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1.
Clin Infect Dis ; 72(11): 2000-2005, 2021 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32322882

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is a common cause of severe pediatric acute gastroenteritis. Two vaccines are licensed in the United States and have demonstrated high effectiveness against moderate to severe disease. However, fewer data are available on rotavirus vaccine effectiveness (VE) against milder disease. METHODS: We leveraged active surveillance data from Kaiser Permanente Northwest to calculate rotavirus VE against medically attended rotavirus illness among age-eligible children. We utilized a test-negative case-control design and applied 4 distinct case definitions based on reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test results. VE was calculated as 100 × (1 - odds ratio), and models were adjusted for age group. RESULTS: The VE analysis population comprised 842 children, 799 (95%) of whom had mild disease requiring at most a clinic visit and 698 (83%) of whom were fully vaccinated against rotavirus. Age-adjusted VE was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37-86%) against disease defined solely by qRT-PCR results, 72% (95% CI, 31-89%) against disease as defined by qRT-PCR with a quantification cycle (C q ) value <27, 73% (95% CI, 32-90%) against disease that was qRT-PCR positive but EIA negative, and 62% (95% CI, -20-88%) against disease defined solely by EIA. Results were similar when restricting to disease resulting in at most an ambulatory clinic or emergency department visit. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in protecting US children from mild to moderate and severe disease. Our findings are also useful to show the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination against qRT-PCR-defined illness.


Assuntos
Gastroenterite , Infecções por Rotavirus , Vacinas contra Rotavirus , Rotavirus , Assistência Ambulatorial , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Vacinação , Vacinas Atenuadas
2.
J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc ; 11(12): 586-589, 2022 Dec 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36070595

RESUMO

We assessed rotavirus vaccine impact using data on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) encounters within an integrated healthcare delivery system during 2000-2018. Following rotavirus vaccine introduction, all-cause AGE rates among children <5 years declined by 36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32%-40%) for outpatient and 54% (95% CI: 46%-60%) for inpatient encounters.


Assuntos
Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Gastroenterite , Infecções por Rotavirus , Vacinas contra Rotavirus , Rotavirus , Criança , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Infecções por Rotavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Rotavirus/prevenção & controle , Hospitalização , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/prevenção & controle
3.
J Clin Virol ; 104: 65-72, 2018 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29753103

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Sapoviruses are responsible for sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Sapovirus typing protocols have a success rate as low as 43% and relatively few complete sapovirus genome sequences are available to improve current typing protocols. OBJECTIVE/STUDY DESIGN: To increase the number of complete sapovirus genomes to better understand the molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus and to improve the success rate of current sapovirus typing methods, we used deep metagenomics shotgun sequencing to obtain the complete genomes of 68 sapovirus samples from four different countries across the Americas (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the US). RESULTS: VP1 genotyping showed that all sapovirus sequences could be grouped in the four established genogroups (GI (n = 13), GII (n = 30), GIV (n = 23), GV (n = 2)) that infect humans. They include the near-complete genome of a GI.6 virus and a recently reported novel GII.8 virus. Sequences of the complete RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene could be grouped into three major genetic clusters or polymerase (P) types (GI.P, GII.P and GV.P) with all GIV viruses harboring a GII polymerase. One (GII.P-GII.4) of the new 68 sequences was a recombinant virus with the hotspot between the NS7 and VP1 regions. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses of this expanded database of near-complete sapovirus sequences showed several mismatches in the genotyping primers, suggesting opportunities to revisit and update current sapovirus typing methods.


Assuntos
Infecções por Caliciviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Caliciviridae/virologia , Variação Genética , Sapovirus/classificação , Sapovirus/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , América/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Gastroenterite/epidemiologia , Gastroenterite/virologia , Genoma Viral , Genótipo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Metagenômica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Epidemiologia Molecular , Sapovirus/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Adulto Jovem
4.
J Neurosci Res ; 74(2): 296-308, 2003 Oct 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14515359

RESUMO

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) prevent T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases in rodents. To develop a functional Treg assay for human blood cells, we used FACS- or bead-sorted CD4+CD25+ T cells from healthy donors to inhibit anti-CD3/CD28 activation of CD4+CD25- indicator T cells. The data clearly demonstrated classical Treg suppression of CD4+CD25- indicator cells by both CD4+CD25(+high) and CD4+CD25(+low) T cells obtained by FACS or magnetic bead sorting. Suppressive activity was found in either CD45RO- (naive) or CD45RO+ (memory) subpopulations, was independent of the TCR signal strength, required cell-cell contact, and was reversible by interleukin-2 (IL-2). Of general interest is that a wider sampling of 27 healthy donors revealed an age- but not gender-dependent loss of suppressive activity in the CD4+CD25+ population. The presence or absence of suppressive activity in CD4+CD25+ T cells from a given donor could be demonstrated consistently over time, and lack of suppression was not due to method of sorting, strength of signal, or sensitivity of indicator cells. Phenotypic markers did not differ on CD4+CD25+ T cells tested ex vivo from suppressive vs. nonsuppressive donors, although, upon activation in vitro, suppressive CD4+CD25+ T cells had significantly higher expression of both CTLA-4 and GITR than CD4+CD25- T cells from the same donors. Moreover, antibody neutralization of CTLA-4, GITR, IL-10, or IL-17 completely reversed Treg-induced suppression. Our results are highly consistent with those reported for murine Treg cells and are the first to demonstrate that suppressive activity of human CD4+CD25+ T cells declines with age.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/imunologia , Bioensaio/métodos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-2/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos , Antígenos CD , Antígenos de Diferenciação/imunologia , Biomarcadores , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo/métodos , Proteína Relacionada a TNFR Induzida por Glucocorticoide , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Separação Imunomagnética , Interleucina-2/farmacologia , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/genética , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Fator de Crescimento Neural/imunologia , Receptores do Fator de Necrose Tumoral/imunologia , Fatores Sexuais , Linfócitos T/efeitos dos fármacos
5.
J Neurosci Res ; 76(1): 129-40, 2004 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15048937

RESUMO

Although the phenotypic and regulatory properties of the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell lineage (Treg cells) have been well described, the specificities remain largely unknown. We demonstrate here that the CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg population includes the recognition of a broad spectrum of human TCR CDR2 determinants found in the germline V gene repertoire as well as that of a clonotypic nongermline-encoded CDR3beta sequence present in a recombinant soluble T cell receptor (TCR) protein. Regulatory activity was demonstrated in T cell lines responsive to TCR but not in T cell lines responsive to control antigens. Inhibitory activity of TCR-reactive T cells required cell-cell contact and involved CTLA-4, GITR, IL-10, and IL-17. Thus, the T-T regulatory network includes Treg cells with specificity directed toward self-TCR determinants.


Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/fisiologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/fisiologia , Receptores de Interleucina-2/fisiologia , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/farmacologia , Linhagem da Célula/fisiologia , Clonagem Molecular , Técnicas de Cocultura , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Epitopos/fisiologia , Citometria de Fluxo , Genes MHC da Classe II/genética , Humanos , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-2/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Coloração pela Prata
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