Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions.

The spatiotemporal structure of the human microbiome1,2, proteome3 and metabolome4,5 reflects and determines regional intestinal physiology and may have implications for disease6. Yet, little is known about the distribution of microorganisms, their environment and their biochemical activity in the gut because of reliance on stool samples and limited access to only some regions of the gut using endoscopy in fasting or sedated individuals7. To address these deficiencies, we developed an ingestible device that collects samples from multiple regions of the human intestinal tract during normal digestion. Collection of 240 intestinal samples from 15 healthy individuals using the device and subsequent multi-omics analyses identified significant differences between bacteria, phages, host proteins and metabolites in the intestines versus stool. Certain microbial taxa were differentially enriched and prophage induction was more prevalent in the intestines than in stool. The host proteome and bile acid profiles varied along the intestines and were highly distinct from those of stool. Correlations between gradients in bile acid concentrations and microbial abundance predicted species that altered the bile acid pool through deconjugation. Furthermore, microbially conjugated bile acid concentrations exhibited amino acid-dependent trends that were not apparent in stool. Overall, non-invasive, longitudinal profiling of microorganisms, proteins and bile acids along the intestinal tract under physiological conditions can help elucidate the roles of the gut microbiome and metabolome in human physiology and disease.

Increased Grades of Rectal Intussusception: Role of Decline in Pelvic Floor Integrity and Association With Dyssynergic Defecation.

INTRODUCTION: The natural history of rectal intussusception (RI) is poorly understood. We hypothesized that decline in pelvic floor integrity and function leads to increasing RI grades. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of a registry of patients with defecatory disorders with high-resolution anorectal manometry and magnetic resonance defecography was performed. Association of risk factors on increasing RI grades was assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Analysis included a total of 238 women: 90 had no RI, 43 Oxford 1-2, 49 Oxford 3, and 56 Oxford 4-5. Age ( P = 0.017), vaginal delivery ( P = 0.008), and prior pelvic surgery ( P = 0.032) were associated with increased Oxford grades. Obstructive defecation symptoms and dyssynergic defecation were observed at relatively high rates across groups. Increased RI grades were associated with less anal relaxation at simulated defecation yet, higher rates of normal balloon expulsion ( P < 0.05), linked to diminished anal sphincter. Indeed, increased RI grades were associated with worsening fecal incontinence severity, attributed to higher rates of anal hypotension. Levator ani laxity, defined by increased levator hiatus length and its excessive descent at straining, was associated with increasing RI grades, independent of age, history of vaginal delivery, and pelvic surgeries and could independently predict increased RI grades. Concurrent anterior and posterior compartments, and visceral prolapse were associated with higher Oxford grades. DISCUSSION: Our data suggest that decline in pelvic floor integrity with abnormal levator ani laxity is associated with increased RI grades, a process that is independent of age, history of vaginal deliveries, and/or pelvic surgeries, and perhaps related to dyssynergic defecation.

A Delphi Method for Development of a Barrett's Esophagus Question Prompt List as a Communication Tool for Optimal Patient-physician Communication.

BACKGROUND METHODS: The question prompt list content was derived through a modified Delphi process consisting of 3 rounds. In round 1, experts provided 5 answers to the prompts "What general questions should patients ask when given a new diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus" and "What questions do I not hear patients asking, but given my expertise, I believe they should be asking?" Questions were reviewed and categorized into themes. In round 2, experts rated questions on a 5-point Likert scale. In round 3, experts rerated questions modified or reduced after the previous rounds. Only questions rated as "essential" or "important" were included in Barrett's esophagus question prompt list (BE-QPL). To improve usability, questions were reduced to minimize redundancy and simplified to use language at an eighth-grade level (Fig. 1). RESULTS: Twenty-one esophageal medical and surgical experts participated in both rounds (91% males; median age 52 years). The expert panel comprised of 33% esophagologists, 24% foregut surgeons, and 24% advanced endoscopists, with a median of 15 years in clinical practice. Most (81%), worked in an academic tertiary referral hospital. In this 3-round Delphi technique, 220 questions were proposed in round 1, 122 (55.5%) were accepted into the BE-QPL and reduced down to 76 questions (round 2), and 67 questions (round 3). These 67 questions reached a Flesch Reading Ease of 68.8, interpreted as easily understood by 13 to 15 years olds. CONCLUSIONS: With multidisciplinary input, we have developed a physician-derived BE-QPL to optimize patient-physician communication. Future directions will seek patient feedback to distill the questions further to a smaller number and then assess their usability.

