Effects of Concomitant CABG on Outcomes in Veterans Who Require Surgery for Endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a complicated disease frequently accompanied by coronary artery disease (CAD) though no clear guidelines exist for when concomitant revascularization should be undertaken once valve surgery is indicated. Data on this topic within the United States (US) Veteran population, who have unique healthcare needs when compared to the civilian population, is sparse. We investigated the impact of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on morbidity and mortality in US Veterans requiring surgical management of IE. METHODS: We identified 489 patients who underwent surgical management of IE between January 1 2010 and December 31 2020 at any of 43 Veterans Affairs (VA) cardiac surgery centers in the US. Patients were stratified based on who underwent concomitant CABG at the time of operation. Primary outcomes included the occurrence of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or mortality. Continuous variables were compared using independent t-tests or Mann Whitney U tests, and categorical variables were compared using the Chi square test. Cox proportional-hazard models were used to calculate risk for primary outcomes based on group. RESULTS: 61 patients (12.5%) underwent concomitant CABG for CAD. After adjusting for significant covariates, patients who underwent CABG had a higher long-term risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) 2.37, 95% CI: 1.29-4.35, p = 0.005) and higher risk of MI at 30-days (aHR 2.34, 95% CI: 1.06-5.19, p = 0.035). Concomitant CABG was not associated with long-term stroke or death, 30-day stroke or death, or perioperative complications. On sub-analysis of patients with moderate to severe CAD, rates of MI were higher in the CABG group at 30 days (25.9 vs. 3.4%, p = 0.016) and 1 year (33.3 vs. 3.4%, p = 0.004), though not long-term. The mean number of grafts was 1.51 ± 0.76, with only one graft performed in 65.6% (40/61) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant CABG at the time of operation for IE was associated with increased risk of MI at 30-day and long-term, though most CABGs involved a low number of grafts. It was not associated with 30-day stroke or death, long term stroke or death, or perioperative complications. The optimal treatment of CAD noted during preoperative evaluation for veterans undergoing surgery for IE remains unclear.

Predictors of 30-Day Pulmonary Complications after Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lobectomy.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary complications are the most common adverse event after lung resection, yet few large-scale studies have examined pertinent risk factors after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy. Veterans, older and less healthy compared with nonveterans, represent a cohort that requires further investigation. Our objective is to determine predictors of pulmonary complications after VATS lobectomy in veterans. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent VATS lobectomy from 2008 to 2018 using the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on development of a pulmonary complication within 30 days. Patient characteristics were compared via multivariable analysis to determine clinical predictors associated with pulmonary complication and reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Patients with preoperative pneumonia, ventilator dependence, and emergent cases were excluded. RESULTS: In 4,216 VATS lobectomy cases, 480 (11.3%) cases had ≥1 pulmonary complication. Preoperative factors independently associated with pulmonary complication included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (aOR = 1.37 [1.12-1.69]; p = 0.003), hyponatremia (aOR = 1.50 [1.06-2.11]; p = 0.021), and dyspnea (aOR = 1.33 [1.06-1.66]; p = 0.013). Unhealthy alcohol consumption was associated with pulmonary complication via univariable analysis (17.1 vs. 13.0%; p = 0.016). Cases with pulmonary complication were associated with increased mortality (12.1 vs. 0.8%; p < 0.001) and longer length of stay (12.0 vs. 6.8 days; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This analysis revealed several preoperative factors associated with development of pulmonary complications. It is imperative to optimize pulmonary-specific comorbidities such as COPD or dyspnea prior to VATS lobectomy. However, unhealthy alcohol consumption and hyponatremia were linked with development of pulmonary complication in our analysis and should be addressed prior to VATS lobectomy. Future studies should explore long-term consequences of pulmonary complications.

