Critical Dynamics in Black and Latino Parents' Perceptions of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccination: How the "Middle" Moves.

National and state data show low adoption of childhood COVID-19 vaccinations, despite emergency use authorizations and availability. We conducted 24 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with Black and Latino parents in New York City (15 in English, 9 in Spanish), who were undecided or somewhat likely to vaccinate their 5 to 11-year-old children in early 2022. The interviews explored the evolution of parental perceptions on childhood COVID-19 vaccines, and were analyzed using a matrix-driven rapid approach to thematic analysis. We present our findings as themes oriented around trust at three levels of the social ecological model. In summary, we found that structural positionality and historical traumas of participants seeded mistrust in institutions and government. This led to parental reliance on personal observations, conversations, and norms within social groups for vaccine decision-making. Our findings also describe key features of trust-building, supportive conversations that shaped the thinking of undecided parents. This study demonstrates how relational trust becomes a key factor in parental vaccine decision-making, and suggests the potential power of community ambassador models of vaccination promotion for increasing success and rebuilding trust with members of the "movable middle."

How client death impacts home care aides' workforce outcomes: an exploratory analysis of return to work and job retention.

Home health aides face a range of stressors that may result in departing the workforce. One stressor that has emerged in multiple qualitative studies as potentially influencing retention is client death. Using 2019 data from a single agency in New York City employing approximately 1700 aides, we used logistic and linear regression to explore case and aide factors associated with workforce outcomes after client death. We found that longer case length (Beta = 0.01, p < .001) was associated with longer return to work for aides experiencing client death and longer job tenure (Beta = -0.002, p = .002) was associated with shorter return to work (n = 67). We found no difference in retention between aides who experienced client death and those who did not (n 216). This analysis suggests the importance of research on the period of time following client death and of offering support to aides after clients die, particularly after longer cases.

"We want to hear your problems and fix them": A case study of pandemic support calls for home health aides.

Home health aides and home care agencies, who operate in a high work stress environment under normal conditions, were placed under extraordinary demands during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we examine the unfolding effort at one agency in New York City to offer phone-based support calls to aides. We used a qualitative, single case study design involving semi-structured interviews with call staff and agency leaders (n = 9) and analysis of one year of thematic notes from the calls. We found that the calls resulted in multidirectional communication between agency staff and aides, an increased sense of empathy among staff, and a greater integration of aides into the agency's overall infrastructure. We explore how these calls might contribute to aide retention, worker voice, and mental health. We note the facilitators and barriers to implementing this type of job-based support to help other agencies that may be considering similar models.

Awareness, Acceptance, Avoidance: Home Care Aides' Approaches to Death and End-of-Life Care.

Death and dying are woven throughout the work of home care aides, and yet the care they provide at the end of life (EOL) remains poorly understood. This is due in part to the multiple circumstances under which aides provide EOL care. In this paper, we elucidate the EOL care experiences of aides working in home care agencies in New York City. We conducted in-depth interviews with 29 home care aides, and we analyzed these data using inductive, team-based methods. Our findings show that aides may not be aware of or accept a client's EOL status, and they may avoid EOL care. These conditions shape EOL care, and we detail the committed forms of care aides provide when they are aware and accepting. We recommend improved training, support systems, and policy change to enhance aides' contributions to EOL care, while protecting aides' health and well-being.

Exploring the Link Between the Hazards and Value of Work, and Overcoming Risk for Community-Based Health Interventions for Immigrant Latinx Low-Wage Workers.

Few studies integrate work and immigration as intersecting social determinants of health. We synthesize data from 12 focus groups (N = 97) originating from two separate community-engaged studies that originally centered on exploring barriers to health and hazards of work among immigrant Latinx women and men to explore the role of work in their overall health and well-being. The three major interrelated themes we drew from this research-hazards of work, value of work, and building agency to overcome risk-provide insights that can help to reframe and begin to operationalize how community-based health promotion practice might better incorporate workplace issues for Latinx low-wage workers. The value of work, and its subtheme, pride in performing well specifically, could be engaged by workers to actively change conditions for themselves and others. We discuss findings in light of previous occupational health research and implications for community-based intervention design and practice.

