9); and unknown, 0% (0/6). Patients who had complete response or persistent ESES pattern at the 3rd month were still in the same condition at the 6th and 12th months. However, the ESES pattern reappeared in 35.2% of the patients who had partial electrophysiological improvement at the 3rd month. In the epilepsy syndrome group, eight out of ten patients who had either complete or partial EEG response after 1 year of STM treatment displayed behavioral and cognitive improvement. CONCLUSION: Sulthiame might be a valid add-on treatment of ESES especially in children with epilepsy syndromes.

A rare cause of ischemic stroke in childhood: spontaneous long segment intracranial dissection.

Craniocervical arterial dissection is an important cause of arterial ischemic stroke in children. Recognition of dissections is of particular importance both in determining the risk of recurrence and in bringing about different treatment alternatives. We report a 10-year-old girl who presented with acute ischemic stroke due to spontaneous long segment dissection involving the parasellar internal carotid artery up to the distal M1 portion of the middle cerebral artery. Three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography with flat panel detector revealed the presence of major vessels originating from both true and false lumens and had a critical role in the treatment decision of the case.

The potential effects of anticonvulsant drugs on neuropeptides and neurotrophins in pentylenetetrazol kindled seizures in the rat.

Purpose: Neuropeptides and neurotrophic factors are thought to be involved in epileptogenesis. This study aims to investigate the potential effects of anticonvulsant drugs on neuropeptides (galanin and neuropeptide Y) and neurotrophic factors (BDNF and NGF) in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled seizures in the rat.Methods: Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were included in the study. The animals were divided into 8 groups of six rats. Group 1 was defined as naïve control, and received no medication. Group 2 (PTZ + saline) was treated with sub-convulsive doses of PTZ (35 mg/kg) and saline i.p. for 14 days. For anticonvulsant treatments, Groups 3-8 were treated with 200 mg/kg levetiracetam (PTZ + LEV), 1 mg/kg midazolam (PTZ + MDZ), 80 mg/kg phenytoin (PTZ + PHT), 80 mg/kg topiramate (PTZ + TPR), 40 mg/kg lamotrigine (PTZ + LMT) and 50 mg/kg sodium valproate (PTZ + SV), respectively. All anticonvulsant drugs were injected 30 min prior to PTZ injection throughout 14 days. Following treatment period, behavioral, biochemical and immunohistochemical studies were performed.Results: PTZ + saline group revealed significantly decreased galanin, NPY, BDNF and NGF levels compared to control. PTZ + MDZ group had significantly increased galanin, BDNF and NGF levels compared to saline group. Also, PTZ + LEV group showed increased BDNF levels. PTZ + saline group revealed significantly lower neuron count and higher GFAP (+) cells in hippocampal CA1-CA3 regions. All anticonvulsants significantly reduced hippocampal astrogliosis whereas only midazolam, levetiracetam, sodium valproate and lamotrigine prevented neuronal loss.Conclusion: Our results suggested that anticonvulsant drugs may reduce the severity of seizures, and exert neuroprotective effects by altering the expression of neuropeptides and neurotrophins in the epileptogenic hippocampus.

A treatable cause of myelopathy and vision loss mimicking neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: late-onset biotinidase deficiency.

Biotinidase deficiency is characterized by severe neurological manifestations as hypotonia, lethargy, ataxia, hearing loss, seizures and developmental retardation in its classical form. Late-onset biotinidase deficiency presents distinctly from the classical form such as limb weakness and vision problems. A 14-year-old boy presented with progressive vision loss and upper limb weakness. The patient was initiated steroid therapy with a preliminary diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder due to the craniospinal imaging findings demonstrating optic nerve, brainstem and longitudinally extensive spinal cord involvement. Although the patient exhibited partial clinical improvement after pulse steroid therapy, craniocervical imaging performed one month after the initiation of steroid therapy did not show any regression. The CSF IgG index was <0.8 (normal: <0.8), oligoclonal band and aquaporin-4 antibodies were negative. Metabolic investigations revealed a low biotinidase enzyme activity 8% (0.58 nmoL/min/mL; normal range: 4.4 to 12). Genetic testing showed c.98-104delinsTCC and p.V457 M mutations in biotinidase (BTD) gene. At the third month of biotin replacement therapy, control craniospinal MRI demonstrated a complete regression of the lesions. The muscle strength of the case returned to normal. His visual acuity was 7/10 in the left eye and 9/10 in the right. The late-onset form of the biotinidase deficiency should be kept in mind in all patients with myelopathy with or without vision loss, particularly in those with inadequate response to steroid therapy. The family screening is important to identify asymptomatic individuals and timely treatment.

Electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES)/continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) syndrome in children: An electroclinical evaluation according to the EEG patterns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the electroclinical spectrum in children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES)/continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep (CSWS) syndrome according to the EEG patterns. METHODS: Clinical data of 44 patients with ESES/CSWS syndrome who were treated and followed at least two years were analyzed. Records of EEGs of patients were reevaluated to determine two aspects of the ESES pattern: (1) the spike-wave index (SWI) on the NREM sleep EEG (Group I: typical vs. atypical ESES pattern (33/11 patients)) and (2) the area of maximum amplitude of continuous epileptic activity (Group II: anterior vs. posterior ESES pattern (33/11 patients)). RESULTS: Symptomatic etiology was more defined in patients with the typical ESES pattern (40%) than the group with the atypical ESES pattern (9%) by a factor of four. All patients were receiving at least two antiepileptic drug (AED) treatments. Eighteen patients (41%) received AEDs plus ACTH therapy. Complete disappearance of the ESES pattern on the EEG was observed in 18 patients (41%), more than 50% reduction was observed in five patients (11%), less than 50% reduction was observed in eight patients (18%), and no response was observed in five patients (11%). No significant difference was found when comparing the groups in terms of reduction of seizures and the SWI. Seizure outcome at the two-year follow-up was similar between the group with ESES treated with AEDs plus ACTH and the group with ESES treated with AEDs without ACTH therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrated that the rate of the SWI (typical vs. atypical ESES) and the maximum amplitude of the ESES pattern (anterior vs. posterior) have no significant correlation with seizure control and reduction of the SWI on the EEG in children with ESES syndrome.

Ictal urinary urge: localization and lateralization value in a pediatric case.

BACKGROUND: Ictal urinary urge is a rare autonomic symptom usually lateralizing to the non-dominant hemisphere and localizing to the temporal lobe. CASE REPORT: A 12-year-old boy was referred with desire to void and contraction of the left arm. The history of the case revealed tickling and an unpleasant rising feeling in the stomach and sense of fear lasting for 1 year. He had been evaluated and treated several times with the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux and cystitis. His cranial MRI displayed an intra-axial mass formation on the right temporal lobe. Pathological findings were consistent with a low-grade glial mass. CONCLUSION: Ictal urinary urge has a considerable value both for localization and lateralization of seizures.

The Challenges of Distinguishing Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome from Childhood Absence Epilepsy in Clinical Settings.

We evaluated clinical parameters distinguishing cognitive disengagement syndrome (CDS) and childhood absence epilepsy (CAE). 40 children with CDS, 27 with CAE, and 41 controls aged 7-12 were compared regarding sleep problems, CDS, and ADHD symptoms. CDS-sluggishness symptoms, but not CDS-daydreaming symptoms, were significantly higher in CDS group than CAE group. CDS scale provided a weak discrimination value between CDS and CAE. Sleep problems and ADHD symptoms were similar between the two clinical entities. These findings highlight that CDS and CAE might have overlapping symptoms. 'Daydreaming' symptoms but not 'sluggishness' symptoms seem to be main overlapping manifestations between CDS and CAE.

The clinical value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in a historical cohort with neonatal encephalopathy: A comparison of short-term versus prolonged-period monitoring.

BACKGROUND: To compare the amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) monitoring (short-term versus prolonged-period) for neonatal seizure detection and outcome. METHODS: The aEEG monitoring in a historical cohort (n = 88, preterm:42, and term:46) with neonatal encephalopathy between 2010-2022 was re-evaluated for neonatal seizures (electrographic, electro-clinical, and clinical seizures) and EEG background scoring. The cohort was dichotomized: group I (short-period with 6-12 h, n = 36) and group II (prolonged-period with 24-48 h, n = 52). Both monitoring types were evaluated for the diagnostic accuracy of the "patients with seizures" and for outcome characteristics (early death as well as adverse outcomes at 12 months of age). RESULTS: A total of 67 (76 %) neonates of the cohort were diagnosed as "patients with seizures": electrographic-only seizures in 10 (15 %), electro-clinical seizures in 22 (33 %), and clinical-only seizures in 35 (52 %). The aEEG provides the "patients with seizures" in neonates with a 36.5 % rate with both types of monitoring: 17/36 (47.2 %) with short-term and 15/52 (28.8 %) with prolonged-period monitoring. The prolonged period aEEG had higher diagnostic values for seizure detection (sensitivity = 0.73 and negative predictivity value = 0.81). However, the aEEG background scores were similar for both types of aEEG monitoring, respectively (the mean ± SD: 4.73 ± 2.9 versus 4.4 ± 4. p = 0.837). The aEEG scoring was correlated with the magnitude of brain injury documented with MRI, the early death, and the adverse outcome at 12 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: Both aEEG types are valuable for monitoring the "patients with seizures" and outcome characteristics.

