Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Abelmoschus manihot Flowers Using Ultrasonic Techniques: Predictive Modeling through Response Surface Methodology and Deep Neural Network and Biological Activity Assessment.

Understanding the optimal extraction methods for flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers (AMF) is crucial for unlocking their potential benefits. This study aimed to optimize the efficiency of flavonoid extraction from AMF. After comparing extraction methods, the ultrasonic cell crusher demonstrated superior performance over conventional techniques. Four key factors-solid-to-liquid ratio (1:10 to 1:50 g·mL-1), ethanol concentration (55% to 95%), ultrasonic time (10 to 50 min), and ultrasonic power (5% to 25% of 900 W)-were investigated and normalized using the entropy weight method. This led to a comprehensive evaluation (CE). Optimization of extraction conditions for the ultrasonic cell crusher was achieved through response surface methodology and a deep neural network model, resulting in optimal parameters: ethanol volume fraction of 66%, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:21 g/mL, extraction efficiency of 9%, and extraction duration of 35 min, yielding a CE value of 23.14 (RSD < 1%). Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the optimized extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were assessed. The results revealed that AMF extract (AMFE) exhibits inhibitory effects on S. mutans, with concomitant inhibition of sucrase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The MIC of AMFE against planktonic S. mutans is 3 mg/mL, with an MBC of 6 mg/mL. Within the concentration range of 1/8 MIC to 2 MIC of AMFE, the activities of sucrase and LDH decreased by 318.934 U/mg prot and 61.844 U/mg prot, respectively. The antioxidant activity of AMFE was assessed using the potassium ferricyanide reduction and phosphomolybdenum methods. Additionally, the effect of AMFE on DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH free radical scavenging abilities was determined. The concentrations at which AMFE exhibited over 90% scavenging rate for ABTS and DPPH free radicals were found to be 0.125 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively.

Anti-biofilm and bacteriostatic effects of three flavonoid compounds on Streptococcus mutans.

Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is the main cariogenic pathogen associated with dental caries. Orientin-2''-O-ß-L-galactoside, orientin and vitexin are natural flavonoids compound. In this study, the antibacterial ability of these flavonoids and their mechanisms in inhibiting S. mutans biofilm formation were investigated. Inhibition zone and 2-fold-dilution tests showed that these flavonoids exerted inhibitory effects on S. mutans. Phenol sulfuric acid method and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) test revealed that they could reduce EPS formation and stimulate S. mutans to release LDH. Moreover, crystal violet and live/dead bacterial staining test showed that they inhibited biofilm formation. Finally, qRT-PCR test indicated that the down-regulated the transcription levels of spaP, srtA, brpA, gtfB and luxS genes of S. mutans. In conclusion, orientin-2''-O-ß-L-galactoside, orientin and vitexin had antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities.

[Inhibitory Activity of Flower Extracts from Salvia deserta Schang on Streptococcus mutans].

Objective: To examine the in vitro inhibitory effect of flower extracts from Salvia deserta Schang (SFE) on Streptococcu smutans ( S. mutans). Methods: The inhibitory effect of SFE on planktonic S. mutans and the effect of SFE on the growth process of planktonic S. mutans were determined by the agar drilling method and the microdilution method. Crystal violet staining and MTT reduction assay were conducted to determine the effect of SFE on S. mutans biofilm formation. The effect of SFE on the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in S. mutans biofilm was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method. The intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in S. mutans was determined by LDH colorimetric assay. The effects of SFE on the acid-producing capacity of S. mutans was determined by pH meter. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SFE against S. mutans was 14 µg/µL. SFE of the the concentration between 1/8 MIC and MIC could inhibit the growth rate of S. mutans within 30 h and it could significantly inhibit the LDH activity compared with the control group ( P<0.0001). SFE of the concentration between 4 MIC and 1/4 MIC had an inhibitory effect on the acid production of S. mutans ( P<0.001). Moreover, it could effectively restrain the formation of S. mutans biofilm and significantly reduce the amount of EPS produced by biofilm ( P<0.01). Conclusion: SFE can effectively inhibit the activity of S. mutans and its biofilm. The mechanism of inhibiting S. mutans by SFE was preliminarily discussed as follows, it interferes with microbial adhesion and aggregation by reducing the production of bacterial EPS, thus inhibiting the formation of bacterial biofilms. In addition, it interferes with glycolysis of S. mutans by reducing the LDH activity of bacteria, thus inhibiting the acid production of S. mutans.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Trollius altaicus C. A. Mey. On Streptococcus mutans.

