Do Relaxation Exercises Decrease Pain After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair? A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Pain after rotator cuff repair is commonly managed with opioid medications; however, these medications are associated with serious adverse effects. Relaxation exercises represent a potential nonpharmacologic method of pain management that can be easily implemented without substantial adverse effects; however, the effects of relaxation exercises have not been studied in a practical, reproducible protocol after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Does performing relaxation exercises after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) decrease pain compared with standard pain management medication? (2) Does performing relaxation exercises after ARCR decrease opioid consumption? (3) What proportion of patients who used the relaxation techniques believed they decreased their pain level, and what proportion continued using these techniques at 2 weeks? (4) Does performing relaxation exercises after ARCR affect shoulder function? METHODS: During the study period, 563 patients were eligible for inclusion; however, only 146 were enrolled, randomized, and postoperatively followed (relaxation group: 74, control group: 72); 68% (384 of 563) of patients were not contacted due to patient and research staff availability. Thirty-three patients were unenrolled preoperatively or immediately postoperatively due to change in operative procedure (such as, only debridement) or patient request; no postoperative data were collected from these patients. Follow-up proportions were similar between the relaxation and control groups (relaxation: 80%, control: 81%; p = 0.90). The relaxation group received and reviewed educational materials consisting of a 5-minute video and an educational pamphlet explaining relaxation breathing techniques, while the control group did not receive relaxation education materials. Patients recorded their pain levels and opioid consumption during the 5 days after ARCR. Patients also completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder score preoperatively and 2, 6, 13, 18, and 26 weeks postoperatively. Linear mixed models were created to analyze postoperative pain, opioid consumption measured in morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs), and shoulder function outcomes. A per-protocol approach was used to correct for patients who were enrolled but subsequently underwent other procedures. RESULTS: There was no difference in pain scores between the relaxation and control groups during the first 5 days postoperatively. There was no difference in pain scores at 2 weeks postoperatively between the relaxation and control groups (3.3 ± 3 versus 3.5 ± 2, mean difference -0.22 [95% CI -1.06 to 0.62]; p = 0.60). There was no difference in opioid consumption during the first 5 days postoperatively between the relaxation and control groups. The use of relaxation exercises resulted in lower 2-week narcotics consumption in the relaxation group than in the control group (309 ± 241 MMEs versus 442 ± 307 MMEs, mean difference -133 [95% CI -225 to -42]; p < 0.01). Sixty-two percent (41 of 66) of patients in the relaxation group believed the relaxation exercises decreased their pain levels. Fifty-two percent (34 of 66) were still performing the exercises at 2 weeks postoperatively. During the 6-month follow-up period, there was no difference in shoulder function between the relaxation and control groups. CONCLUSION: The preoperative administration of quick, basic relaxation exercises allowed patients to use appreciably lower opioid analgesic doses over the first 2 weeks after ARCR, without any worsening of pain scores. We consider this result promising but preliminary; it is possible that a more intense mindfulness intervention-the one we studied here was disseminated using only a 5-minute video-would deliver reductions in pain and further reductions in opioid usage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, therapeutic study.

Contact Versus Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: Is Mechanism of Injury Predictive of Concomitant Knee Pathology?

