Serum interleukin-6 levels at the start of the second course of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy predict therapeutic efficacy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) before the administration of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez + Bev) is a prognostic biomarker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with Atez + Bev. We previously revealed that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum chemokine levels during treatment with Atez + Bev were more useful as prognostic biomarkers. Therefore, we examined the predictive ability of serum IL-6 for the efficacy of Atez + Bev in patients with HCC. METHODS: We enrolled 94 patients with HCC who received treatment with Atez + Bev. Initial responses were assessed through dynamic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The levels of IL-6 in serum were measured before and at the initiation of the second course of Atez + Bev. Subsequently, the relationship of IL-6 levels with treatment efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: IL-6 levels at the initiation of the second course tended to be higher in patients with progressive disease versus those with non-progressive disease in the initial evaluation (P = 0.054). Moreover, the cutoff value (7.4 pg/mL) was useful in stratifying patients by overall survival (i.e. low vs high: not reached vs 21.4 months, respectively, P = 0.001) and progression-free survival (low vs high: 11.9 vs 5.2 months, respectively, P = 0.004). This result was reproduced in patients with HCC who received Atez + Bev as first-line therapy. In the multivariate analyses, IL-6 levels at the initiation of the second course were independent predictive factors for progression-free and overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of IL-6 at the initiation of the second course of treatment may predict Atez + Bev efficacy and prognosis in HCC.

Randomized phase I/II study of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor peptide vaccines for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: We evaluated the safety and efficacy of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-targeted peptide vaccines for the immunization of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had responded to transarterial chemoembolization. METHODS: Twenty-two patients were randomized 1:1 to receive VEGFR-targeted peptides or placebo. The primary end-point was the safety assessment of the immunization. The secondary end-points were evaluation of immunological responses and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: No severe adverse events were induced by the study agents. Among the 12 patients in the vaccine group, a VEGFR1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response was induced in eight (66.7%) patients and a VEGFR2-specific CTL response was induced in 10 (83.3%). The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 4.8 and 52.0 months, respectively, in the vaccine group, and 2.7 and 21.8 months, respectively, in the placebo group. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups (PFS p = 0.925, OS p = 0.190). When divided into two groups according to immunoreactivity, the median PFS of patients with and without a strong immune response to VEGFR1 were 7.4 and 2.7 months, and that to VEGFR2 were 10.6 and 2.7 months, respectively; there were significant differences according to the immune response. CONCLUSIONS: Immunotherapy with peptide vaccines targeting VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. It also effectively induced peptide-specific CTLs in patients with unresectable HCC.

Optimal management of lenvatinib therapy for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma by balancing the therapeutic effect with the relative dose intensity.

AIMS: We aimed to assess the optimal management of first or later-line lenvatinib therapy (LEN) for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC), by clarifying the difference of degree between relative dose intensity (RDI) to achieve objective response (OR) and disease control (DC) by aiming at stable disease (SD), taking dose modifications into consideration. METHODS: One hundred uHCC patients who received LEN in first- or later-line settings, between April 2018 and December 2020 in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The factors associated with overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP), OR and DC were assessed. The optimal cut-off values of RDI 4 weeks after initiation of LEN (RDI during cycle 1) and total RDI (RDI during all cycles) to predict achievement of OR and DC by aiming at SD were determined by receiver operator curve analysis. RESULTS: Achievement of OR and SD were favorable factors for OS (HR, 0.080 and 0.20) and TTP (HR, 0.052 and 0.073), with progressive disease defined as the reference. RDI ≥ 0.8 during cycle 1 and RDI ≥ 0.4 during cycle 1 contributed to achievement of OR (odds ratio, 3.28) and DC (odds ratio, 4.85), respectively. Experience of dose interruption was associated with a favorable TTP (HR, 0.58). The therapeutic line of LEN did not contribute to OS, TTP or best response. CONCLUSIONS: To achieve OR and SD for a favorable outcome of first- or later-line LEN, high and moderate early-phase RDI are required, respectively. The degree of RDI during LEN and tolerance need compatible by dose modifications.