A Multicenter Study of Self-Limited Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes: Effectiveness of Antiseizure Medication With Respect to Spike-Wave Index.

BACKGROUND: There is no certain validated electroencephalographic (EEG) parameters for outcome prediction in children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. To assess the effectiveness of antiseizure medication (ASM) for seizure outcome with respect to the spike-wave index (SWI) on serial EEG recordings. METHODS: In this multicenter study, the study cohort consisted of 604 children with self-limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. A data set of epilepsy centers follow-up between 2010 and 2022. The cohort was divided into 4 groups as those receiving 3 different monotherapy (carbamazepine [CBZ]/valproic acid [VPA]/levetiracetam [LEV]) and dual therapy. SWI analysis was performed with the percent of spikes in the 2-minute epoch in the 5th 6th minutes of the nonrapid eye movement sleep EEG record. The study group were also categorized according to seizure burden with seizure frequency (I) >2 seizures and (II) >5 seizures. Seizure outcome was evaluated based on the reduction in seizure frequency over 6-month periods: (1) 50% reduction and (2) seizure-free (complete response). RESULTS: ASM monotherapy was achieved in 74.5% children with VPA, CBZ, and LEV with similar rates of 85.8%, 85.7%, and 77.9%. Dual therapy was need in the 25.5% of children with SeLECT. More dual therapy was administered in children aged below 5 years with a rate of 46.2%. Earlier seizure-free achievement time was seen in children with LEV monotherapy with more complete-response rate (86.7%) compared the VPA and CBZ. CONCLUSIONS: We also determined that the children on dual therapy had more SWI clearance in the subsequent EEG recordings. The ROC curve analyses were performed to predict initial drug selection with using the SWI% might be used for the prediction of ASM type and drug selection in children.

Evaluation of seizure semiology, genetics, magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalogram findings in children with Rett syndrome: A multicenter retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate seizure semiology, electroencephalogram (EEG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetic findings, as well as treatment choices in Rett syndrome (RTT). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on one hundred and twenty cases diagnosed with RTT with a genetic mutation. Data were obtained from nine participating centers. RESULTS: In this study, 93.3 % of patients were female, with typical RTT found in 70 % of cases. Genetic etiology revealed MECP2, FoxG1, and CDKL5 in 93.8 %, 2.7 %, and 1.8 % of cases, respectively. Atypical RTT clinics were observed in 50 % of male cases, with the first EEG being normal in atypical RTT cases (p = 0.01). Generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic epilepsy were the most common seizure semiologies, while absence and focal epilepsy were less prevalent. Valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and clobazam were the most commonly used antiepileptic drugs, affecting the severity and frequency of seizures (p = 0.015, p=<0.001, p = 0.022, and p=<0.001, respectively). No significant differences were observed in EEG findings. The initiation of anti-seizure medications significantly altered seizure characteristics (Table 4). A ketogenic diet and vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) correlated with a 50 % improvement in cognitive function, while steroid treatment showed a 60 % improvement. Remarkably, seizures were substantially reduced after VNS application. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the importance of genetic diagnosis in RTT cases with a clinical diagnosis. These preliminary results will be further validated with the inclusion of clinically diagnosed RTT cases in our ongoing study.

The Utility of Genetic Testing in Infantile Epileptic Spasms Syndrome: A Step-Based Approach in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the utility of genetic testing for etiology-specific diagnosis (ESD) in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) with a step-based diagnostic approach in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) era. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of 314 patients with IESS, followed by the Pediatric Neurology Division of Ege University Hospital between 2005 and 2021. The ESD was evaluated using a step-based approach: step I (clinical phenomenology), step II (neuroimaging), step III (metabolic screening), and step IV (genetic testing). The diagnostic utility of genetic testing was evaluated to compare the early-NGS period (2005 to 2013, n = 183) and the NGS era (2014 to 2021, n = 131). RESULTS: An ESD was established in 221 of 314 (70.4%) infants with IESS: structural, 40.8%; genetic, 17.2%; metabolic, 8.3%; immune-infectious, 4.1%. The diagnostic yield of genetic testing increased from 8.9% to 41.7% in the cohort during the four follow-up periods. The rate of unknown etiology decreased from 34.9% to 22.1% during the follow-up periods. The genetic ESD was established as 27.4% with genetic testing in the NGS era. The genetic testing in the NGS era increased dramatically in subgroups with unknown and structural etiologies. The diagnostic yields of the epilepsy panels increased from 7.6% to 19.2%. However, the diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing remained at similar levels during the early-NGS period at 54.5% and in the NGS era at 59%. CONCLUSIONS: The more genetic ESD (27.4%) was defined for IESS in the NGS era with the implication of precision therapy (37.7%).