PURPOSE: To determine if mechanism of injury is predictive of concomitant knee pathology found at the time of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: All patients aged 16 to 35 who underwent ACL reconstruction at our institution between January 2009 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Mechanism of injury was determined from patient history. The presence of meniscal or chondral damage was determined from operative records, while collateral ligament injuries were determined by the treating surgeon's diagnosis after physical examination and their review of magnetic resonance imaging findings. Patients with inadequate documentation, history of a subsequent instability episode following the initial injury, or prior history of knee pathology were excluded. RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-seven patients (169 contact and 518 noncontact) were included. A 2-fold increase in the incidence of collateral ligament injury was identified between the 2 groups with 114 (67.5%) in the contact group and 175 (33.8%) in the noncontact group (P < .001). Twenty-six patients (15.4%) in the contact group compared with 9 (1.7%) in the noncontact group had a grade III collateral ligament injury (P < .001). Chondral injury was identified in 41 (24.3%) patients in the contact group and 87 (16.8%) in the noncontact group (P = .05) with 9 (5.3%) grade IV lesions in the contact group and 4 (0.8%) in the noncontact group (P < .001). Eleven patients in the contact group (6.5%) and 15 in the noncontact group (2.9%) had a chondral injury to the lateral femoral condyle (P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no difference in the incidence or type of meniscal tears, we found a significant increase in the incidence of grade IV chondral injury, chondral injury to the lateral femoral condyle, and grade III collateral ligament damage in the setting of contact ACL injuries. This knowledge can aid surgeons in preoperative planning and patient counseling. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Outcomes after distal biceps repair in patients with workers' compensation claims.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have suggested that patients with workers' compensation (WC) related injuries have less successful postsurgical outcomes compared to the general population. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional outcome and return to work for WC patients who have undergone distal biceps tendon repair (DBTR). A group of patients without a WC claim (non-WC) served as a control. METHODS: From July 2002 to December 2009, 60 WC patients and 63 non-WC patients who underwent unilateral, acute (<6 weeks) DBTR and had a minimum of 12 months of postoperative follow-up were contacted. Data pertaining to patient age, sex, handedness, smoking status, occupation, time to return to work, and ability to return to original occupation were obtained. Functional outcomes were primarily assessed with the DASH, DASH-Work Module, and DASH Sports/Performance Arts Module questionnaires. Outcomes in the WC group were compared to the non-WC group. RESULTS: Average length of follow-up was 3.55 years (range, 1.5-8.9) in the WC group and 3.64 years (range, 2.2-8.0) in the non-WC group. Mean DASH, DASH-Work Module, and Sports/Performance Arts Module scores were significantly greater (poorer outcome) in the WC group than in the non-WC group. Average time to return to full duty was 3.95 months in the WC group and 1.35 months in the non-WC group. CONCLUSION: WC patients who underwent distal biceps tendon repair took longer to return to work and had worse DASH scores than non-WC patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective Cohort Study, Treatment Study.

Short-/intermediate-term outcomes after medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in the treatment of chronic lateral patellofemoral instability.

PURPOSE: Disruption of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is now considered the essential lesion of recurrent lateral patellar dislocation in patients with normal lower extremity alignment. Reconstruction of the MPFL is a technique gaining significant success in the treatment of patients with this disabling condition. HYPOTHESIS: Reconstruction of the MPFL in patients with chronic patellar instability and normal lower extremity alignment will improve knee function and symptoms, with a high percentage of patients achieving good to excellent results at early follow-up. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence; 4. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients with lateral patellofemoral instability who underwent MPFL reconstruction were reviewed. Reconstruction was performed with either soft tissue allograft (23 patients) or hamstring tendon autograft (12 patients). Outcomes were determined by patient scores from the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, recurrence of patellar instability, and patient function at a minimum of 12 months of postoperative follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were followed for a mean of 21.0 months (range, 12-45 months) after surgery. The Kujala subjective knee score improved significantly from 49.0 preoperatively to 89.5 postoperatively (P < 0.001). No statistical significance was found between postoperative Kujala scores and graft type, or time from initial injury to surgical reconstruction. A firm endpoint to lateral translation of the patella, and no feelings of apprehension were noted in all patients at most recent follow-up. The majority of patients noted that they were more active than before reconstructive surgery, with 86% participating in "strenuous" to "very strenuous" activities at the time of follow-up. No recurrent dislocations were reported. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction of the MPFL provides excellent stability and functional outcomes for patients with recurrent patellar instability.

Outcomes of Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: A Comparative Study of BioUni and Snowman Techniques for Ovoid Lesions.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of large articular cartilage lesions of the knee includes surgical options one of which includes cartilage replacement therapies. Among these therapies include osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation, which can be performed utilizing a BioUni® (Arthrex BioUni® Instrumentation System; Arthrex, Naples, FL) replacement and a 'snowman' technique of repair. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: To compare clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients who have undergone multiplug OCA transplantations utilizing a BioUni® replacement and a 'snowman' technique of repair. METHODS: Patients who underwent OCA transplantation utilizing a snowman technique or BioUni® replacement between January 1st, 2012 and December 31st, 2018, and who had a minimum 1-year follow-up at the same institution were identified for inclusion in this study via current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. Charts of included patients were reviewed for injury and treatment details as well as demographic information. Imaging studies and operative reports were reviewed and pre and postoperative subjective and objective outcome measures were recorded. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients underwent OCA transplantation with either BioUni® replacement (n=5) or with snowman technique repair (n=23). Defects in both groups had similar characteristics including size, area, location, and classifications. Patient-reported outcomes using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Joint Replacement (KOOS-JR), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and Physical Health Composite Score (PCS-12) were similar at baseline and increased post-operatively for both groups with no significant differences between techniques after a mean follow-up of 2.77 ± 0.83. Although it did not reach significance, the snowman group had higher rates of knee-related complications (13%) and need for revision surgery (22%) when compared to BioUni® (0% and 0%, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of both BioUni® and snowman techniques for large, unicondylar articular cartilage lesions of the femoral condyle demonstrate improved patient-reported outcomes at short-term follow-up. The use of the snowman technique presents relatively higher rates of revision similar to previous studies with no statistical difference in patient-reported outcomes when compared to those of a single plug OCA using a BioUni® system.