Modified albumin-bilirubin grade to predict eligibility for second-line therapies at progression on sorafenib therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Our aim is to evaluate the utility of liver function measured by modified albumin-bilirubin (mALBI) grade to predict eligibility for second-line therapies, including regorafenib and ramucirumab therapy, at initiation of sorafenib therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: Participants in this retrospective, single-center study comprised 197 patients with sorafenib-treated HCC, Child-Pugh scores (CPs) 5-7 and performance status 0-1 treated between October 2009 and June 2019. The factors at initiation of sorafenib therapy, including mALBI grade and CPs, were analyzed with regard to second-line eligibility, regorafenib eligibility and ramucirumab eligibility, respectively. RESULTS: Proportions of eligibility for second-line therapies, regorafenib therapy and ramucirumab therapy were 48.7%, 35.5% and 18.3%. Modified ALBI grades 1 and 2a were contributing factors for second-line eligibility (odd ratios [OR] 16.7 and 5.6; 95% CI 6.5-43.3 and 2.6-12.2), regorafenib therapy (OR 13.9 and 6.9; 95% CI 5.6-34.4 and 2.9-16.2), and ramucirumab therapy (OR 9.5 and 4.8; 95% CI 2.9-30.8 and 1.6-14.4), with grade 2b defined as reference. Patients with mALBI grade 1 and CPs 5 exhibited especially high proportion of eligibility for regorafenib therapy (70.5%). In patients with mALBI grade 2b, those with CPs 5 displayed higher proportion of eligibility for second-line therapy and ramucirumab therapy (100% and 50%) than those with CPs 6 (31.8% and 11.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Modified ALBI grade in combination with CPs at the initiation of sorafenib therapy would be useful to predict eligibility for second-line therapies.

Evaluation of Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography in Acute Cholecystitis to Predict Technical Difficulties in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides high-quality visualization of the biliary tree, including the gallbladder. This study aimed to evaluate the useful-ness of preoperative MRCP for acute cholecystitis in predicting technical difficulties during laparoscopic chole-cystectomy (LC). A total of 168 patients who underwent LC with preoperative MRCP were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into two groups according to preoperative MRCP findings: the visualized group (n = 126), in which the entire gallbladder could be visualized; and the non-visualized group (n = 42), in which the entire gallbladder could not be visualized. The perioperative characteristics and postoperative complica-tions of the two groups were retrospectively analyzed. Operation time was longer in the non-visualized group (median 101.5 vs. 143.5 min; p < 0.001). The non-visualized group had significantly more intraoperative blood loss than the visualized group (median 5 vs. 10 g; p = 0.05). The rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy was significantly higher in the non-visualized group (1.6 vs. 9.5%; p = 0.03). In conclusion, patients in the non- visualized group showed higher difficulty in performance of LC. Our MRCP-based classification is a simple and effective means of predicting difficulties in performing LC for acute cholecystitis.

Synchronous Total Occlusion of the Celiac Axis and Superior Mesenteric Artery: An Autopsy Case.

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is often caused by superior mesenteric artery (SMA) embolization. We report a rare case of synchronous celiac axis and SMA embolization in an elderly woman with initially mild abdominal pain. Ultimately, a second contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed extensive necrosis from the stomach to the transverse colon together with liver ischemia due to hours of occlusion. Multiorgan failure made palliation the only option, and she died the following evening. Autopsy revealed a fragile atherosclerosis-asso-ciated thrombus. Careful examination and repeat diagnostic tests should be performed in patients with mild abdominal symptoms at risk for AMI.

