Alpha 2-macroglobulin acts as a clearance factor in the lysosomal degradation of extracellular misfolded proteins.

Proteostasis regulates protein folding and degradation; its maintenance is essential for resistance to stress and aging. The loss of proteostasis is associated with many age-related diseases. Within the cell, molecular chaperones facilitate the refolding of misfolded proteins into their bioactive forms, thus preventing undesirable interactions and aggregation. Although the mechanisms of intracellular protein degradation pathways for intracellular misfolded proteins have been extensively studied, the protein degradation pathway for extracellular proteins remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified several misfolded proteins that are substrates for alpha 2-macroglobulin (α2M), an extracellular chaperone. We also established a lysosomal internalization assay for α2M, which revealed that α2M mediates the lysosomal degradation of extracellular misfolded proteins. Comparative analyses of α2M and clusterin, another extracellular chaperone, indicated that α2M preferentially targets aggregation-prone proteins. Thus, we present the degradation pathway of α2M, which interacts with aggregation-prone proteins for lysosomal degradation via selective internalization.

Protocol for quantification of the lysosomal degradation of extracellular proteins into mammalian cells.

Endocytic internalization of extracellular proteins plays roles in signaling, nutrient uptake, immunity, and extracellular protein quality control. However, there are few protocols for analyzing the lysosomal degradation of extracellular protein. Here, we purified secreted proteins fused with pH-sensitive GFP and acid- and protease-resistant RFP from mammalian cells and describe an internalization assay for mammalian cells. This protocol enables quantification of cellular uptake and lysosomal degradation of protein-of-interest (POI) via cell biological and biochemical analyses. For full details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Itakura et al. (2020).