Blood Flow Restriction Training preserves knee flexion and extension torque following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A systematic review.

Background: There is inconsistency in the literature comparing the outcomes of Blood Flow Restriction Training versus Traditional Post-Operative Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Purpose: This study aimed to determine if Blood Flow Restriction Training can limit the loss of knee extension and knee flexion muscle torque during early recovery from anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction better than Traditional Post-Operative Rehabilitation. Methods: Three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) were searched for level 1 randomized controlled trials pertaining to Blood Flow Restriction Training after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. To maximize consistency among included studies, only studies which used knee flexion and knee extension muscle torque as the primary outcome measures were included. Search terms included "cruciate + occlusion", "cruciate + blood flow restriction", and "cruciate + occlusion training". Results: Two level 1 trials with training protocols of 8 and 16 weeks yielded isokinetic knee flexion torque data in support of Blood Flow Restriction Training. Both trials demonstrated that Blood Flow Restriction Training also yielded significantly increased isokinetic knee extension torque compared to control groups. Conclusion: The highest-quality level 1 trials evaluating knee extension and knee extension strength via isokinetic torque agree that Blood Flow Restriction Training limits post-operative losses of knee flexion and extension strength. No adverse events were reported in either study. Except for patients of whom Blood Flow Restriction is contraindicated, clinicians may consider utilizing Blood Flow Restriction Training from week 2 of the post-operative period through the conclusion of outpatient rehabilitation using low intensities, multiple times per week; however, further studies comparing Blood Flow Restriction Training protocols are necessary before an optimal protocol could be confidently recommended.

The Importance of Staging Arthroscopy for Chondral Defects of the Knee.

This study aims to evaluate the role of staging arthroscopy in the diagnosis of knee chondral defects and subsequent surgical planning prior to autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA), and meniscus allograft transplantation (MAT). All patients who underwent staging arthroscopy prior to ACI, OCA, or MAT at our institution from 2005 to 2015 were identified. Medical records were reviewed to document the diagnosis and treatment plan based on symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and previous operative records. Operative records of the subsequent staging arthroscopy procedure were reviewed to document the proposed treatment plan after arthroscopy. All changes in treatment plan following staging arthroscopy were recorded. Univariate analyses were performed to identify any significant predictors for likelihood to change. A total of 98 patients were included in our analysis. A change in surgical plan was made following arthroscopy in 36 patients (36.7%). Fourteen patients (14.3%) were found to have additional defects that warranted cartilage restoration surgery. In 15 patients (15.3%), at least one defect that was originally thought to warrant cartilage restoration surgery was found to be amenable to debridement alone. The surgical plan was changed from ACI to OCA in four cases (4.1%) and OCA to ACI in one case (1%). A previously proposed MAT was deemed unwarranted in one case (1%), and a planned meniscal repair was changed to MAT in another (1%). Patient age, sex, and the affected knee compartment were not predictors for a change in surgical plan. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in patients who had a change in surgical plan (29.5 kg/m2) compared with those who did not (26.5 kg/m2). A change in surgical plan was more likely to occur for trochlear lesions (46.4%) compared with other articular surface lesions (p = 0.008). The results of our study indicate that staging arthroscopy is an important step in determining the most appropriate treatment plan for chondral defects and meniscal deficiency, particularly those with trochlear cartilage lesions.