Professional, friend or family?: How home care companies sell emotional care.

While there is a growing literature on home care workers, less is known about how home care companies market their services. Through a content analysis of the 19 largest U.S. home care and home health providers' websites, we examined how companies describe services, desired outcomes of care, and job responsibilities and qualifications. Companies actively market family-like relationships as central to "good care". However, companies' emphasis on unmeasurable skills such as compassion and warmth may also create exploitative work environments. Supporting "good care" requires improved data collection, industry oversight, and policy change to recognize socio-emotional care and protect a marginalized workforce.

Home Care Workers' Experiences of Client Death and Disenfranchised Grief.

While many types of health care workers experience patient death, home care workers do so under vastly different social and economic circumstances. When a client dies, home care workers often lose both a close relationship and a job. Though research suggests that health care workers' grief may frequently be disenfranchised, there is no in-depth study of the mechanisms that disenfranchise home care workers' grief specifically. To address this gap, our study used focus groups and peer interviews between home care workers in New York City. We describe four interrelated grief strategies they employ to navigate social and employer-based "grieving rules." Our findings suggest that home care workers' grief is disenfranchised via employer and societal underestimations of their relationships with clients and their losses when clients die, particularly job loss. Building on our findings, we suggest alterations to agency practices and home care systems to improve support for workers.

Awareness of Paid Sick Leave among New York City Restaurant Workers.

Restaurant workers are less likely to have paid sick leave (PSL) benefits than other professions, despite the fact that they handle food and interact with the public. In this study, we collected and analyzed quantitative and qualitative data on PSL awareness among New York City's restaurant workers and the factors that produced these levels of awareness. We found that 62% of surveyed workers were aware of NYC's law, and that successful outreach requires building broad awareness and ensuring trustworthy sources of information with multiple points of contact. Our research also highlights the importance of immigrant populations in PSL outreach.

How cooks navigate nutrition, hunger and care in public-sector foodservice settings.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the perspectives and practices of cooks responsible for carrying out healthy meal programmes in publicly funded foodservice, in order to better understand what they consider to be 'good' food and where nutrition and nutritional standards fit into this conceptualization. DESIGN: A qualitative, exploratory study involving in-depth interviews that were conducted with cooks and their supervisors about their work practices and perspectives on providing healthy food for clients. SETTING: Participants were recruited from child-care, after-school, senior-centre and shelter settings that had participated in healthy menu training in New York City, USA. SUBJECTS: Eighteen cooks and nine supervisors working in the aforementioned settings. RESULTS: The views and practices of both cooks and supervisors about what constitutes 'good' food extend beyond a purely nutritional view of goodness to include the importance of addressing hunger and clients' food preferences, among other factors. Cooks address these by interacting with clients and altering recipes and menus in a range of ways to maximize the likelihood of food consumption and enjoyment. These approaches are often, but not always, compatible with setting-specific nutritional guidelines that may be set at the national, state, local or organizational level. CONCLUSIONS: Cooks play a key role in translating nutritional guidelines into what is served. In doing so, they engage in skilled labour and forms of care that increase the ability of public-sector foodservice to address food security and other goals, but these aspects of their work are not widely recognized.

Intimate Partner Violence Risk among Undergraduate Women from an Urban Commuter College: the Role of Navigating Off- and On-Campus Social Environments.

The current attention that is being paid to college sexual assault in policy circles and popular media overlooks a critical issue: the possible role played by the urban social environment in intimate partner violence (IPV) risk for the large number of urban commuter college students throughout the USA and beyond. This article helps to illuminate this dynamic using qualitative research collected at an urban commuter campus in New York City. Specifically, we conducted focus groups and in-depth interviews with 18 female undergraduate students, exploring the nature and consequences of IPV in students' lives, perceived prevalence of IPV, and resources for addressing IPV. Our results indicate that college attendance may both elevate and protect against IPV risk for students moving between urban off- and on-campus social environments. Based on this, we present a preliminary model of IPV risk for undergraduate women attending urban commuter colleges. In particular, we find that enrolling in college can sometimes elevate risk of IPV when a partner seeks to limit and control their student partner's experience of college and/or is threatened by what may be achieved by the partner through attending college. These findings suggest a role for urban commuter colleges in helping to mitigate IPV risk through policy formulation and comprehensive ongoing screening and prevention activities.