Dental caries is a chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by multiple factors, with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) as the main cariogenic bacteria. Trollius altaicus C. A. Mey. (TA) is a common folk medicine in the Xinjiang area of China. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of T. altaicus C. A. Mey. (TA) flower extracts on S. mutans. The inhibition zone, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value were investigated to determine the antibacterial activity of the extracts. Biolfilm study was used to determine the antibiofilm activity of the extracts. Results showed that the water, ethanol, and n-butanol extracts of TA flower against S. mutans had MIC values of 10, 5, and 10 mg/mL, respectively, and MBC values of 20, 10, and 20 mg/mL, respectively. Crystal violet staining assay showed that the inhibition rates of the biofilm were 78.10% ± 1.14%, 81.12% ± 3.33%, and 80.54% ± 3.60% at MIC levels of the water, ethanol, and n-butanol extracts of TA flower, respectively. Observation of the biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantification of the biofilm via flow cytometry showed that the TA flower extracts could damage the biofilm. The TA flower extracts significantly inhibited biofilm formation at MIC value (P < 0.05). These results showed that the water, ethanol, and n-butanol extracts of TA flower had inhibitory effects on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans. The ethanol extract had the strongest inhibitory effect among the three extracts. Therefore, TA flower has bacteriostatic activity against S. mutans and has the potential to be developed for the prevention of dental caries.

An ethnopharmacological study of aromatic Uyghur medicinal plants in Xinjiang, China.

CONTEXT: An ethnobotanical survey was completed in a remote village and surrounding country of Xinjiang, where most Uyghur medicinal plants could be collected. This work clarifies and increases ethnobotanical data. OBJECTIVES: We surveyed and organized aromatic medicinal plants that are commonly used in clinical settings to provide a significant reference for studying new medical activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the survey, informants who have traditional knowledge on aromatic Uyghur medicinal plants were interviewed between March 2014 and September 2014. Aromatic medicinal plant species and pertinent information were collected. Some therapeutic methods and modes of preparation of traditional aromatic medicinal plants were found. RESULTS: A total of 86 aromatic medicinal plant species belonging to 36 families were included in our study. We identified 34 plant species introduced from different regions such as Europe, India and Mediterranean areas. Fruits and whole plants were the most commonly used parts of plant, and most aromatic medicinal plants could be applied as medicine and food. We assigned the medicinal plants a use value (UV). Knowing the UV of species is useful in determining the use reliability and pharmacological features of related plants. CONCLUSIONS: Xinjiang is an area in which indigenous aromatic medicinal plants are diversely used and has therefore established a sound dimensional medical healthcare treatment system. Some aromatic Uyghur medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction. Hence, further strategies for the conservation of these aromatic medicinal plants should be prioritized.

Phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of Cordia dichotoma seeds.

This study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of air-dried Cordia dichotoma seeds. Total polyphenolic content was analyzed via the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Total triterpenoid content and amino acids was analyzed colorimetrically. The rosmarinic acid content was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The ethanolic extracts contained polyphenolic compounds (1.0%), triterpenoids (0.075%), amino acids (1.39%), and rosmarinic acid (0.0028%). The results from this study indicate that C. dichotoma seeds are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and amino acids, which can be used for quality assessment. The ethanolic extract of C. dichotoma seeds has good antioxidant capacity.

Spectral characterization of the impact of modifiers and different prepare temperatures on snow lotus medicinal residue-biochar and dissolved organic matter.