Efficacy of transdermal 4% lidocaine patches for postoperative pain management after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a prospective trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pain management continues to be a challenging aspect of patient care. Lidocaine patches have shown efficacy in reducing pain in other surgical specialties and mixed results in orthopedic trials. We sought to determine the effectiveness of nonprescription lidocaine patches in reducing postoperative pain after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. METHODS: Patients undergoing primary arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were recruited from 3 surgeons at a single institution. All patients of each surgeon were randomized to a lidocaine patch or control group, with crossover occurring at the midpoint. Experimental group patients received 26 4% lidocaine gel-patches. They were provided written and visual instructions to begin wearing the lidocaine patches during daytime on postoperative day (POD) 2. They were to be switched every 8 hours and removed overnight. Control group patients received normal standard of care but did not receive a placebo control. Exclusion criteria included workmen's compensation claims, age <18 years, history of myocardial infarction, and history of lidocaine or adhesive allergies. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder survey was completed preoperatively and 2-, 6-weeks, 3-, 4.5-, and 6-months postoperatively. A 14-day visual analog scale pain and medication log was completed three times daily following repair. All patients received interscalene nerve block with bupivacaine and general anesthesia. RESULTS: 80 (40 control, 40 lidocaine) patients were enrolled, with 53 completing follow-up. Groups were demographically similar in age (P = .22), gender (P = .20), and body mass index (P = .77). They were similar in tear pattern (P = .95), concomitant acromioplasty (P = .44), concomitant biceps tenodesis (P = .07), and number of anchors used (P = .25). There was no difference in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores at any time points (range P = .28-P = .97). Reported 14-day pain logs were not different between study groups at any time points (range P = .07-P = .99). There was no difference in opioid consumption in the first 14 days after surgery (P = .38). The lidocaine group reported less satisfaction with their pain management beginning in the evening of POD 2 (P = .05). This continued until the afternoon of POD 8 (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Transdermal 4% lidocaine patches are not effective in reducing pain or opioid consumption after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and were associated with reduced patient satisfaction.

Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes Between Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation and Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for the Treatment of Focal Articular Cartilage Defects.

BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage pathology can result from a spectrum of origins, including trauma, osteochondritis dissecans, avascular necrosis, or degenerative joint disease. PURPOSE: To compare the differences in clinical and patient-reported outcomes after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) versus osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) in patients with focal articular cartilage defects without underlying bone loss. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A retrospective review identified patients who underwent ACI or OCA between 2008 and 2016 for isolated grades 3 and 4 articular cartilage defects without underlying bone loss. Outcome measures included the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (KOOS JR), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) evaluation, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey-Physical Component (SF-12-P) scores. Defect location, size, complications, and rate of subsequent surgery were determined. RESULTS: Overall, 148 patients were included: 82 (55%) underwent ACI and 66 (45%) underwent OCA. The mean age at the time of surgery was 31.2 years within the ACI cohort and 37.7 years within the OCA cohort (P < .001); the mean follow-up for both cohorts was 6.7 years (P = .902). Within the ACI group, 28 (34%) patients had multifocal defects, 21 (26%) had defects confined to the femoral condyles, and 33 (40%) had defects in the patellofemoral region. Within the OCA group, 23 (35%) patients had multifocal defects, 30 (46%) had confined femoral condyle lesions, and 13 (20%) had patellofemoral defects. When comparing by lesion location, there were no significant differences in KOOS JR, and IKDC scores between the ACI and OCA cohorts (P < .05). There was, however, a significant difference for SF-12-P scores for FDD trochlear lesions. In both cohorts, traumatic patellofemoral pathology demonstrated lower patient-reported outcomes and higher failure rates than degenerative lesions. The overall rate of failure, defined as graft failure with revision surgery and/or conversion to arthroplasty, was significantly greater in the OCA group (21% vs 4%; P = .002). CONCLUSION: Study results indicated that ACI provides similar outcomes to OCA with or without concomitant procedures for the treatment of symptomatic articular cartilage defects in all lesion locations and may have a lower revision rate for multifocal and condylar lesions.