Microbiology of Infective Endocarditis in United States Veterans - Association Between Causative Organism and Short- and Long-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have elucidated the relationship between causative organism and outcomes in infective endocarditis, however this relationship has not been studies in United States Veterans. The aim of this manuscript is to evaluate the association between causative organism and short-term and long-term outcomes in United States (US) Veterans with infective endocarditis (IE) requiring surgical management between 2010-2020. METHODS: We analyzed 489 patients with surgically treated IE from the Veterans Affairs (VA) Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure databases. Patients were divided into groups using causative organism identified from blood or intraoperative cultures - Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Gram-negative rods, Enterococcus, Polymicrobial, and Unknown/Culture Negative. Other identified organisms were excluded from analysis. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate risk for stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial infarction (MI), and death based on group. The models were adjusted for covariates using backward elimination. Continuous variables were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H tests, and categorical variables were compared using Chi square tests. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 4.0 ± 6.3 years. Gram negative rods (GNRs) were associated with greater risk of long-term mortality (adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) 2.15, 95% CI: 1.20-3.86, p = 0.01). Enterococcus was associated with long-term risk of MI (aHR 2.05, 95% CI: 1.07-3.94, p = 0.03). Resistant organisms, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, were associated with long-term risk of MI (aHR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.14-5.45, p = 0.02). Polymicrobial infections were associated with greater risk of perioperative complications, including prolonged mechanical ventilation (48 hrs) (aHR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.05-2.97, p = 0.034), tracheostomy (aHR 5.64, 95% CI: 2.35-13.55, p < 0.001), and prolonged ICU stay (5 days) (aHR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.01-1.91, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: In US Veterans, polymicrobial infections had notably worse perioperative outcomes but similar long-term outcomes in comparison to monomicrobial infections. GNR infections were associated with increased long-term mortality. Enterococcus and resistant organisms were associated with increased long-term risk of MI. Polymicrobial infections were associated with greater risk of perioperative complications, including prolonged mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, and prolonged ICU stay.

Photocurable bioresorbable adhesives as functional interfaces between flexible bioelectronic devices and soft biological tissues.

Flexible electronic/optoelectronic systems that can intimately integrate onto the surfaces of vital organ systems have the potential to offer revolutionary diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities relevant to a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders. The critical interfaces between such technologies and living tissues must provide soft mechanical coupling and efficient optical/electrical/chemical exchange. Here, we introduce a functional adhesive bioelectronic-tissue interface material, in the forms of mechanically compliant, electrically conductive, and optically transparent encapsulating coatings, interfacial layers or supporting matrices. These materials strongly bond both to the surfaces of the devices and to those of different internal organs, with stable adhesion for several days to months, in chemistries that can be tailored to bioresorb at controlled rates. Experimental demonstrations in live animal models include device applications that range from battery-free optoelectronic systems for deep-brain optogenetics and subdermal phototherapy to wireless millimetre-scale pacemakers and flexible multielectrode epicardial arrays. These advances have immediate applicability across nearly all types of bioelectronic/optoelectronic system currently used in animal model studies, and they also have the potential for future treatment of life-threatening diseases and disorders in humans.

Hospital Operative Volume and Esophagectomy Outcomes in the Veterans Affairs System.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies reported that increased hospital case volume improves outcomes after esophagectomy. Yet, the standard for high and low-volume hospitals varies in the literature. This study attempts to define the relationship between hospital operative volume and 30-day post-operative outcomes of esophagectomy in the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of patients that underwent esophagectomy from 2008 to 2019 utilizing the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis quantified an inflection point of optimal association between 30-day morbidity and mortality by facility volume. This point was used to separate cohorts for comparison of outcomes using 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) to account for confounding covariates. RESULTS: Two thousand two hundred and twelve esophagectomies were performed from 2008 to 2019 and ROC analysis identified an inflection point at 43 cases (4 cases/y) where bidirectional operative volume significantly affected outcomes. Subsequent PSM resulted in 1718 cases utilized for analysis (n = 859 per cohort). Facility volume ≥4 cases/y was significantly associated with decreased odds of 30-day mortality (odds ratio(OR) = 0.57; P = 0.03), shorter length of stay (median 13 versus 14 d; P = 0.04) and longer operative times (6.5 versus 6.0 h; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VA hospitals that averaged ≥4 esophagectomies/y had significantly lower rates of mortality and length of stay. This volume threshold may serve as a benchmark to determine the optimal setting for esophageal resection. However, our findings also may reflect the benefits of cumulative operating room and multidisciplinary team experience at VA centers in conjunction with dedicated surgeons. Future studies should focus on long-term outcomes after esophagectomy in relation to hospital operative volume.

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Lung Resection in United States Veterans: Trends and Outcomes versus Thoracotomy.