Endoscopic Non-ablative Radiofrequency Treatment (Stretta) for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very common in the general population and poses a large societal socio-economic burden. In this article, we review the evidence supporting non-ablative radiofrequency treatment (Stretta) for the endoscopic management of GERD and we compare it to pharmacologic and other minimally invasive and surgical interventions. RECENT FINDINGS: Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a key therapy for GERD. For patients without associated significant sliding hiatal hernia, who have inadequate relief of their reflux symptoms, Stretta and other endoscopic therapies, such as transoral fundoplication (TIF), may improve symptoms and GERD-related quality of life. Unfortunately, there are no recent large randomized controlled trials, and most of the evidence is based on meta-analyses and small scale, prospective and retrospective single center efforts. Comparisons of Stretta efficacy to other anti-reflux endoscopic modalities and anti-reflux surgery (ARS) are also presented. There are several endoscopic and minimally invasive modalities to manage PPI-refractory GERD acting through various mechanisms that have been found effective in managing GERD symptoms and quality of life. Among them, Stretta has the longest track record of efficacy and safety. Larger-scale and longer-term comparative efficacy trials in selected populations of patients with acid reflux with and without hiatal hernia will be needed.

High Prevalence of Anorectal Dysfunction in Ambulatory Patients with Chronic Constipation, Regardless of Colon Transit Time.

BACKGROUND: Classification of chronic constipation (CC) into its three subtypes of slow transit constipation, defecation disorder and normal transit constipation, may improve its multifaceted management. We assessed the merits of the London classification in patients with CC, who were studied by both wireless motility capsule (WMC) and high-resolution anorectal manometry (HR-ARM), examining their relative utilities in decision-making.s PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, community-based study of prospectively collected data on patients with CC by Rome IV criteria, who underwent WMC and HR-ARM, Balloon Expulsion Test, and Rectal Sensory Testing. Clinical assessment was made by standard questionnaires. On WMC, standard criteria for colonic transit time (CTT) were used (normal CTT < 59 h). The hierarchical London classification was used for HR-ARM analyses. RESULTS: Of 1261 patients with CC, 166 (91 M; ages 22-86) received technically satisfactory WMC and HR-ARM, formed the analyzed study cohort, of whom 84 had normal CTT and 82 had prolonged CTT (> 59 h). Patients with slow CTT were significantly older and had longer duration and more severe disease. Using the London classification criteria for disorders of anorectal function, we noted a high prevalence of anorectal dysfunction, regardless of CTT. Except for lower rate of anal hypertonicity in patients with slow CTT, disorders of recto-anal coordination, and rectal sensation were seen at a comparable rate in patients with CC, regardless of CTT. CONCLUSION: There is a significant overlap of anorectal disorders in patients with slow CTT. There is questionable specificity and utility of WMC and HR-ARM in assessing patients with CC. More work is needed to demonstrate the value of these studies as surrogate markers of the disease and its response to multifaceted therapy.

Relationship of Age and Gender to Motility Test Results and Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Constipation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with chronic constipation (CC) exhibit symptoms and functional abnormalities upon testing, but their relationship to age and gender is unclear. We assessed age- and gender-related differences in symptoms, colon transit time, and anorectal motility, sensation, and expulsion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, post hoc data analysis of patients with CC, who underwent Wireless Motility Capsule (WMC), High-Resolution Anorectal Manometry (HR-ARM), Balloon Expulsion Test (BET) and Rectal Sensory Testing (RST). Clinical assessment was made by questionnaires. Standard WMC criteria for colonic transit time (CTT) and the London classification was used for HR-ARM analyses, and regression plots between age, gender, CTT, HR-HRM, RST and BET were calculated. RESULTS: We studied 75 women and 91 men. Abdominal pain, infrequent defecation, incomplete evacuation, defecatory straining, and multiple motility and anorectal function abnormalities were common. Abdominal pain was least frequently, and straining was most frequently associated with a motility abnormality. For each symptom, the highest prevalence was associated with failed BET. There was a significant increase in CTT with age only in men (p = 0.0006). In men, for each year of age there was a CTT increase of 1.02 h. The prevalence of abdominal pain and incomplete evacuation for females was significantly higher than that for males (both P < 0.05). The prevalence of low anal squeeze pressure for females was significantly higher than that for males, and the prevalence of poor rectal sensation for males was significantly higher than that for females (both P < 0.05). A significant decrease in basal anal and squeeze pressures with age occurred in women (p < 0.0001); an increase in age of one year was associated with a decrease in anal base pressure of 1.2 mmHg. Abnormal CTT and HR-ARM tests were associated with increased symptom frequency, but not severity. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant age- and gender-related differences in symptoms, CTT, and HR-HRM parameters, rectal sensation, and expulsion, that may influence the multifaceted management of constipation.

The Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Patients With Suspected Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

GOAL: The aim was to investigate the short-term impact of time restricted feeding on patients with suspected gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BACKGROUND: Lifestyle modifications are often suggested, but the role of diet in GERD is unclear. Intermittent fasting is popular in the media and has demonstrated potential benefits with weight loss and inflammatory conditions as well as alterations in gastrointestinal hormones. STUDY: Patients who were referred for 96-hour ambulatory wireless pH monitoring off proton pump inhibitor to investigate GERD symptoms were screened for eligibility. Patients were instructed to maintain their baseline diet for the first 2 days of pH monitoring and switch to an intermittent fasting regimen (16 consecutive hour fast and 8 h eating window) for the second 2 days. Objective measures of reflux and GERD symptom severity were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 25 participants were analyzed. 9/25 (36%) fully adhered to the intermittent fasting regimen, with 21/25 (84%) demonstrating at least partial compliance. Mean acid exposure time on fasting days was 3.5% versus 4.3% on nonfasting days. Intermittent fasting was associated with a 0.64 reduction in acid exposure time (95% CI: -2.32, 1.05). There was a reduction in GERD symptom scores of heartburn and regurgitation during periods of intermittent fasting (14.3 vs. 9.9; difference of -4.46, 95% CI: -7.6,-1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Initial adherence to time restricted eating may be difficult for patients. There is weak statistical evidence to suggest that intermittent fasting mildly reduces acid exposure. Our data show that short-term intermittent fasting improves symptoms of both regurgitation and heartburn.

Development of a Preliminary Question Prompt List as a Communication Tool for Adults With Achalasia: A Modified Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: Question prompt lists (QPLs) are structured sets of disease-specific questions that enhance patient-physician communication by encouraging patients to ask questions during consultations. AIM: The aim of this study was to develop a preliminary achalasia-specific QPL created by esophageal experts. METHODS: The QPL content was derived through a modified Delphi method consisting of 2 rounds. In round 1, experts provided 5 answers to the prompts "What general questions should patients ask when given a new diagnosis of achalasia" and "What questions do I not hear patients asking, but given my expertise, I believe they should be asking?" In round 2, experts rated questions on a 5-point Likert scale. Questions considered "essential" or "important" were accepted into the QPL. Feedback regarding the QPL was obtained in a pilot study wherein patients received the QPL before their consultation and completed surveys afterwards. RESULTS: Nineteen esophageal experts participated in both rounds. Of 148 questions from round 1, 124 (83.8%) were accepted into the QPL. These were further reduced to 56 questions to minimize redundancy. Questions were categorized into 6 themes: "What is achalasia," "Risks with achalasia," "Symptom management in achalasia," "Treatment of achalasia," "Risk of reflux after treatment," and "Follow-up after treatment." Nineteen patients participated in the pilot, most of whom agreed that the QPL was helpful (84.2%) and recommended its wider use (84.2%). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first QPL developed specifically for adults with achalasia. Although well-received in a small pilot, follow-up studies will incorporate additional patient feedback to further refine the QPL content and assess its usability, acceptability, and feasibility.

Mixed Esophageal Disease (MED): A New Concept.