The efficacy of docusate sodium and senna glycoside for the treatment of constipation after rotator cuff repair: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Although stool softeners and laxatives are commonly prescribed for postoperative constipation, it is unclear if they are effective during the postoperative period. The data gained from this study will be beneficial for advanced practitioners when examining for postoperative constipation concerns. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of docusate sodium and senna glycoside in the prevention and treatment of constipation following rotator cuff repair (RCR). METHODS: Patients (n = 107) were randomized to receive docusate sodium, senna glycoside, or nothing (control) in addition to a standardized postoperative protocol. Patients maintained a daily bowel-movement log for postoperative days 0-10. Constipation symptoms and quality of life were assessed preoperatively and at 2 and 6 weeks postoperatively using the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms (PAC-SYM) and Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL) questionnaires. RESULTS: Sixty-seven percent of patients experienced constipation. There was no difference in the prevalence of constipation in the docusate, senna, and control groups (71.4%, 66.7%, and 64.3%, respectively; p = .88). Neither PAC-SYM nor PAC-QOL scores significantly differed between the 3 groups at any time point during 6-week follow-up (p > .05). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The majority (67%) of patients experience postoperative constipation following RCR. Although docustate sodium and senna glycoside are common first-line agents for the treatment of constipation, they are ineffective during the postoperative period. Providers need to explore other treatment modalities for postoperative constipation pain.

Combined MPFL reconstruction and tibial tubercle osteotomy for patellar instability: A retrospective review of 23 patients.

The primary objective of this retrospective study is to compare patient outcomes following a combined approach (MPFL reconstruction and TTT) to outcomes reported in the literature by patients who required either only an isolated TTT procedure to treat pathologic lateral patellar instability or isolated MPFL reconstruction to treat patellar dislocation due to MPFL insufficiency. Twenty-three patients (74%) were available for follow-up and are included in our analysis. MPFL reconstruction combined with TTT has a high rate of success for patients presenting with patellar instability and extensor mechanism mal-alignment. The risk of recurrence with this technique was low (4.3%).

Snapping Hamstring Tendons Case Report: Tenotomy and Tendon Transposition.

CASE: A 14-year-old girl with a hypermobility syndrome presented with bilateral snapping semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) tendons. After failure of conservative treatment, she was treated with tenotomy of SM and later tendon transposition of her ST to her gracilis. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical treatment of snapping hamstring tendons has historically consisted of the release of the tendon insertions (tenotomy) or tendon harvest. This new surgical technique describes an alternative technique for definitive management with tenotomy and tendon transposition where the snapping ST is transposed to the gracilis tendon to maintain hamstring muscle length, strength, and function.

Clinical Efficacy of Intra-articular Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blinded Prospective Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are limited nonoperative treatment options available for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Cell-based therapies have emerged as promising treatments for knee OA. Autologous stromal vascular fraction (SVF) has been identified as an efficient medium for intra-articular administration of progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue. HYPOTHESIS: Patients receiving intra-articular SVF would show significantly greater improvement than patients receiving placebo injections, and this improvement would be dose dependent. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: This was a multisite prospective double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Adult patients with symptomatic knee OA were eligible. Thirty-nine patients were randomized to high-dose SVF, low-dose SVF, or placebo (1:1:1). SVF was obtained via liposuction, processed to create the cellular implant, and injected during the same clinical visit. Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores and magnetic resonance images were obtained preoperatively and at 6 and 12 months after injection. The Wilcoxon rank sum nonparametric test was utilized to assess statistical significance, and the Hodges-Lehmann location shift was used to assess superiority. RESULTS: The median percentage change in WOMAC score at 6 months after injection for the high-dose, low-dose, and placebo groups was 83.9%, 51.5%, and 25.0%, respectively. The high- and low-dose groups had statistically significant changes in WOMAC scores when compared with the placebo group (high dose, P = .04; low dose, P = .02). The improvements were dose dependent. The median percentage change in WOMAC score from baseline to 1 year after injection for the high-dose, low-dose, and placebo groups was 89.5%, 68.2%, and 0%, respectively. The high- and low-dose groups displayed a greater percentage change at 12 months when compared with the placebo group (high dose, P = .006; low dose, P = .009). Magnetic resonance image review revealed no changes in cartilage thickness after treatment. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular SVF injections can significantly decrease knee OA symptoms and pain for at least 12 months. The efficacy and safety demonstrated in this placebo-controlled trial support its implementation as a treatment option for symptomatic knee OA. REGISTRATION: NCT02726945 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

A Prospective Study of Patient Factors and Decision-making for Surgical Repair of Symptomatic Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears.