Loss of skeletal muscle mass affects the incidence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and systemic decreases in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. The influence or prognosis of various liver diseases in this condition have been widely investigated, but little is known about whether sarcopenia and/or muscle mass loss are related to minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). METHODS: To clarify the relationship between MHE and sarcopenia and/or muscle mass loss in patients with liver cirrhosis. METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled. MHE was diagnosed by a neuropsychiatric test. Skeletal mass index (SMI) and Psoas muscle index (PMI) were calculated by dividing skeletal muscle area and psoas muscle area at the third lumbar vertebra by the square of height in meters, respectively, to evaluate muscle volume. RESULTS: This study enrolled 99 patients (61 males, 38 females). MHE was detected in 48 cases (48.5%) and sarcopenia in 6 cases (6.1%). Patients were divided into two groups, with or without MHE. Comparing groups, no significant differences were seen in serum ammonia concentration or rate of sarcopenia. SMI was smaller in patients with MHE (46.4 cm2/m2) than in those without (51.2 cm2/m2, P = 0.027). Similarly, PMI was smaller in patients with MHE (4.24 cm2/m2) than in those without (5.53 cm2/m2, P = 0.003). Skeletal muscle volume, which is represented by SMI or PMI was a predictive factor related to MHE (SMI ≥ 50 cm2/m2; odds ratio 0.300, P = 0.002, PMI ≥ 4.3 cm2/m2; odds ratio 0.192, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Muscle mass loss was related to minimal hepatic encephalopathy, although sarcopenia was not. Measurement of muscle mass loss might be useful to predict MHE.

[Resection of Lung Cancer with Chest Wall Invasion Using Posterior Paramedian Incision].

We report a case of lung cancer with chest wall invasion resected with the posterior paramedian incision. A man in his 60s exhibited hemosputum and cough. Chest X-ray revealed a large mass below the right hilum. A 6.3 cm soft tissue mass with central cavity invading to the lower posterior chest wall was found on chest computed tomography( CT). The tumor was diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma by transcutaneous lung biopsy( TCLB). Thoracoscopic hilar dissection of the right lower lobe with dissection of the mediastinal lymph nodes were preceded to the en-bloc resection of the invaded chest wall with less invasive manner by the posterior paramedian incision.

Predictors of portal and splenic vein thrombosis after laparoscopic splenectomy: a retrospective analysis of a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has become the standard operative approach for splenectomy. Portal or splenic vein thrombosis (PSVT) is a serious and common complication after LS, and lethal complications of PSVT can occur when the portal vein is completely occluded by portal vein thrombosis (PVT). We aimed to clarify the predictors of PSVT after LS and to determine which of them were also predictors of PVT. METHODS: A total of 56 consecutive patients who underwent elective LS were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of PSVT after LS. In addition, patients with PSVT were divided into two groups: a PVT group and a non-PVT group. The preoperative and intraoperative clinical data were compared among the groups. RESULTS: Thirty (53.6%) patients developed PSVT. The splenic vein diameter was the most useful predictor for the development of PSVT, and 10 mm was an accurate splenic vein diameter cut-off value for use as a predictive factor for PSVT. In addition, the splenic vein diameter was the most useful predictor of the development of PVT from splenic vein thrombosis (SVT), and 14 mm was found to be an accurate cut-off value. CONCLUSION: PSVT is a common postoperative complication that is identified on enhanced computed tomography. The splenic vein diameter is not only a predictor of PSVT but also of the development of PVT from SVT.

Stent Graft of Pseudoaneurysm Rupture After Subtotal Stomach-preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Pseudoaneurysm rupture (PR) after subtotal stomach-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (SSPPD) is a potentially fatal complication. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 122 patients who underwent SSPPD at the Matsuyama Red Cross Hospital between January 2016 and December 2021. RESULTS: PR occurred in five patients (4.1%) after SSPPD. Preoperative diagnoses were cancers of the pancreatic head, distal bile duct, and gallbladder. All patients had postoperative Grade B or C pancreatic fistulas. PR occurred on postoperative days 8, 13, 20, 45, and 46. Bleeding sites were at the gastroduodenal artery transection, left gastric artery, and right hepatic artery. Four patients underwent peripheral stent graft placement, and one underwent haemostasis by coiling. Stent grafts for the gastroduodenal artery transected stamp were placed in the common hepatic artery, and in the superior mesenteric artery for PR in the right hepatic artery. All patients who underwent stent graft placement were treated with antiplatelet therapy; no complications or stent occlusion were observed in these patients. However, two patients died of cancer recurrence, 4 and 8 months after stent graft placement. The longest survival post stent graft placement was 50 months. CONCLUSION: Peripheral stent graft placement for the treatment of PR after SSPPD can maintain peripheral blood flow and haemostasis.