We define mixed esophageal disease (MED) as a disorder of esophageal structure and/or function that produces variable signs or symptoms, simulating-fully or in part other well-defined esophageal conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal motility disorders, or even neoplasia. The central premise of the MED concept is that of an overlap syndrome that incorporates selected clinical, endoscopic, imaging, and functional features that alter the patient's quality of life and affect natural history, prognosis, and management. In this article, we highlight MED scenarios frequently encountered in medico-surgical practices worldwide, posing new diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. These, in turn, emphasize the need for better understanding and management, aiming towards improved outcomes and prognosis. Since MED has variable and sometimes time-evolving clinical phenotypes, it deserves proper recognition, definition, and collaborative, multidisciplinary approach, be it pharmacologic, endoscopic, or surgical, to optimize therapeutic outcomes, while minimizing iatrogenic complications. In this regard, it is best to define MED early in the process, preferably by teams of clinicians with expertise in managing esophageal diseases. MED is complex enough that is increasingly becoming the subject of virtual, multi-disciplinary, multi-institutional meetings.

Value of 96-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring in the assessment of patients with refractory acid reflux symptoms and their response to anti-reflux diet.

Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring is a diagnostic tool in patients with heartburn and regurgitation. The aim of this study is to evaluate 96-hour esophageal pH monitoring in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), at baseline and under diet that impedes GER. We hypothesized that diet would potentially reduce pathologic acid exposure time (AET). Retrospective series of 88 patients with GERD undergoing wireless 96-hour pH monitoring. Two-day (48 hours) tandem periods, one on liberal, followed by another on restricted diet assessed esophageal AET. Primary end point was >30% reduction in AET while on anti-GER diet. Of the 88 patients, 16 were excluded because of probe migration. Endoscopy and biopsies assessed erosive esophagitis (EE) and Barrett's esophagus (BE), or normal esophagus. Abnormal AET (% pH < 4.0 ≥ 6) further defined nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), whereas normal AET (% pH < 4.0 < 6) with normal endoscopy defined patients as functional heartburn (FH). There were 6 patients with EE (n = 5) and BE (n = 1), 23 with NERD and 43 with FH. Anti-GER diet led to >30% reduction in AET in EE and NERD patients, but not in those with FH. Most patients (n = 43/72; 60%) had FH and could have avoided acid suppression. Furthermore, (14/23; 61%) of patients with NERD completely normalized AET with diet, potentially negating acid suppression. Ninety-six-hour esophageal pH distinguishes GERD patients from those with FH. Fifty percent of EE/BE patients and 61% of those with NERD completely normalize AET with diet. If pathologic AET occurs despite diet, acid suppression is indicated.

Impact of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on incident and prevalent esophageal cancer in patients with Barrett's esophagus.

The impact of race/ethnicity (RE) or socioeconomic status (SES) on progression from Barrett's esophagus (BE) to esophageal cancer (EC) is not well established. We aimed to evaluate the association between demographic factors and SES on EC diagnosis in an ethnically diverse BE cohort. Patients aged 18-63 with incident BE diagnosed in October 2015-March 2020 were identified in the Optum Clinformatics DataMart Database. Patients were followed until the diagnosis of prevalent EC <1 year or incident EC ≥1 year from BE diagnosis, or until the end of their continuous enrollment period. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine associations between demographics, SES factors, BE risk factors, and EC. Demographics of the 12,693 patients included mean age of BE diagnosis 53.0 (SD 8.5) years, 56.4% male, 78.3% White/10.0% Hispanic/6.4% Black/3.0% Asian. The median follow-up was 26.8 (IQR 19.0-42.0) months. In total, 75 patients (0.59%) were diagnosed with EC (46 [0.36%] prevalent EC; 29 [0.23%] incident EC), and 74 patients (0.58%) developed high-grade dysplasia (HGD) (46 [0.36%] prevalent HGD; 28 [0.22%] incident HGD). Adjusted HR (95% CI) for prevalent EC comparing household net worth ≥$150,000 vs. <$150,000 was 0.57 (0.33-0.98). Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for prevalent and incident EC comparing non-White vs. White patients were 0.93 (0.47-1.85) and 0.97 (0.21-3.47), respectively. In summary, a lower SES, captured by the household net worth, was associated with prevalent EC. There was no significant difference in prevalent or incident EC among White vs. non-White patients. EC progression in BE may be similar among racial/ethnic groups, but SES disparities may impact BE outcomes.