BACKGROUND: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) offers reduced morbidity compared with open thoracotomy (OT) for pulmonary surgery. The use of VATS over time has increased, but at a modest rate in civilian populations. This study examines temporal trends in VATS use and compares outcomes between VATS and OT in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). METHODS: Patients who underwent pulmonary surgery (wedge or segmental resection, lobectomy, or pneumonectomy) at Veterans Affairs centers from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively identified using the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Project database. The cohort was divided into OT and VATS and propensity score matched, taking into account the type of pulmonary resection, preoperative diagnosis, and comorbidities. Thirty-day postoperative outcomes were compared. The prevalence of VATS use and respective complications over time was also analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 16,895 patients were identified, with 5,748 per group after propensity matching. VATS had significantly lower rates of morbidity and a 2-day reduction in hospital stay. Whereas 76% of lung resections were performed open in 2008, nearly 70% of procedures were performed using VATS in 2018. While VATS was associated with an 8% lower rate of major complications compared with thoracotomy in 2008, patients undergoing VATS lung resection in 2018 had a 58% lower rate of complications (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: VATS utilization at VHA centers has become the predominant technique used for pulmonary surgeries over time. OT patients had more complications and longer hospital stays compared with VATS. Over the study period, VATS patients had increasingly lower complication rates compared with open surgery.

Risk factors for cerebrovascular accident after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting in Veterans.

BACKGROUND: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a devastating complication. Patient comorbidities and intraoperative elements contribute to the risk of CVA. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for CVA in Veterans undergoing CABG. METHODS: Veterans undergoing isolated CABG from 2008 to 2019 were retrospectively identified using the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program (VASQIP) database. Thirty-day postoperative outcomes were observed. Univariate analysis followed by multivariable logistic regression identified independent risk factors for postoperative CVA. Receiver operating characteristic diagnostics identified optimal inflection points between continuous risk factors and odds of CVA. RESULTS: Twenty-eight thousand seven hundred fifty-seven patients met inclusion criteria. Incidence of CVA was 1.1% (310 cases). In multivariate analysis, preoperative cerebrovascular disease had the strongest association with postoperative CVA (adjusted odds ratio = 2.29; p < .001). There was an inverse relationship between CVA incidence and ejection fraction (EF), with EF of 35%-39% conferring a 2.11 times higher risk compared to EF >55% (p < .001). CVA incidence was not different in on-pump versus off-pump cases; however, after 104 min or more on bypass patients had a 55% greater adjusted odds of CVA (p < .001). Other risk factors included poor kidney function, prior myocardial infarction, and intra-aortic balloon pump use. CONCLUSION: The risk of CVA after CABG is multifactorial and involves multiple organ systems, including cardiac disease, poor renal function, and cerebrovascular disease, which was the strongest contributing risk factor. Optimization of these comorbidities and time on bypass may help improve clinical outcomes and lower the risk of this devastating complication.

Hybrid Repair of Chronic Stanford Type B Aortic Dissection with Expanding Arch Aneurysm.

PURPOSE: The management of patients with chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection who develop complications requires intervention without clear guidelines. Chronic aortic dissection is difficult to treat and often leads to significant morbidity and mortality. We report a complex case of chronic Stanford type B aortic dissection (TBAD) with an expanding false lumen aneurysm and distal fenestrations that required a multi-stage hybrid repair. TECHNIQUE: The patient first underwent a median sternotomy for the ascending aorta to the innominate artery and innominate artery to the left carotid artery bypass, followed by a left carotid to left axillary artery bypass. Due to continued aneurysmal growth, the patient ultimately underwent total cervical and abdominal aortic debranching as well as thoracic and abdominal endovascular grafting with iliac excluders. The patient recovered well after the surgery and had no further expansion of the aneurysm at 12-month follow up. CONCLUSION: Endovascular repairs have been the mainstay of chronic TBAD repair, but hybrid approaches may be necessary for difficult repairs. A multi-stage hybrid repair approach has been successful in a patient who had a chronic type B aortic dissection with aneurysmal degeneration that failed medical management.

Long-term Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Veterans with Left Main Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the civilian population with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have shown 2% to 4.2% 30-day mortality. However, there is a lack of reporting from the veteran population. Here we analyze the outcomes of veterans with LMCAD who underwent CABG by a single surgeon at a single Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). METHODS: Veterans who underwent isolated CABG between 1998 to 2018 at a VAMC were further divided into a group with significant left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) of stenosis greater than or equal to 50% and a group without left main coronary artery stenosis (non-LMCAD). The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications. Multivariable regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were used to compare the two cohorts. RESULTS: The demographics and comorbidities are similar between the two cohorts except for higher average age and percentage of stroke in the LMCAD group (n = 509) compared to non-LMCAD (n = 927). Perioperative complications are comparable between the two groups except for increased length of stay (LOS) in the LMCAD group (12.9 ± 15.9 days versus 10.9 ± 9.0 days in non-LMCAD, P < .001). 30-day mortality in the LMCAD group is 4.1% versus 1.4% in non-LMCAD. However, Kaplan-Meier curves show no significant difference in adjusted overall survival throughout 15 years between the groups (P = .560). CONCLUSION: Veterans with LMCAD who underwent CABG have similar postoperative complications compared to non-LMCAD group. The 30-day mortality is higher in the LMCAD group; however, there is no difference in long-term survival.