Therapeutic Modifications without Discontinuation of Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab Therapy Are Associated with Favorable Overall Survival and Time to Progression in Patients with Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

We retrospectively evaluated the impact of therapeutic modifications of atezolizumab (Atezo) plus bevacizumab (Bev) therapy (Atezo/Bev), including the interruption or discontinuation of both Atezo and Bev, and the reduction or discontinuation of Bev, on the outcome of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC) (median observation period: 9.40 months). One hundred uHCC from five hospitals were included. Therapeutic modifications without discontinuation of both Atezo and Bev (n = 46) were associated with favorable overall survival (median not reached; hazard ratio (HR): 0.23) and time to progression (median: 10.00 months; HR: 0.23) with no therapeutic modification defined as the reference. In contrast, the discontinuation of both Atezo and Bev without other therapeutic modifications (n = 20) was associated with unfavorable overall survival (median: 9.63 months; HR: 2.72) and time to progression (median: 2.53 months; HR: 2.78). Patients with modified albumin-bilirubin grade 2b liver function (n = 43) or immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (n = 31) discontinued both Atezo and Bev without other therapeutic modifications more frequently (30.2% and 35.5%, respectively) than those with modified albumin-bilirubin grade 1 (10.2%) and without irAEs (13.0%). Patients with objective response (n = 48) experienced irAEs more frequently (n = 21) than those without (n = 10) (p = 0.027). Avoiding the discontinuation of both Atezo and Bev without other therapeutic modifications may be the optimal management of uHCC.

Serum CXCL10 levels at the start of the second course of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab therapy predict therapeutic efficacy in patients with advanced BCLC stage C hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Relationships of serum C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) levels with hot immune features have been reported in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we examined the utility of their levels for predicting the efficacy of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atez/Bev) in patients with HCC. DESIGN: In total, 98 patients with HCC treated with Atez/Bev were enrolled, and their initial responses were evaluated at least once via dynamic computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Serum CCL5 and CXCL10 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before treatment and at the start of the second course of Atez/Bev therapy, and their relationships with treatment efficacy were determined. RESULTS: No analyzed factor was associated with the initial therapeutic response. Among the 56 patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage C, serum CXCL10 levels at the beginning of course two (CXCL10-2c) tended to be higher in responders than in non-responders in the initial evaluation, and its optimal cutoff level of 690 pg/mL could be used to stratify patients regarding overall survival (OS; high vs. low: not reached vs. 17.6 months, p = 0.034) and progression-free survival (high vs. low: 13.6 vs. 5.1 months, p = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, high CXCL10 levels and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios at the start of course two and Child-Pugh stage A at baseline were independent predictive factors of improved OS. CONCLUSIONS: Serum CXCL10-2c levels were predictive of Atez/Bev efficacy in patients with BCLC stage C HCC.