Factors motivating patients to undergo rotator cuff repair (RCR) have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate patient and surgeon decision-making factors for RCR, as well as the use of conservative treatment, and their relationship with shoulder function. A total of 144 adult patients undergoing arthroscopic RCR completed a 13-item questionnaire assessing the importance of surgical decision-making factors. Preoperative conservative treatments were also recorded. Surgeons also completed a similar 5-item questionnaire assessing surgeon decision-making factors preoperatively. American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) functional outcome scores were collected preoperatively through 1 year postoperatively. The following factors received the greatest frequency of high-importance scores: limited shoulder function (80.6%), surgeon recommendation (79.2%), and daily chronic pain (76.4%). Among surgeons, patient activity (83.3%) and risk of tear progression (73.6%) received the greatest frequency of high-importance scores. Patients had worse preoperative ASES scores when they reported the following factors as highly important: limited shoulder function, daily chronic pain, concern for tear enlargement, inability to sleep, and failure of conservative management (P<.004). Female gender, corticosteroid injection, and opioid use were also associated with worse preoperative shoulder function (P<.01). Workers' compensation claims, preoperative physical therapy, and multiple corticosteroid injections were associated with worse postoperative ASES scores (P<.05). Limitations in shoulder function and surgeon recommendation were the most common factors influencing patients to undergo RCR. Multiple factors were associated with worse shoulder function. Surgeons should be cognizant of patient decision-making factors and their relationship with shoulder function. [Orthopedics. 2020; 43(2): 85-90.].

Prevalence of Clinical Depression Among Patients After Shoulder Stabilization: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a potential risk factor for poor postoperative outcomes. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of clinical depression symptoms before and after shoulder stabilization, as well as the relationship between depression and functional outcomes. METHODS: Patients undergoing arthroscopic primary glenohumeral stabilization for recurrent instability were eligible for enrollment. Participants completed the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR) and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) questionnaire preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Patients with a preoperative QIDS-SR score of ≥6 were assigned to the clinical depression group. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients were enrolled and were prospectively followed during this study. Thirty-nine patients were stratified into the clinical depression group. Preoperatively, the clinical depression cohort had worse WOSI scores than the cohort without clinical depression (mean difference, 8.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5% to 16.1%]; p = 0.04). Both the clinical depression cohort and the cohort without clinical depression displayed an improvement in WOSI scores at 1 year postoperatively (p < 0.01 for both cohorts). Both the clinical depression cohort and the cohort without clinical depression displayed an improvement in QIDS-SR scores at 1 year postoperatively (p < 0.01 for both cohorts). At 1 year postoperatively, the clinical depression cohort continued to have worse WOSI scores than the cohort without clinical depression (mean difference, 12.2% [95% CI, 5.9% to 18.5%]; p < 0.01) and worse QIDS-SR scores; the median QIDS-SR score was 5.0 points (interquartile range [IQR], 2.0 to 8.0 points) for the clinical depression group and 0.0 points (IQR, 0.0 to 3.0 points) for the group without clinical depression (p < 0.01). The postoperative prevalence of clinical depression (24%) was lower than the preoperative prevalence (51%) (p < 0.01). Increasing patient age was associated with preoperative depression symptoms (odds ratio, 3.1; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Fifty-one percent of patients with shoulder instability reported depression symptoms before the surgical procedure. Surgical intervention improved shoulder function and depression symptoms over time; however, the clinical depression cohort had worse postoperative shoulder and depression outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Depression Symptomatology and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: Incidence and Effect on Functional Outcome--A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Recent literature has recognized a correlation with depression and poor self-reported functional outcome after orthopaedic procedures. However, the effect of depression on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) outcome has never been studied. PURPOSE: To quantify the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and correlate depression symptoms with patient-rated knee function in patients undergoing ACLR. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: In this multicenter prospective cohort study, 64 consecutive adult patients undergoing primary ACLR were given the 16-item self-report Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) to assess MDD symptoms preoperatively and at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively. Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores were obtained at the same time points to assess self-reported knee function. A QIDS score ≥6 served as a validated threshold for diagnosis of MDD. MDD and non-MDD group assignment was based on preoperative QIDS score. Student t test analysis was performed to compare ACLR outcomes between MDD and non-MDD patients. Correlation among QIDS, Lysholm, and IKDC scores was determined with Spearman r value. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (42%) were categorized in the MDD group. At baseline, the MDD group reported mean Lysholm (50.8) and IKDC (43.7) scores that were significantly lower than those (64.9 and 57.0, respectively) reported by the non-MDD group (P < .05). Both cohorts showed similar and significant absolute improvement from baseline to 1 year postoperatively (MDD vs non-MDD, increase in mean Lysholm: +24.4 vs +23.5 [P = .63]; MDD vs non-MDD, increase in mean IKDC: +28.1 vs +32.3 [P = .21]). While Lysholm and IKDC scores improved in both groups, at 1-year follow-up, MDD patients reported significantly lower mean Lysholm (75.2 vs 88.4; P = .04) and mean IKDC (71.8 vs 89.3; P = .001) scores as compared with their non-MDD counterparts. In addition, a moderate inverse correlation was found between QIDS and Lysholm scores (r = -0.50) and between QIDS and IKDC scores (r = -0.54). Interestingly, 4 patients experienced complications in the MDD cohort (15%), while there were no complications in the non-MDD group. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that ACLR may be an equally effective intervention for MDD and non-MDD patients, given their similar significant absolute improvements in functional scores from baseline to 1 year after ACLR. However, MDD patients still reported significantly lower self-reported functional scores at baseline and 1 year postoperatively.