Influence of Age on Cardiac Surgery Outcomes in United States Veterans.

OBJECTIVE: Heart disease is still the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, and the rate of cardiovascular disease in veterans is even higher than in civilians. This study examines age-related outcomes for veterans undergoing cardiac surgeries at a single institution. METHODS: We included all veterans undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery between 1997 to 2017 at a single Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center. We stratified this cohort into 4 age groups: ≤59 years old, 60-69 years old, 70-79 years old, and ≥80 years old. Outcomes in age groups were compared using standard statistical methods with the ≤59 years old group as reference. RESULTS: A total of 2,301 patients underwent open cardiac procedures at our institution. The frequency of simultaneous CABG and valve operations increased with age. Usage of cardiopulmonary bypass versus off-pump CABG and operative time was not associated with age. Increased pulmonary and renal complications as well as rates of postoperative arrhythmias all were associated with increasing age. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality. However, multivariable analysis adjusted for covariates showed all-cause mortality significantly was increased with older age groups (aHR ≥80 years old: 2.94 [2.07-4.17], P < .01; aHR 70-79 years old: 2.15 [1.63-2.83], P < 0.01, with ≤59 years old as reference). CONCLUSIONS: Older patients may have comparable perioperative mortality as their younger counterparts. However, age still is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality, pulmonary and renal complications, and postoperative arrhythmia, and should be considered as a major factor in preoperative risk assessment.

Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Veterans with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: The Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial showed that surgical revascularization in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients improves long-term mortality compared with medical treatment alone. This study examines how veterans with ICM undergoing revascularization fare against patients without ICM; it also examines the outcomes in the veteran population. METHODS: This is a retrospective review of a single-center database. From 2000 to 2018, 1,461 patients underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Two-hundred-one patients with an ejection fraction less than 35% were classified as the ICM cohort. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications. Subgroup analysis was performed within the ICM cohort comparing off-pump CABG (OPCAB) versus on-pump CABG (ONCAB). RESULTS: ICM patients had a higher incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) use. The non-ICM cohort was more functionally independent. OPCAB was performed in 80.1% of ICM and 66.3% of non-ICM cohorts. There was no statistical difference between ICM and non-ICM cohorts in 30-day mortality (OR 1.94[0.79 - 4.75], P = .15). The ICM cohort had an increased 5-year mortality (OR 1.75[1.14 - 2.69], P = .01) and 10-year mortality (OR 1.71[1.09 - 2.67], P = .02). The ICM cohort showed improved, although not statistically significant, short-term mortality with OPCAB compared with ONCAB (3.1% versus 12.5%, OR 0.31[0.05 - 1.82], P = .20). CONCLUSION: Veterans with ICM undergoing CABG demonstrated similar short-term survival compared with non-ICM veterans. The long-term survival in the ICM cohort still is inferior to patients without ICM. There is a trend toward improved short-term survival in patients with ICM undergoing OPCAB.

Minimally Invasive with Maximal Yield: A Narrative Review of Current Practices in Mediastinal Lymph Node Staging in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States despite declining incidence and improved outcomes because of advancements in early detection and development of novel therapies. Accurate mediastinal lymph node staging is crucial for determining prognosis and guiding treatment decisions, particularly for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to identify English language articles published between January 2010 and January 2024 focusing on preoperative lymph node staging in adults with NSCLC. Case series, observational studies, randomized trials, guidelines, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included. Results: Various imaging modalities, surgical and nonsurgical procedures for mediastinal lymph node staging were reviewed, including positron emission tomography with computed tomography, cervical mediastinoscopy, video-assisted cervical mediastinoscopy, anterior mediastinotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy, endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA), transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA), and computed tomography-guided percutaneous lymph node biopsy. EBUS-FNA emerged as the preferred initial staging procedure because of its high sensitivity and low complication rate. Combining it with other procedures or confirmatory testing may be helpful in determining appropriate treatment. Conclusions: Although cervical mediastinoscopy remains a valuable confirmatory procedure in select cases, its role as a first-line staging modality is diminishing with the widespread adoption of EBUS-FNA and EUS-FNA. The combination of EBUS-FNA and EUS-FNA allows access to nearly all mediastinal lymph node stations with high diagnostic accuracy. Future research may further refine the selection criteria for invasive mediastinal staging procedures, ultimately optimizing patient outcomes in the management of NSCLC.