Clusterin and Related Scoring Index as Potential Early Predictors of Response to Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a highly lethal malignancy, although several systemic therapeutic options are available, including sorafenib (SFN), which has been one of the standard treatment agents for almost a decade. As early prediction of response to SFN remains challenging, biomarkers that enable early prediction using a clinically feasible method are needed. Here, we report that the serum secretory form of clusterin (sCLU) protein and its related predictive index are potential beneficial biomarkers for early prediction of SFN response. Using high-throughput screening and subsequent multivariate analysis in the derivation cohort, we found that changes in the concentrations of CLU, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1), and α-fetoprotein were significantly associated with response to SFN. Furthermore, we confirmed that an increase in CLU serum level 1 month after treatment initiation was significantly associated with shorter progression-free survival. In addition, "NR-index," which comprises these proteins, was evaluated as a tool for accurately predicting the efficacy of SFN and confirmed in the validation cohort. We also established SFN-resistant HepG2 cells (HepG2-SR) and found that sCLU significantly increased in HepG2-SR cells compared with normal HepG2 cells, and confirmed that HepG2-SR cells treated with SFN were resistant to apoptosis. The mechanism underlying activation of sCLU expression in acquired SFN resistance involves aberrant signaling and expression of Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and a nutrient-related transcription factor, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c). Furthermore, the PI3K and mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 markedly decreased sCLU expression in HepG2-SR cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that measurement of sCLU serum levels and the sCLU-related NR-index are promising clinical tools for the early prediction of SFN response in HCC. Additionally, sCLU-overexpressing HCC might be susceptible to mTOR inhibition.

Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab and Lenvatinib as First-Line Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BACKGROUND: A comparison between atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (ATEZO/BEVA) and lenvatinib (LEN) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effects and safety of ATEZO/BEVA and LEN as first-line therapies for HCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of 810 patients with HCC who underwent ATEZO/BEVA (n = 186) or LEN (n = 624) as first-line systemic therapy between March 2018 to March 2022 at 14 facilities. After propensity score matching, 304 patients (ATEZO/BEVA group: n = 152; LEN group: n = 152) were analyzed. RESULTS: After propensity score matching, although there was no significant difference in objective response rates (ORRs) between the ATEZO/BEVA and LEN groups (ORR 44.8% vs. 46.7%, p = 0.644), the median progression-free survival (PFS) and median overall survival (OS) in the ATEZO/BEVA group were significantly higher than those in the LEN group (median PFS: 8.3 months vs. 6.0 months, p = 0.005; median OS: not reached vs. 20.2 months, p = 0.039). The rates of appetite loss, fatigue, and proteinuria of grade 3 or higher in the ATEZO/BEVA group were lower than those in the LEN group. However, the rate of bleeding of grade 3 or higher in the ATEZO/BEVA group was higher than that in the LEN group. The conversion rate was higher in the ATEZO/BEVA group than that in the LEN group (8.6% vs. 1.9%, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: ATEZO/BEVA showed superiority to LEN in terms of prognosis and conversion rate as first-line therapy. Moreover, ATEZO/BEVA had a lower rate of severe adverse events, except for bleeding, than LEN.

Endoscopic balloon dilatation for congenital membranous stenosis in the jejunum in an infant.

INTRODUCTION: As endoscopic equipment and instruments have improved, the indications for endoscopic treatment have also been extended. This report presents an applicable procedure of endoscopic balloon dilatation for an infant patient with congenital membranous stenosis in the jejunum. METHODS: We used a 9-mm flexible endoscope and a through-the-scope multidiameter balloon catheter in the endoscopic treatment. RESULTS: Dilatation was performed for dilatation diameters 10, 12, and 15 mm each for 2 min. After carrying out balloon dilatation, the endoscope could be smoothly inserted through the opening. CONCLUSION: In upper jejunal stenosis, endoscopic balloon dilatation was minimally invasive and effective as a treatment modality.

Pretreatment Absolute Lymphocyte Count and Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio Are Prognostic Factors for Stage III Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Stage III breast cancer comprises a broad spectrum of disease, including the extent of supraclavicular/internal mammary lymph node metastasis. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the prognosis of patients with stage III breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-five patients with stage III breast cancer who underwent surgery were included. We compared their clinicopathological factors according to the presence or not of supraclavicular/internal mammary lymph node metastasis, and pretreatment ALC or NLR. RESULTS: Patients with metastasis of the studied lymph nodes had a poorer prognosis in comparison to those without metastasis. In patients without these types of lymph node metastasis, both the ALC and NLR were predictive factors for relapse-free and overall survival. Among these patients, those with a low ALC or high NLR had recurrence-free and overall survival comparable to those of patients with supraclavicular/internal mammary lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment ALC and NLR were prognostic factors for patients with stage III breast cancer.