Conflict of interest in sports medicine: does it affect our judgment?

The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and other orthopedic societies require authors to disclose conflicts of interest (COIs). We conducted a study to evaluate how a hypothetical research team's reported COI would influence the perceived value of its data. Using a hypothetical prospective study, we asked orthopedic surgeons and nonoperative sports medicine specialists to rate the value of the data, given different study designs, statistical significance, and research institutions (academic vs private). The fictional research team disclosed the project was funded by a pharmaceutical company and all team members received consulting compensation. Eighty percent of 522 respondents thought COI disclosure is important in the interpretation of study results, 41% reported always using this information when interpreting data, and 24% reported that a case series with significant positive results at an academic center was likely trustworthy (this percentage decreased to 5% when the study was set in a community hospital). When no significant difference was found in results, 42% thought the study was trustworthy. When the study design yielded level I evidence (randomized controlled trial) at an academic center, 57% thought the study was trustworthy (when the study was set in a community hospital, this percentage decreased to 39%). When the results of the design showed no difference among groups, the majority of respondents (62%) thought the study was trustworthy. Although the majority of respondents thought disclosure is important, fewer than half reportedly used this information when interpreting study results. Randomized controlled trial status improved the perceived reliability of the data over a case series but was not as important as reporting "negative" results.

Clinical Differentiation of Upper Extremity Pain Etiologies.

Upper extremity pain can result from many overlapping etiologies. These can be categorized into anatomic regions and specific organ systems. Anatomically, pain etiologies are classified into four major groups: neurologic, musculoskeletal, vascular, and other (eg, tumor, infection). Knowledge of the characteristic clinical presentation and physical examination findings of each group can help distinguish the source of the patient's complaints quickly so that an accurate clinical diagnosis can facilitate appropriate diagnostic measures and treatment. A focus on the neurologic causes of upper extremity pain (ie, cervical spine pathology, peripheral nerve compression, neuropathy) and musculoskeletal causes of shoulder and elbow pain (eg, adhesive capsulitis, calcific tendinitis, biceps tendinitis, synovitis) and the distinguishing characteristics (eg, periscapular pain, two-point discrimination, signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI) helps determine the appropriate diagnosis.

Stem cell therapies for knee cartilage repair: the current status of preclinical and clinical studies.

BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage damage of the knee is common, causing significant morbidity worldwide. Many adult tissues contain cells that are able to differentiate into multiple cell types, including chondrocytes. These stem cells have gained significant attention over the past decade and may become frontline management for cartilage defects in the very near future. PURPOSE: The role of stem cells in the treatment of knee osteochondral defects was reviewed. Recent animal and clinical studies were reviewed to determine the benefits and potential outcomes of using stem cells for cartilage defects. STUDY DESIGN: Literature review. METHODS: A PubMed search was undertaken. The key phrase "stem cells and knee" was used. The search included reviews and original articles over an unlimited time period. From this search, articles outlining animal and clinical trials were selected. A search of current clinical trials in progress was performed on the clinicaltrials.gov website, and "stem cells and knee" was used as the search phrase. RESULTS: Stem cells have been used in many recent in vitro and animal studies. A number of cell-based approaches for cartilage repair have progressed from preclinical animal studies into clinical trials. CONCLUSION: The use of stem cells for the treatment of cartilage defects is increasing in animal and clinical studies. Methods of delivery of stem cells to the knee's cartilage vary from direct injection to implantation with scaffolds. While these approaches are highly promising, there is currently limited evidence of a direct clinical benefit, and further research is required to assess the overall outcome of stem cell therapies for knee cartilage repair.