This study involved the production of 20 biochar samples derived from secondary medicinal residues of Snow Lotus Oral Liquid, processed within the temperature range of 200-600 °C. Additionally, four medicinal residues, including dissolved organic matter (DOM), from 24 samples obtained using the shaking method, served as the primary source material. The investigation focused on two key factors: the modifier and preparation temperature. These factors were examined to elucidate the spectral characteristics and chemical properties of the pharmaceutical residues, biochar, and DOM. To analyze the alterations in the spectral attributes of biochar and medicinal residues, we employed near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) in conjunction with Fourier-infrared one-dimensional and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. These findings revealed that modifiers enhanced the aromaticity of biochar, and the influence of preparation temperature on biochar was diminished. This observation indicates the stability of the aromatic functional group structure. Comparative analysis indicated that Na2CO3 had a more pronounced structural effect on biochar, which is consistent with its adsorption properties. Furthermore, we utilized the fluorescence indices from UV-visible spectroscopy and excitation-emission-matrix spectra with the PARAFAC model to elucidate the characteristics of the fluorescence components in the DOM released from the samples. The results demonstrated that the DOM released from biochar primarily originated externally. Aromaticity reduction and increased decay will enhance the ability of the biochar to bind pollutants. Those results confirmed the link between the substantial increase in the adsorption performance of the high-temperature modified charcoal in the previous study and the structural changes in the biochar. We investigated the structural changes of biochar and derivative DOM in the presence of two perturbing factors, modifier and preparation temperature. Suitable modifiers were selected. Preparation for the study of adsorption properties of snow lotus medicinal residues.

[Quality standard of uygur medicine Medicago sativa seeds].

In this paper, microscopic identification method was adopted to observe the microscopic characters of ten batches of Medicago sativa seeds. And M. sativa seeds were identificated by TLC method in contrast to trigonelline and stachydrine hydrochloride. The impurities, moisture, ash, sour insoluble ash were detected based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 version (Vol I ). An HPLC method was also established for determination of trigonelline in the M. sativa seeds. The contents of impurities, moisture, ash, sour insoluble ash should not exceed 5%, 10%, 6%, and 2%, respectively. The content of trigonelline should be not less than 0.795 6 mg x g(-1). The experimental methods were accurate and reliable, and can be used as the quality control of the seeds of M. sativa.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Four Active Components in Different Organs of Salvia Deserta Schang by High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography.

This method aims to analyze rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA), ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) in different organs of Salvia deserta Schang qualitatively and quantitatively by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. Using chloroform-methanol-formic acid (10: 2: 0.5, v/v/v) as mobile phase and silica gel plate as stationary phase to analyze RA and CA at 330 nm. Using cyclohexane-ethyl acetate-methanol (10: 2: 0.5, v/v/v) as mobile phase and silica gel F254 plate as stationary phase to analyze UA and OA at 550 nm. The linearity ranges of RA, CA, UA and OA were 0.1250-0.4375, 0.0145-0.0870, 0.5000-2.5000 and 0.5000-2.5000 mg, respectively, with corresponding correlation coefficients of 0.9938, 0.9981, 0.9971 and 0.9969, respectively. Good precision, stability, accuracy (recovery rates were between 95 and 105%) of the method were determined. The limits of detection and the limits of quantification of RA, CA, UA and OA were determined, respectively, as 50, 58, 25, 33 and 160, 191, 80, 106 ng. The established method is simple, rapid, effective and can be easily used to determine the contents of RA, CA, UA and OA in different parts of S. deserta Schang.

Analysis of the chemical composition and biological activity of secondary residues of Turkish Gall treated by semi-bionic technology.

In order to meet the contemporary concept of sustainable development, the reuse of biological waste has also been emphasized. Lots of papers nowadays study the extraction of primary residues. The disposal of secondary residues is often neglected. The chemical composition and biological activity of secondary residues of Turkish Gall (SRTG) were researched in this paper. We selected five methods to extract the SRTG, and the extraction conditions were water, hydrochloric acid buffer (pH = 2), artificial gastric juice (pH = 2), phosphate buffer (pH = 6.8), and artificial intestinal solution (pH = 6.8). The changes of phenolic components were determined by spectrophotometry and high-performance liquid chromatography. The acid-base environment did not affect total polyphenols contents and gallic acid ethyl ester contents in SRTG. But it affected the gallic acid contents in SRTG. The contents of gallic acid in the hydrochloric acid buffer extraction groups were 1.63 times that of the water extraction group. The SRTG were extracted by hydrochloric acid buffer also had better inhibition on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, SRTG showed positive effects on 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl Free, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ·OH radicals, and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. Some active components of SRTG can be effectively released through the digestion of simulated gastric juices in vitro. The change of active ingredients affects the antibacterial and antioxidant capacity. The results provide data support for the conversion of secondary residues into products, such as feed additives. The SRTG has certain contributes to the value of the circular economy.