Contemporary Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Early-Stage Lung Cancer.

The treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has evolved tremendously in recent decades as innovations in medical therapies advanced concomitantly with minimally invasive surgical techniques. Despite early skepticism regarding its benefits, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) techniques for the surgical resection of early-stage NSCLC have now become the standard of care. After being the subject of many studies since its inception, VATS has been shown to cause less postoperative pain, have shorter recovery time, and have fewer overall complications when compared to conventional open approaches. Furthermore, some studies have shown it to have comparable oncological outcomes, though more higher evidence studies are needed. Newer technologies and improved surgical instruments, advancements in nodule localization techniques, and improved preoperative staging procedures have allowed for the development of newer, less invasive techniques such as uniportal VATS and parenchymal-sparing sublobar resections, which might further improve postoperative rates of complications in specific cases. These minimally invasive approaches have allowed surgeons to offer surgery to high-risk patients and those who would otherwise not tolerate conventional thoracotomy, though some relative contraindications still exist. This review aims to describe the evolution of VATS lobectomy, current techniques, its indications, contraindications, preoperative testing, benefits, and outcomes in patients with stage I and II NSCLC.

Molecular Markers, Immune Therapy, and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-State-of-the-Art Review for Surgeons.

Background: Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. An increasing understanding of relevant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) biomarkers has led to the recent development of molecular-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors that have revolutionized treatment for patients with advanced and metastatic disease. The purpose of this review is to provide surgeons with a state-of-the-art understanding of the current medical and surgical treatment trends and their implications in the future of management of NSCLC. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to identify English language articles published between January 2010 and March 2024 focusing on molecular markers, tumor targeting, and immunotherapy in the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC. Case series, observational studies, randomized trials, guidelines, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were included. Results: There is now increasing data to suggest that molecular-targeted therapies and immune therapies have a role in the neoadjuvant setting. Advances in intraoperative imaging allow surgeons to perform increasingly parenchymal-sparing lung resections without compromising tumor margins. Liquid biopsies can noninvasively detect targetable mutations in cancer cells and DNA from a blood draw, potentially allowing for earlier diagnosis, personalized therapy, and long-term monitoring for disease recurrence. Conclusions: The management of NSCLC has advanced dramatically in recent years fueled by a growing understanding of the cancer biology of NSCLC. Advances in medical therapies, surgical techniques, and diagnostic and surveillance modalities continue to evolve but have already impacted current treatment strategies for NSCLC, which are encompassed in this review.

Open thoracic surgical implantation of cardiac pacemakers in rats.

Genetic engineering and implantable bioelectronics have transformed investigations of cardiovascular physiology and disease. However, the two approaches have been difficult to combine in the same species: genetic engineering is applied primarily in rodents, and implantable devices generally require larger animal models. We recently developed several miniature cardiac bioelectronic devices suitable for mice and rats to enable the advantages of molecular tools and implantable devices to be combined. Successful implementation of these device-enabled studies requires microsurgery approaches that reliably interface bioelectronics to the beating heart with minimal disruption to native physiology. Here we describe how to perform an open thoracic surgical technique for epicardial implantation of wireless cardiac pacemakers in adult rats that has lower mortality than transvenous implantation approaches. In addition, we provide the methodology for a full biocompatibility assessment of the physiological response to the implanted device. The surgical implantation procedure takes ~40 min for operators experienced in microsurgery to complete, and six to eight surgeries can be completed in 1 d. Implanted pacemakers provide programmed electrical stimulation for over 1 month. This protocol has broad applications to harness implantable bioelectronics to enable fully conscious in vivo studies of cardiovascular physiology in transgenic rodent disease models.

A new heart: somatic stem cells and myocardial regeneration.

End-stage heart failure is a global scourge. Current therapies merely delay its inexorable progression. Heart transplantation is resource-intensive and limited by organ availability. Bone marrow-derived and cardiac-specific stem cells have demonstrated potential for cardiac regeneration and repair, but the magnitude and durability of these promising findings are inconsistent. The purpose of this review is to (1) describe cells currently being investigated, (2) outline the status of current trials, and (3) discuss key objectives of future research.