"A Major Issue": The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on How Home Care Leaders Perceive and Promote Aides' Mental Health and Well-Being.

Home care aides play a critical role in the care of older adults, but they do this under difficult working conditions. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated aides' stress and worsened their mental health, raising the question of how agencies can better support aides. We explore how home care industry leaders in New York perceived and addressed home care aides' mental health and well-being prior to and during the pandemic through in-depth interviews conducted in 2019 (n = 8 agencies) and 2022 (n = 14 agencies). We found that these topics became more central in leaders' thinking, reflected in a range of new internally and externally funded agency actions, albeit limited by ongoing financial constraints. Maintaining a skilled and reliable aide workforce is critical to societal health but will remain challenging without continued investment in aide support of the kind described in the Surgeon General's Framework for Workplace Mental Health and Well-Being.

Missed opportunities for improving nutrition through institutional food: the case for food worker training.

The institutional food sector-including food served in schools, child care settings, hospitals, and senior centers-is a largely untapped resource for public health that may help to arrest increasing rates of obesity and diet-related health problems. To make this case, we estimated the reach of a diverse institutional food sector in 1 large municipality, New York City, in 2012, and explored the potential for improving institutional food by building the skills and nutritional knowledge of foodservice workers through training. Drawing on the research literature and preliminary data collected in New York City, we discuss the dynamics of nutritional decision-making in these settings. Finally, we identify opportunities and challenges associated with training the institutional food workforce to enhance nutrition and health.

Say 'trouble's gone': chronic illness and employability in job training programmes.

The concept of biographical disruption has unique relevance for socioeconomically disadvantaged groups who participate in entry-level job training programmes. In these programmes trainees often suffer from various forms of chronic illness and must arrange these illnesses into a picture of employability. In this article I use ethnographic data and narrative analysis to examine closely two trainees' illness-related experiences, expressions and talk, and find that their ability to present their illnesses in ways that are consistent with programmatic goals is strongly influenced by family support, responsibilities and roles, as well as particular aspects of illness, like the interpretability of symptoms. I also find that the concept of biographical disruption has a curious traction in the world of job training, particularly among job training programme staff who would like to see trainees mobilise a variety of resources to help manage their illness. However, for trainees, many of whom have lived with chronic illness for years, the concept of biographical disruption may be more limited as a tool for understanding the experiences of illness. A more meaningful disruptive force in the lives of trainees appears to be the programme itself and the strategies for dealing with illness that programme staff may extend.

Psychosocial and Health-Related Behavioral Outcomes of a Work Readiness HIV Peer Worker Training Program.

Targeted work readiness training is an important approach to help people living with HIV (PLHIV) to overcome their unique barriers to work, while addressing social determinants of health needs. This study assesses the psychosocial impacts of a work readiness training and internship program among HIV peer workers in New York City. From 2014 through 2018, 137 PLHIV completed the training program, and 55 individuals completed both the training and the six-month peer internship. Depression, HIV internalized stigma, self-esteem, HIV medication adherence, patient self-advocacy, and safer sex communication apprehension were used as outcome measures. Paired t-tests were performed to determine if significant score changes occurred at the individual level before and after each training. Our results show that participating in the peer worker training program significantly decreased depression and internalized HIV stigma, and significantly increased self-esteem, medication adherence, and patient self-advocacy. The study underscores that peer worker training programs are important tools to improve not only the work readiness of PLHIV, but also psychosocial and health outcomes. Implications for HIV service providers and stakeholders are discussed.