Optic neuritis in Turkish children and adolescents: A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Various etiologies may underlie optic neuritis, including autoantibody-mediated disorders described in the last decade. We re-examined demographic, clinical, laboratory features and prognostic factors in pediatric patients with autoimmune optic neuritis according to current knowledge. METHODS: Cases of pediatric ON from 27 centers in Türkiye diagnosed between 2009 and 2022 were included for retrospective evaluation. RESULTS: The study included 279 patients, 174 females and 105 males, with a female-to-male ratio of 1.65. The average age at onset was 12.8 ± 3.4 years, and mean follow-up, 2.1 years (range: 1-12.1 years). Patients <10 years old were grouped as "prepubertal" and those ≥10 years old as "others". The diagnoses made at the end of follow-up were multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis (n = 90, 32.3 %), single isolated optic neuritis (n = 86, 31 %), clinically isolated syndrome (n = 41, 14.7 %), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis (n = 22, 7.9 %), and relapsing isolated optic neuritis (n = 18, 6.5 %). Predominant diagnoses were myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated optic neuritis in the prepubertal group and multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis in the older group. Recurrences were observed in 67 (24 %) patients, including 28 with multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis, 18 with relapsing isolated optic neuritis, 11 with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated optic neuritis, 8 with aquaporin-4 antibody related optic neuritis, and 2 with chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy. Recurrences were more common among female patients. Findings supporting the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis included age of onset ≥ 10 years (OR=1.24, p = 0.027), the presence of cranial MRI lesions (OR=26.92, p<0.001), and oligoclonal bands (OR=9.7, p = 0.001). Treatment in the acute phase consisted of intravenous pulse methylprednisolone (n = 46, 16.5 %), pulse methylprednisolone with an oral taper (n = 212, 76 %), and combinations of pulse methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, or intravenous immunoglobulin (n = 21, 7.5 %). Outcome at 12 months was satisfactory, with 247 out of 279 patients (88.5 %) demonstrating complete recovery. Thirty-two patients exhibited incomplete recovery and further combination treatments were applied. Specifically, patients with relapsing isolated optic neuritis and aquaporin-4 antibody related optic neuritis displayed a less favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest optic neuritis is frequently bilateral in prepubertal and unilateral in peri­ or postpubertal patients. Age of onset 10 or older, presence of oligoclonal bands, and brain MRI findings reliably predict the development of multiple sclerosis. The risk of developing multiple sclerosis increases mostly during the second and third years of follow-up. Relapsing isolated optic neuritis remains a separate group where the pathogenesis and outcome remain unclear. Investigation of predisposing and diagnostic biomarkers and long follow-up could help to define this group.

Changing views of cerebral palsy over 35 years: the experience of a center.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of cerebral palsy (CP) cases over a 35-year period. Findings of 442 patients with CP followed from 1995 to 2006 (Group 2) were compared with 208 patients with CP followed between 1972 and 1994 (Group 1) in the same pediatric neurology division. Ratios of both prematurity (38% vs. 17.7%) and very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (13.8% vs. 1.5%) significantly increased in Group 2. There was also a four-fold increase in cesarean delivery in Group 2 (42.3% vs. 9.6%). A significant increase in the rate of early diagnosis during the first year was also found in this group (56.9% vs. 39.4%). The rate of spastic diparesis cases has significantly increased (33.7% vs. 7.7%), while the rate of spastic tetraparesis cases has significantly decreased (63.5% vs. 37.3%). It was seen that preventable risk factors continue today.