Question Prompt List as a Communication Tool for Adults With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Incorporation of Patients' Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Question prompt lists (QPLs) are structured sets of disease-specific questions intended for patient use, enhancing the patient-physician communication by encouraging patients to ask relevant questions during a consultation. Recently, a preliminary 78 question gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) specific QPL was created by 12 esophageal experts through a modified Delphi (RAND/University of California, Los Angeles) technique. Patients' perspectives and opinions on each question, however, had not been accounted for in the preliminary expert' version. AIM: The aim was to modify a preliminary experts' QPL, specific to adults with GERD, following patient perspectives and opinions. METHODS: A preliminary GERD QPL was modified through patient input and opinions. Thirty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of GERD followed at Stanford University Esophageal Clinic between January and November 2019 were consented to modify the preliminary 78 question expert QPL version. After receiving the QPL in Qualtrics (Provo, UT) by a direct e-mail invitation, patients independently rated questions on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1="should not be included," 2="unimportant," 3="don't know/depends," 4="important," and 5="essential." Questions were accepted for inclusion in the QPL with an a priori interagreement of 80% ranking in the range of 4 to 5. At the end, patients were encouraged to propose additional questions to incorporate into the QPL by open-endedly asking "Are there questions we didn't ask, that you think we should?" RESULTS: Twenty-three patients with GERD (19 female, median age 64) fully participated and modified the existing QPL (60.5%). Of the 78 questions from the preliminary GERD QPL, 66 questions (84.6%) were accepted for inclusion. The question with the highest agreement among patients rating a question as essential consisted of "what habits, food, and drinks do I have to avoid?" (82.6%). Questions eliminated because of disagreement included "What is the natural history of GERD," "Do I have a high chance to die from my Barrett's?," and "Why are you prescribing an antidepressant to treat my GERD?" Nine patients suggested additional questions totaling to 16 separate questions, including "What type of surgeries are there to help GERD?," "What stage is my GERD?," "What are the odds/percentage of getting cancer from GERD?" Incorporating the suggested questions, the final GERD QPL-created by esophageal experts and modified by patients-consisted of 82 questions. CONCLUSION: Esophageal experts and GERD patients have a high level of agreement on important questions, though there is some variation in perspective. Future studies can simplify this list and measure the impact of a shared GERD QPL on patients' decisional conflict and perceived involvement in care.

Intra-subject Variability in High Resolution Anorectal Manometry Using the London Classification: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications.

This retrospective pilot study conducted on a community-based cohort of both men and women of various ages and underlying clinical presentations examined the durability and reproducibility of HR-ARM findings influencing their potential impact on clinical decision-making at the point of care (Jameson et al. in Br J Surg 81:1689-1692, 1994). The key finding of our study was that only a minority of patients who underwent repeat anorectal manometry as analyzed by the London Classification had stable manometric findings, raising questions regarding the validity of a single manometric measurement, as currently analyzed, for clinical decision-making.

Pilot Validation of a New Wireless Patch System as an Ambulatory, Noninvasive Tool That Measures Gut Myoelectrical Signals: Physiologic and Disease Correlations.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Limited means exist to assess gastrointestinal activity in a noninvasive, objective way that is highly predictive of underlying motility disorders. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of recording myoelectric gastrointestinal activity by cutaneous patches and to correlate myoelectric signals with gastrointestinal function in various clinical settings. METHODS: A novel wireless patch system (WPS) (G-Tech Medical) that acquires gastrointestinal myoelectrical signals was placed on the patients' anterior abdomens. Data were transmitted wirelessly to a mobile device with a user interface and forwarded to a cloud server where processing algorithms identified episodes of motor activity, quantified their parameters, and nominally assigned them to specific gastrointestinal organs based on their frequencies. RESULTS: The inherent reproducibility of the WPS measurement technique itself and from the underlying gut activity, coupled with source validation and sensitivity to changes in gut activity in several physiologic and pathologic states, demonstrates its feasibility, safety, and performance in clinical settings. CONCLUSIONS: The novel WPS technology, measuring myoelectric intestinal activity noninvasively and continuously over multiple days, is feasible in a wide range of clinical settings, highlighting its promise in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Further research is required for more extensive validation and to determine how best to employ this information to optimize patient care.

Regional Gastrointestinal Transit and Contractility Patterns Vary in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS).