Multi-factorial investigation of the effect of biochar of the secondary medicinal residue of snow lotus on the adsorption of two azo dyes, methyl red and methyl orange.

Azo dye residues pollute water, which are difficult to decompose, and posing a major threat to the ecological environment. The residues of Chinese medicine still have many possibilities for use after its medicinal value has been brought into play. In this study, secondary residue biochar activation (Na2 CO3 -modified, SBA) and secondary residue biochar (unmodified, SBC) were prepared from the secondary residue of snow lotus at 200-600°C. Surface features were obtained by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N2 method and combined with scanning electron microscopy, and their structures were analyzed by x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy. The effects of five factors, including initial concentration, contact time and adsorption temperature and so forth, on the adsorption of methyl red (MR) and methyl orange (MO) solutions were investigated. Results showed that the biochar yield, specific surface area, and pore size increased after modification. modification promoted the formation of the internal structure aromatization and oxygen-containing functional groups. Adsorption experiments showed that the surroundings pH = 8, the dyes adsorption concentration of 8 mg/L, adsorption temperature of 20-40°C and time of about 1 h were more stable. Under the condition, the removal of MO by SBA could reach approximately 60%-80% (480-640 mg/g), while the removal of MR could reach more than 90% (>720 mg/g).The charcoal prepared and modified under high temperature conditions was more effective for MO adsorption, while MR relied on low temperature effectively. This study provides a new choice of adsorbent for MR and MO and finds a new direction for the utilization of snow lotus residues.

[Preliminary research of quality standard on Brassica rapa].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the physical and behavioral, microscopic and chemical characteristic traits of Brassica rapa, and supply scientific bases for establishing its quality control standard. METHOD: Microscopic identification method was adopted to observe the microscopic characters of ten batches crude drugs, the contents of water, impurity, total ash, insoluble acid ash and extractives were detected based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010) , and the oil constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULT: The microscopic traits were cotyledon, palisade cells, non-glandular hairs and inner endosperm, while the palisade cells, cotyledon cells and non-glandular hairs existed in its powders. The results confirmed the contents of water, impurity, total ash and insoluble acid ash should be fewer than 6%, 4.5%, 6%, 0.7%, while the content of extractives should exceed 11%. The main oil compounds in it were erucic acid, oleic acid and gamma-sitosterol through the GC-MS analysis. CONCLUSION: The experimental methods were accurate and reliable, and the indexes and parameters may be thought as the quality standards for B. rapa.

Simultaneous process optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols and ellagic acid from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) flowers and its biological activities.

This study was designed to optimize the extraction rate of total polyphenols and ellagic acid from pomegranate flowers. Single factors were investigated for liquid-to-material ratio (5-25), ethanol concentration (20%-60%), sonication time (5-60 min), and sonication power (150-500 W). The level range of the Box-Bokhen design was determined with respect to the single-factor results. The components of each index were normalized using the entropy weighting method for obtaining the comprehensive evaluation value. Under the actual conditions, the final optimization results were 17 for liquid-to-material ratio, 43% for ethanol concentration, 10 min for ultrasonic time, and 300 W for ultrasonic power. The extracts obtained under optimal conditions were tested for the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans and its biofilm, and results showed that pomegranate flowers exerted some inhibitory effects on the bacterium. Phosphomolybdenum and FRAP assays were used, and DPPH, ABTS, and O2- radical scavenging tests were conducted, indicating that pomegranate flower extracts have good antioxidant capacity.

Physicochemical properties and lead ion adsorption of biochar prepared from Turkish gall residue at different pyrolysis temperatures.