Sleep problems in adolescents with epilepsy and their caregivers: associations with behavioural difficulties.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of sleep problems in adolescents with epilepsy and their caregivers. We also examined the behavioural difficulties in adolescents with epilepsy and compared these behaviors with healthy controls. METHODS: This observational case-control study included 37 adolescents with epilepsy and their caregivers, and 43 healthy age-matched adolescents and their caregivers. The Children`s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), DSM-5 Level 2 Sleep Disorders Scale for Children, and Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were used to evaluate sleep habits, sleep problems, and behavioural difficulties in adolescents. The DSM-5 sleep disorder scale for adults was used to evaluate the caregivers` sleep problems. RESULTS: Adolescents with epilepsy had higher sleep problem scores such as daytime sleepiness and overall sleep problems compared with healthy controls. The psychopathological symptoms such as conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and total behavior were also more frequent in adolescents with epilepsy. There was a nonsignificant increase in DSM-5 sleep disturbance score in caregivers of adolescents with epilepsy. Sleep onset delay had a significant negative correlation with total behavioral difficulties (r = -0.44, p < 0.01), and emotional problems (r = -0.47, p < 0.05) in adolescents with epilepsy. Sleep duration was negatively correlated with conduct problems (r = -0.33, p < 0.05), but positively correlated with prosocial score (r = 0.46, p < 0.01) in adolescents with epilepsy. Night waking was positively correlated with total behavioral difficulties (r = 0.35, p < 0.05) and hyperactivity score (r = 0.38, p < 0.05) in adolescents with epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents with epilepsy have more frequent sleep disturbances and maladaptive behaviors such as hyperactivity/inattention, and conduct problems compared with healthy controls, and their caregivers are more vulnerable to sleep problems. Moreover, we also demonstrated a strong association between sleep disturbances and behavioral problems in adolescents with epilepsy.

Adaptability of Pediatric Residents for the International League Against Epilepsy-2017 Seizure Classification with a Modular Education Program.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the adaptability of pediatric residents to the current seizure classification of the International League Against Epilepsy-2017 (ILAE-2017) using a modular education program (MEP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MEP design consisted of 8 modules, including 5 modules for the current version of the ILAE-2017 seizure classification and 3 modules for the older ILAE-1981 version. The MEP was implemented with a group of pediatric residents, and it comprised 50 illustrative pediatric seizure videos along with an instruction manual kit that included a seizure determinator. Following a 3-month follow-up period, a posttest was conducted using 58 new videos in the MEP. RESULTS: The overall success rates of the participants were similar both ILAE-2017 (41%) and ILAE-1981 (38.5%) seizure classifications in the post-MEP test. Regarding the ILAE-2017 mod- ules, the participants demonstrated a higher proficiency in classifying focal nonmotor seizures (56.3%) compared to focal motor seizures (34.9%). However, when it came to generalized seizures, the participants had significantly lower accuracy rates for generalized nonmotor seizures (26%) compared to generalized motor seizures (46%) with the ILAE-2017 classifica- tion. The seizure types that were most commonly misclassified, with an error rate exceeding 50%, were automatisms and myoclonic seizures within the focal seizure modules and atypical absences in generalized seizure modules of ILAE-2017. CONCLUSION: The single-day MEP yielded modest results, with a success rate of 41% in terms of the initial adaptability of pediatric residents to the ILAE-2017 seizure classification. However, to ensure successful implementation of the ILAE-2017 classification in clinical practice, additional booster applications of the MEP are required.

The significance of MUAC z-scores in diagnosing pediatric malnutrition: A scoping review with special emphasis on neurologically disabled children.

This review by a panel of pediatric gastroenterology-hepatology-nutrition and pediatric neurology experts aimed to address the significance of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) assessment in diagnosis of pediatric malnutrition. Specifically, the potential utility of recently developed MUAC z-score tape in clinical practice for larger patient populations was addressed including the neurologically disabled children. In accordance with the evidence-based data, four statements were identified by the participating experts on the utility of MUAC z-score tape, including (1) MUAC z-scores correlate with body mass index (BMI) and weight for height/length (WFH/l) z-scores in diagnosing malnutrition; (2) MUAC z-score tape offers a higher sensitivity to diagnose the mild and moderate malnutrition and better ability to track the changes in nutritional status over time than the other single datapoint measurements; (3) Using single-step MUAC z-score tape in children with cerebral palsy (CP) seems to provide more reliable data on anthropometry; and (4) The clinical value of the tool in classifying secondary malnutrition in CP should be investigated in large-scale populations. In conclusion, enabling single-step estimation of nutritional status in a large-scale pediatric population regardless of age and within a wide range of weight, without formal training or the need for ancillary reference charts and calculators, MUAC z-tape offers a favorable tool for easier and earlier diagnosis of pediatric malnutrition. Nonetheless, further implementation of MUAC z-score screening in larger-scale and/or special populations is necessary to justify its utility in relation to other primary anthropometric indicators in diagnosis of malnutrition as well as in treatment monitoring in the community and hospital setting.