To care for them, we need to take care of ourselves: A qualitative study on the health of home health aides.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the perspectives of home health aides (HHAs) toward their own health and health behaviors, and how their job impacts both. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SETTING: Interviews were conducted with 28 HHAs from 16 unique home care agencies from August 2021 to January 2022. The study was conducted in partnership with the 1199SEIU Training and Employment Fund, a labor-management fund of the largest health care union in the US. STUDY DESIGN: A qualitative study with English and Spanish-speaking HHAs. Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured topic guide, informed by Pender's Health Promotion Model and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's Total Worker Health Model. To be eligible, HHAs had to be currently employed by a home care agency in New York, NY. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed thematically. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The 28 HHAs had a mean age of 47.6 years (SD 11.1), 39% were non-Hispanic Black, 43% were Hispanic, and they had a mean of 14.1 years (SD 7.8) of job experience. Five themes emerged; HHAs were: (1) Healthy enough to work, but were managing their own chronic conditions while working; (2) Motivated to be healthy, in part driven by their desire to care for others; (3) Worked closely with sick patients, which influenced their perceptions of health; (4) Experienced occupational and patient-level barriers to practicing healthy behaviors; (5) Sought support and resources to improve their health and wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS: HHAs have numerous health challenges, many of which are influenced by their job. Culturally and occupationally tailored interventions may mitigate the barriers that HHAs experience to achieve optimal health.

Interventions to Reduce the Impact of Client Death on Home Care Aides: Employers' Perspectives.

For home care agencies and aides, the death of clients has important, yet often unrecognized, workforce implications. While research demonstrates that client death can cause grief and job insecurity for aides, we currently lack home care agencies' perspectives on this issue and approaches to addressing it. This study uses key informant interviews with leaders from a diverse sample of eight New York City home care agencies to explore facilitators and barriers to agency action. We found that agencies engaged primarily in a range of informal, reactive practices related to client death, and relatively few targeted and proactive efforts to support aides around client death. While leaders generally acknowledged a need for greater aide support, they pointed to a lack of sustainable home care financing and policy resources to fund this. We recommend increased funding to support wages, paid time off, and supportive services, and discuss implications for future research.

Essential but Excluded: Building Disaster Preparedness Capacity for Home Health Care Workers and Home Care Agencies.

COVID-19 has demonstrated the essential role of home care services in supporting community-dwelling older and disabled individuals through a public health emergency. As the pandemic overwhelmed hospitals and nursing homes, home care helped individuals remain in the community and recover from COVID-19 at home. Yet unlike many institutional providers, home care agencies were often disconnected from broader public health disaster planning efforts and struggled to access basic resources, jeopardizing the workers who provide this care and the medically complex and often marginalized patients they support. The exclusion of home care from the broader COVID-19 emergency response underscores how the home care industry operates apart from the traditional health care infrastructure, even as its workers provide essential long-term care services. This special article (1) describes the experiences of home health care workers and their agencies during COVID-19 by summarizing existing empiric research; (2) reflects on how these experiences were shaped and exacerbated by longstanding challenges in the home care industry; and (3) identifies implications for future disaster preparedness policies and practice to better serve this workforce, the home care industry, and those for whom they care.

Recognizing careworkers' contributions to improving the social determinants of health: A call for supporting healthy carework.

Workers engaged in reproductive labor-the caring work that maintains society and supports its growth-contribute to societal health while also enduring the harms of precarious labor and substantial work stress. How can we conceptualize the effects of reproductive labor on workers and society simultaneously? In this commentary, we analyze four types of more relational and less relational careworkers-homeless shelter workers, school food workers, home care aides, and household cleaners-during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then make a case for a new model of societal health that recognizes the contributions of careworkers and healthy carework. Our model includes multi-sectoral social policies supporting both worker health and societal health and acknowledges several dimensions of work stress for careworkers that have received insufficient attention. Ultimately, we argue that the effects of reproductive labor on workers and society must be considered jointly, a recognition that offers an urgent vision for repairing and advancing societal health.