How to correctly and scientifically dispose of medicine residue on the basis of protecting the environment is an urgent problem to be solved due to the continuous generation of a large amount of waste medicine residue. In this paper, the application of waste medicine residue (large volume produced each year) as a precursor in producing a biochar that could adsorb Pb ion was reported. Biochar is a stable, aromatic, porous substance that is rich in carbon and prepared through pyrolysis of waste biomass under anaerobic conditions. In this study, medicine residue was used as raw material, and high-temperature sintering furnace was used to prepare medicine slag biochar at different temperatures of 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, and 600°C. The resulting biochar was characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), specific surface area analysis, field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Experimental results showed that with the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the biochar structure was destroyed. The yield decreased as the temperature gradually decreased from 81.69% to 33.90%. With the increase in temperature, the pH, the ash, and the fixed carbon gradually increased, whereas the number of surface functional groups decreased. The quasi second order kinetic equation can better fit the kinetic characteristics of adsorbing Pb ion by biochar. In general, this study provides a valuable method for recycling medicine residue.

[Spectral analysis of elements in different samples of processed Foeniculum vulgare].

The compositions and contents of chemical compounds in traditional Chinese medicines would be changed after being processed using different methods, and their pharmacological activity may be influenced. ICP-AES, AAS and AFS were the first methods to be used to scan and analyze macro elements, trace elements and heavy metals in Foeniculum vulgare and its nine different processed samples in the present paper, which were correlated with people's health and lives. The experiment results showed that the three kinds of analyzing methods could be used to judge the contents and the changing trend of all elements in traditional Chinese medicine quickly and truly. Thirty two elements were found in F. vulgare, and there were noticeable changes in the contents of some elements in processed samples compared with F. vulgare without processing. These results indicated that there is great relevance between changes in the contends of elements with different processing methods, and auxiliary materials can not only change the contents of elements but also play a role in treating ills with effective constituents. Also, it was firstly found that the content of Hg rose greatly in the experiment, and these showed there was notable potential safety hazard when processed Foeniculum vulgare was used. These experiments widen the application of spectrum analyzing methods in safety evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine.

Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Trollius chinensis Bunge extracts on Streptococcus mutans.

Dental caries is a chronic disease with multiple bacterial infections, Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria. Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common folk medicine in the Xinjiang area of China. In this study, we investigated the total flavonoid content and total phenol content in four types of T. chinensis Bunge extracts and the inhibitory effects of these extracts on S. mutans. Agar diffusion method was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the twofold dilution method. Water extracts from T. chinensis Bunge and ethanol (30, 60, and 90%) extracts at different concentrations could significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Among them, 30% ethanol extract exhibited the best antibacterial and antibiofilms effect. Biofilm research (crystal violet staining and CLSM) showed that 30% ethanol extract of T. chinensis Bunge plays an important role in inhibiting S. mutans growth and the number of biofilms. The results indicate that T. chinensis Bunge extract has good antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity on S. mutans. It has the potential to be developed for the treatment of caries in clinical application.

HPLC-DAD analysis of Hyssopus Cuspidatus Boriss extract and mensuration of its antioxygenation property.

BACKGROUND: Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss has been used as an important ethnomedicinal plant for long to eliminate phlegm, relieve cough and as well as having antibacterial, antioxygenation, and antitumor activities. In this study, the polyphenol contents, flavonoid contents, free radical scavenging assay and animal antioxygenation property assay of ethanol extract of H. cuspidatus were measured. METHODS: This study determined the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in H. cuspidatus by UV-VIS. Caffeic, ferulic, and rosmarinic acids were measured using HPLC-DAD. Free radical scavenging assay of H. cuspidatus was studied by colorimetric method. Animal antioxygenation property assay of H. cuspidatus was studied with mice by biochemical assay kits. RESULTS: The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of H. cuspidatus in 2017, 2018, 2019 were determined and the contents of H. cuspidatus in 2019 was the highest. In addition, rosmarinic acid was the phenolic acid with the highest content in H. cuspidatus. Compared with those of DPPH free radical, hydroxyl free radical, and superoxide anion free radical, the scavenging ability of H. cuspidatus of ABTS free radical was stronger, the average IC50 value was 0.0245 mg/mL. In animal antioxygenation property experiment, the model group was successfully established with decreased activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-px and increased content of MDA. The ethanol extract of H. cuspidatus increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-px and reduced the content of MDA. Each group of samples and the ascorbic acid positive control group showed significant differences in the results of free radical scavenging and animal antioxygenation property experiments (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that H. cuspidatus exerts an antioxygenation property, which can be attributed to the contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid. Given its strong antioxygenation property, H. cuspidatus can be used as a new natural antioxidant in food preservation and disease treatment.