BACKGROUND: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic disorder that affects multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal system. These patients often have multiple GI complaints with a severe impact on their quality of life. GI dysmotility patterns in POTS remains poorly understood and difficult to manage. AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic yield of wireless motility capsule in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms and POTS, with use of a symptomatic control group without POTS as a reference. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients who had both autonomic testing and wireless motility capsule between 2016 and 2020. The two groups were divided into those with POTS and those without POTS (controls) as diagnosed through autonomic testing. We compared the regional transit times and motility patterns between the two groups using the data collected from wireless motility capsule. RESULTS: A total of 25% of POTS patients had delayed small bowel transit compared to 0% of non-POTS patients (p = 0.047). POTS patients exhibited hypo-contractility patterns within the small bowel, including decreased contractions/min (2.95 vs. 4.22, p = 0.011) and decreased motility index (101.36 vs. 182.11, p = 0.021). In multivariable linear regression analysis, migraine predicted faster small bowel transit (p = 0.007) and presence of POTS predicted slower small bowel transit (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: Motility abnormalities among POTS patients seem to affect mostly the small bowel and exhibit a general hypo-contractility pattern. Wireless motility capsule can be a helpful tool in patients with POTS and GI symptoms as it can potentially help guide treatment.

Long-term outcomes of per-oral endoscopic myotomy compared to laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia: a single-center experience.

INTRODUCTION: Many centers have reported excellent short-term efficacy of per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for the treatment of achalasia. However, long-term data are limited and there are few studies comparing the efficacy of POEM versus Heller Myotomy (HM). AIMS: To compare the long-term clinical efficacy of POEM versus HM. METHODS: Using a retrospective, parallel cohort design, all cases of POEM or HM for achalasia between 2010 and 2015 were assessed. Clinical failure was defined as (a) Eckardt Score > 3 for at least 4 weeks, (b) achalasia-related hospitalization, or (c) repeat intervention. All index manometries were classified via Chicago Classification v3. Pre-procedural clinical, manometric, radiographic data, and procedural data were reviewed. RESULTS: 98 patients were identified (55 POEM, 43 Heller) with mean follow-up of 3.94 years, and 5.44 years, respectively. 83.7% of HM patients underwent associated anti-reflux wrap (Toupet or Dor). Baseline clinical, demographic, radiographic, and manometric data were similar between the groups. There was no statistical difference in overall long-term success (POEM 72.7%, HM 65.1% p = 0.417, although higher rates of success were seen in Type III Achalasia in POEM vs Heller (53.3% vs 44.4%, p < 0.05). Type III Achalasia was the only variable associated with failure on a univariate COX analysis and no covariants were identified on a multivariate Cox regression. There was no statistical difference in GERD symptoms, esophagitis, or major procedural complications. CONCLUSION: POEM and HM have similar long-term (4-year) efficacy with similar adverse event and reflux rates. POEM was associated with greater efficacy in Type III Achalasia.

Surgical and endoscopic management options for patients with GERD based on proton pump inhibitor symptom response: recommendations from an expert U.S. panel.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The objective of this study was to examine expert opinion and agreement on the treatment of distinct GERD profiles from surgical and therapeutic endoscopy perspectives. METHODS: We used the RAND/University of California, Los Angeles Appropriateness Method over 6 months (July 2018 to January 2019) to assess the appropriateness of antireflux interventions among foregut surgeons and therapeutic gastroenterologists. Patients with primary atypical or extraesophageal symptoms were not considered. Patient scenarios were grouped according to their symptom response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. The primary outcome was appropriateness of an intervention. RESULTS: Antireflux surgery with laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) and magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) were ranked as appropriate for all complete and partial PPI responder scenarios. Transoral incisionless fundoplication was ranked as appropriate in complete and partial PPI responders without a hiatal hernia. Radiofrequency energy was not ranked as appropriate for complete or partial responders. There was lack of agreement between surgery and interventional gastroenterology groups on the appropriateness of LF and MSA for PPI nonresponders. Rankings for PPI nonresponders were similar when results from impedance-pH testing on PPI therapy were available, except that LF and MSA were not ranked as appropriate for PPI nonresponders if the impedance-pH study was negative. CONCLUSIONS: This work highlights areas of agreement for invasive therapeutic approaches for GERD and provides impetus for further interdisciplinary collaboration and trials to compare and generate novel and effective treatment approaches and care pathways, including the role of impedance-pH testing in PPI nonresponders.