Epidemiology of Coronary Artery Disease.

Although the mortality of coronary artery disease (CAD) has declined over recent decades, CAD remains the leading cause of death in the United States (US) and presents a significant economic burden. Epidemiologic studies have identified numerous risk factors for CAD. Some risk factors-including smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity-are decreasing within the US population while Others, including advanced age, diabetes, and obesity are increasing. The most significant historic advances in CAD therapy were the development of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and lipid-lowering medications. Contemporary management of CAD includes primary and secondary prevention via medical management and revascularization when appropriate based on best available evidence. Despite the increasing prevalence of CAD nationwide, there has been a steady decline in the number of CABGs and PCIs performed in the US for the past decade. Patients with CABG are becoming older and with more comorbid conditions, although mortality associated with CABG has remained steady.

Epidemiology of Valvular Heart Disease.

Acquired diseases of the aortic and mitral valves are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality among Valvular heart diseases. Aortic stenosis (AS) is increasing in incidence in the United States (4,43 US), driven largely by an aging demographic. Aortic valve replacement is the only effective treatment of AS and has a dramatic mortality benefit. Mitral valve regurgitation (MR) is the most common form of valvular heart disease (VHD) in the US, whereby MR is most often the result of mitral valve prolapse; rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a more common etiology of MR in underdeveloped countries. interventions for MR in the US are increasing.

Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lung Resection: A Single-Surgeon Experience and Comparison with Multiportal Technique in the Veteran Population.

Background: Uniportal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been shown to offer improved postoperative outcomes compared with multiportal technique. Shorter operative time has rarely been described. Our objective was to compare operative time and clinical outcomes between uniportal and multiportal VATS approaches for lung resection. Methods: This is a retrospective review of patients that underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lung resection at United States Veterans Affairs centers between 2008 and 2018 using the Veteran Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Cases were assigned to uniportal (single surgeon) or multiportal cohorts. Multivariable analysis of clinical outcomes was performed, adjusting for preoperative confounding covariates. Temporal trend in operative time in uniportal cohort was analyzed in the context of cumulative operative volume using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, rho (ρ). Results: In total, 8,212 cases were selected from 2008 to 2018 at Veterans Affairs centers: 176 (2.1%) uniportal and 8036 (97.9%) multiportal cases. Uniportal cohort was significantly associated with shorter operative time (1.7 hours versus 3.1 hours, P < .001), higher adjusted odds of surgical site infection (adjusted odds ratio = 2.76; P = .005), and longer length of stay (6 days versus 5 days; P = .04). Uniportal cohort operative time decreased over time (ρ = -0.474), with most significant change corresponding with increased cumulative operative volume from 25 to 44 cases. Conclusions: Uniportal technique offered shorter operative duration in veterans compared with multiportal approach, validating its technical advantages. Operative time decreased as cumulative operative volume increased, demonstrating a learning curve. Future studies should prospectively investigate any association between operative time and clinical outcomes after thoracoscopic lung resection.

The Right Ventricle in the Trans-Catheter Era: A Perspective for Planning Interventions.

Dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV) is common in patients with advanced left-sided valve disease and the significant impact of RV dysfunction on both short and long-term outcome is well established. However, considerations of RV function are largely absent in current management guidelines for valve disease and cardiac procedural risk models. As the indications and use of trans-catheter therapies rapidly expand for patients with acquired valvular disease, it is critical for clinicians to understand and consider RV function when making decisions for these patients. This review summarizes contemporary data on the assessment of RV function, the prognostic importance of baseline RV dysfunction on surgical and transcatheter procedures for acquired left-sided valvular disease, and the relative impact of these interventions on RV function. Baseline RV dysfunction is a powerful predictor of poor short- and long-term outcome after any therapeutic intervention for acquired left-sided cardiac valve disease. Surgical intervention for aortic or mitral valve disease is associated with a significant but transient decline in RV function, whereas trans-catheter procedures generally do not appear to have detrimental effects on either longitudinal or global RV function. Guidelines for therapy in patents with acquired left-sided valvular disease should account for RV dysfunction. Whereas surgical intervention in these patients leads to a predictable decline in RV function, trans-catheter therapies largely do not appear to have this effect. Further study is needed to determine the impact of these findings on current practice.