[Determination of ten metal elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam by microwave digestion-FAAS].

Comprehensive utilization of traditional Uighur medicine has been increasingly emphasized, and the relationship between metal elements and traditional Uighur medicine has attracted great attention, so it is quite important to determine the contents of traditional Uighur medicine. The Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam powder was digested with HNO3 by microwave digestion before determination. Ten metal elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam were determined by FAAS. The work conditions, accuracy and precision of the method were studied. The linear correlations of standard curves are good (r = 0.999 0-0.999 8). The recovery (n = 6) is 95%-108%, and the RSD(n = 6) is 0.45%-1.53%. The results showed that there were comparatively rich metal elements, among which are comparatively high calcium, magnesium and potassium in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. The method offers traits of low detection limit, high sensitivity, speediness and exactness, and wasapplied to the determination of metal elements in samples with satisfactory results. It provided useful data for discussing the relationship between the content of the metal elements in Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam and clinical application of the Uighur medicine.

[Analysis on changes of chemical compounds in different samples of fried Foeniculum vulgare].

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the changes of chemical compounds in fried Foeniculum vulgare. METHOD: Cleaned F. vulgare were fried with honey, Pharbitis nil, salt solution, vinegar, wine and bran, respectively, according to different Chinese medicine frying theories. Different volatile ingredints were extracted from fried products, and their contents and physical constants were detected. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for analyzing the changes of chemical compounds in different samples of fried F. vulgare. RESULT: The experimental results showed that the content of volatile oil in F. vulgare decreased after been fried. Among these effective ingredients in fried samples, trans-anethole was the ingredient of the maximum content, and the contents of all twenty-four ingredinets had changed. Furthermore, other eighteen compounds were created; Among them, linalylacetate, farnesene, p-allyiphenyl aromatic oxide, menthone, and hexyl octanoate were detected firstly in F. vulgare. CONCLUSION: GC-MS is effective to fleetly analyse the frying changes of herbs flectly.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Five Compounds in the Pulp and Seed of Sea Buckthorn.

CONTEXT: Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant has various uses in Xinjiang. OBJECTIVE: A reversed-phase rapid-resolution liquid-chromatography method with diode array detector was developed for simultaneous determination of protocatechuic acid, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in the pulp and seed of sea buckthorn, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for promoting metabolism and treating scurvy and other diseases. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Compounds were separated on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 µm; USA) with gradient elution using methanol and 0.4% phosphoric acid (v/v) at 1.0 mL/min. Detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The fruits of wild sea buckthorn were collected from Wushi County in Aksu, Xinjiang Province. STATISTICAL PERFORMANCES: The RSD of precision test of the five compounds were in the range of 0.60-2.22%, and the average recoveries ranged from 97.36% to 101.19%. Good linearity between specific chromatographic peak and component qualities were observed in the investigated ranges for all the analytes (R2 > 0.9997). RESULTS: The proposed method was successfully applied to determine the levels of five active components in sea buckthorn samples from Aksu in Xinjiang. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed method is simple, fast, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for quantitative assessment of the pulp and seed of sea buckthorn. SUMMARY: Quantitative analysis method of protocatechuic acid, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in the extract of sea buckthorn pulp and seed is developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) diode array detection.This method is simple and accurate; has strong specificity, good precision, and high recovery rate; and provides a reliable basis for further development of the substances in the pulp and seed of sea buckthorn.The method is widely used for content determination of active ingredients or physiologically active components in traditional Chinese medicine and its preparation Abbreviation used: PR: protocatechuic acid, RU: rutin, QU: quercetin, KA: kaempferol, IS: isorhamnetin, HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC-DAD: high performance liquid chromatographydiode array detector, LOD: linearity and limit of detection, LOQ: limit of quantitation, RSD: relative standard deviation.