Aberrant common hepatic artery from the left gastric artery and with no connection to the gastroduodenal artery: Risky vascular anomaly in gastrectomy.

Knowledge of anatomical variations of the celiac axis is important in upper abdominal surgery. Aberrant common hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery without connecting the gastroduodenal artery is extremely rare. Preoperative vascular anatomy assessment using reconstructions of CT images may be useful for safe surgical procedure.

Aberrant expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 in human lung cancer.

We analyzed the subcellular distributions and gene structures of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) transcription factor in 50 cases of human primary lung cancer. The immunohistochemical analyses revealed substantially aberrant IRF3 expression specific to the cancer lesions (2 and 6 tumors with nuclear staining, and 4 and 5 tumors with negative staining, in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively), while the morphologically normal region around the tumors exhibited only cytoplasmic staining. In addition, we determined the sequence of the entire IRF3 coding region, and found two novel variants with the amino acid changes (S(175)(AGC)-->R(175)(CGC) and A(208)(GCC)-->D(208)(GAC)). The R(175) variant was also detected in a morphologically normal region around the nuclear staining squamous cell carcinoma, and exhibited almost the same functions as the wild type IRF3. On the other hand, the D(208) variant, found in the negative staining squamous cell carcinoma cases, reduced the nuclear translocation in response to IkappaB kinase epsilon stimulation, as compared to the wild type IRF3, but the same variant was detected in the surrounding morphologically normal region. The aberrant expression of IRF3 and the novel D(208) variant may provide clues to elucidate the etiology of primary lung cancer.

Cricopharyngeal myotomy for cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction after esophagectomy.

BACKGROUND: Pharyngoesophageal dysphagia sometimes develops after esophagectomy. However, severe dysphagia after esophagectomy due to cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction is a rare complication. There are no recommended clinical treatments for cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction after esophagectomy. We report a case of myotomy for cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction after esophagectomy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old man with mild dysphagia diagnosed with advanced esophageal cancer by esophagogastroduodenoscopy at a clinic was admitted to our hospital. He had occasional mild dysphagia when he swallowed solid foods. After chemotherapy, the patient underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy with regional lymph node dissection and was reconstructed with a gastric conduit and cervical anastomosis by the retrosternal route. Aspiration pneumonia developed after esophagectomy without paralysis of the vocal cords. In esophagoscopy, there was no stricture around the anastomosis. However, severe pharyngoesophageal dysphagia with cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction was revealed by videofluoroscopic examination. Bilateral cricopharyngeal myotomy was performed because balloon dilations had failed. The histological findings revealed atrophy and fibrosis of the cricopharyngeus muscle fibers. Pharyngoesophageal dysphagia improved immediately after myotomy. The patient swallowed solid food easily without dysphagia 12 months after myotomy. CONCLUSION: Dysphagia after esophagectomy was worsened by cricopharyngeus muscle dysfunction. Cricopharyngeus myotomy may lead to long improvement of pharyngo-oesophageal dysphagia after esophagetomy.

Nondegenerated cystic neuroendocrine tumor of the pancreas: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are typically solid neoplasms but, in very rare cases, present as cystic lesions. We describe a case of a cystic neuroendocrine tumor that developed as a small cystic lesion. CASE PRESENTATION: In 2011, a 66-year-old Japanese woman underwent computed tomography (CT) that revealed a cystic lesion in the tail of the pancreas measuring 9 mm. She did not have any symptoms. She underwent a CT scan every year thereafter. The cystic lesion gradually increased and was 40 mm in 2019; endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) was then performed. Cytological examination demonstrated class IIIb adenocarcinoma, and we conducted laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. Pathological examination showed PNET. CONCLUSION: Although cystic change of PNET is generally caused by ischemia or necrosis inside the tumor, in our case, PNET occurred as a small cyst that increased without changing form.