Development of a Preliminary Question Prompt List as a Communication Tool for Adults With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Modified Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: Question prompt lists (QPLs) are structured sets of disease-specific questions intended for patient use, encouraging patients to ask questions to facilitate their consultation with their physician. AIM: The aim of this study was to develop a QPL specific to adults with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), created by esophageal experts. METHODS: The QPL content (78 questions) was derived through a modified Delphi method consisting of 2 rounds. In round 1, 18 esophageal experts provided 5 answers to the prompt "What you wish your patients would ask" and "What questions do patients often not ask, that I wish they would ask?" In round 2, the experts rated each question on a 5-point Likert scale, and responses rated as "essential" or "important," determined by an a priori threshold of ≥4.0, were accepted for the QPL. RESULTS: Twelve esophageal experts participated. Of 143 questions from round 1, 110 (76.9%) were accepted for inclusion in the QPL, meeting a median value of ≥4.0, and, subsequently, it reduced to 78, minimizing redundancy. Median values ranged between 4.0 and 5.0, with the highest agreement median (5.0) for questions asking dosing and timing of proton pump inhibitor therapy, and surveillance in Barrett's. Questions were categorized into the following categories: "What does this illness mean," "lifestyle modifications," "general treatment," "treatment with proton pump inhibitors," "What I should expect for my future," and "Barrett's." The largest number of questions covered lifestyle modifications (21.8%), with the highest agreement median (5.0) for "How helpful are lifestyle modifications in GERD?" CONCLUSIONS: A preliminary GERD-specific QPL, the first of its kind, was developed by esophageal experts. Modification after more patient consultation and feedback is planned in subsequent versions to create a GERD-QPL for eventual use in clinical gastroenterology.

Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction: Current Approach to Diagnosis and Management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We summarize the current epidemiology, presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO). We also propose a treatment algorithm based upon the literature and our personal clinical experience. RECENT FINDINGS: EGJOO can be caused by functional obstruction (akin to achalasia), mechanical obstruction, medications, or artifact. High-resolution esophageal manometry is currently the gold standard of diagnosis. Recent research on FLIP (functional lumen imaging probe) and timed barium support use as adjunctive testing. The diagnostic yield of cross-sectional imaging is low. Current diagnostic testing and treatment should be targeted to the suspected underlying etiology and clinical presentation of EGJOO. If functional obstruction is present with significant and persistent dysphagia, and either an abnormal FLIP or timed barium swallow, we consider therapy aimed at LES disruption (similar to achalasia). Pharmacologic therapy has a limited role. More research is needed on diagnostic and treatment modalities.

Reduction in Hospitalizations for Esophageal Reflux in a Decade with Minimal Increases in Other Functional and Motor Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Functional and motility disorders (FMDs) are common conditions that cause significant morbidity and economic loss. A comprehensive analysis of these disorders and their impact has not been done in an inpatient setting. AIMS: We seek to evaluate adult hospitalization trends for FMDs in the USA. METHODS: The National Inpatient Sample between 2005 and 2014 was analyzed. Poisson regression was used to assess hospitalization trends for FMDs referenced to non-FMD hospitalizations. Linear regression was used to assess cost per hospitalization and length of stay (LOS). All models were adjusted for age, sex, primary insurance, and Charlson comorbidity index. RESULTS: Hospitalizations with FMDs as the primary diagnosis fell by an adjusted 2.46%/year over the study period (p < 0.001). The entirety of this reduction was explained by falling admissions for gastroesophageal reflux (adjusted reduction of 7.04%/year, p < 0.001). The hospitalization rate for all other FMDs (excluding gastroesophageal reflux) minimally increased by 0.75%/year (p = 0.001). Total cost of care for FMD hospitalizations remained relatively stable ($3.17 billion in 2014), while increasing for all other hospitalizations. Mean LOS for FMD hospitalization increased by an adjusted 0.025 days/year, but decreased by 0.038 days/year for all other hospitalizations (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The hospitalization rate for gastroesophageal reflux fell between 2005 and 2014, but remained relatively stable to increase for all other FMDs. These trends may be due to increased proton pump inhibitor use, better patient/provider education, emphasis on outpatient management, and/or coding bias.