Evaluation of the Anatomical and Radiological Morphometry of Optic Nerve and Cranium in Healthy Individuals.

This paper determined the morphometric measurements' reference values and relationship of the optic nerve and cranium in Turkish healthy individuals according to age and sex. Five hundred fifty-nine (280 females and 279 males) patients aged from 2 to 90 years were included in this study. The measurements were taken from patients having brain magnetic resonance images in sagittal, axial, and coronal sections in the radiology department. Eyeball transverse diameter, optic nerve sheath thickness (ONST), optic chiasm length, optic chiasm width, and cranium morphometric measurements of all individuals who participated in the study were taken. Except for the width of the optic chiasm, all measurements showed significant differences between the sexes (P < 0.05). In contrast, all measurement values were higher in males than females, except for the clival angle. According to the result of Pearson correlation analysis, in which the existence of a relationship between ONST and craniometric measurements was evaluated, a low but significant correlation was found between ONST and craniometric measurements (r < 0.4; P < 0.05). In the post hoc test performed to compare the decades, it was seen that the most significant changes in our measurements were in the 2 to 10 age range and the measurement values decreased in old age. We think that revealing the age and sex-related changes in the optic nerve and cranium morphometry of our population anatomically and radiologically will be an important source in terms of creating reference values for our population.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on Cadavers: A Study Based on Web of Science Data From 1978 to 2023.

This study aimed to investigate the significance of publications examining the effectiveness of cadaver studies in the field of medicine with the method of bibliometric analysis, which emerged in the 1950s, offers the opportunity to conduct a detailed analysis of a specific subject, just like a systematic literature review or meta-analysis. Also, it aimed to enlighten the content of cadaver studies in the last half-century and to present a perspective for the future. In the study, an advanced search was conducted on the Web of Science Core Collection database on August 1, 2023, using the keywords "cadaver," "cadaver study," "cadaveric dissection." Review articles were excluded from the study. There were determined 34554 documents. The documents were transferred to the VOSviewer software program. In this way, the authors made detailed analyses of authors, keywords, journals, organizations, institutions, and countries and created scientific maps. The United States was one of the most important countries in terms of research. Generally, the use of cadaver terms in documents belongs to surgery, anatomy, and transplantation journals. Anatomy, cadaver, biomechanics, ultrasound, and computed tomography were the top 5 most frequently used keywords with cadaver term. The findings of our study showed that cadaver studies are used in many fields of medical science. However, clinical studies, including advanced imaging techniques, draw attention to the developing technology. Along with the powerful institutions of the United States, its great contributions to publications stand out.

Investigation of Skull Cortical Thickness Changes in Healthy Population and Patients With Schizophrenia on Computed Tomography Images.

Cortical bone thickness is essential for the mechanical function of bone. Some factors including aging, sex, body size, hormone levels, behavior, and genetics lead to changes in cranial cortical robusticity. Moreover, the skull is one of the hardest and most durable structures in the human body. Schizophrenia is defined as a psychiatric disease characterized by delusions and hallucinations, and these patients have reduced brain volume; however, there is no study including cortical bone structure. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the skull cortical thickness of patients with schizophrenia and, compare it with healthy subjects. The cranial length, cranial width, anterior cortical thickness, right and left anterior cortical thickness, right and left lateral cortical thickness, right and left posterior lateral thickness, and posterior cortical thickness were measured with axial computed tomography images of 30 patients with schizophrenia and 132 healthy individuals aged between 18 and 69years. A statistically significant difference was found between the two groups in the measurements of right and left posterior lateral thickness, and posterior cortical thickness ( P = 0.006, P = 0.001, and P = 0.047, respectively). The sexes were compared, and it was found that the cranial width, anterior thickness, left anterior thickness, and right and left posterior thickness measurements of patients with schizophrenia showed a statistically significant difference compared with the control group ( P < 0.001, P = 0.003, P = 0.001, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The authors observed that skull cortical thickness may be different in schizophrenia. The results obtained from this study may be beneficial for evaluating these structures for clinical and pathological processes. Furthermore, knowledge about the skull cortical thickness in planning surgical procedures will increase the reliability and effectiveness of the surgical method, and this will minimize the risk of complications.

Defining of the nasal anthropometry on facial computed tomography in subjects with epilepsy and healthy subjects.

Epilepsy is a frequent chronic and genetic brain disease. In diagnose of genetic and craniofacial disease, the face is one of the gold standard phenotypic features. This study was carried out to determine the angle and linear measurements of face region in Turkish healthy and epilepsy subjects, and to apply a feature selection method to identify the most important attributes that affect epilepsy decision. The retrospective and observational study was conducted with 120 subjects with epilepsy aged between 18 to 60 years (56 males; 64 females) and 60 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 55 years (29 males, 31 females). Pyramidal angle performed from 3 reference points, nasal bone length, the width of piriform aperture, nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle, distance between glabella and nasion were measured on computed tomography. Also, we used supervised machine learning to learn classification models to detect epilepsy as our dataset has class label where 1 means epilepsy, 2 means healthy. The well-known classification model learning algorithms implemented in Weka (with version 3.8.6) machine learning toolkit were applied. All parameters excluding nasal bone length were higher in epilepsy patients than in healthy subjects. Also, there was a significant difference in nasal pyramidal angle nasal bone, nasal pyramidal angle nasal tip, piriform aperture, and nasal bone lengths between epilepsy and healthy subjects. However, age related changes for healthy subjects were no seen in healthy subjects. In epilepsy subjects there was a significant difference in 6 measurements all nasal pyramidal angles, piriform aperture width, nasofrontal angle, and nasolabial angle. Gender related changes were found in only nasal pyramidal angle nasal root and nasal bone of healthy subjects, in nasal pyramidal angle nasal bone, nasal bone length, nasofrontal angle of epilepsy subjects. We can say epilepsy may affect the some facial parameters and these, although anthropometric measurements are affected by age and gender parameters. Comprehensive knowledge of this region's normal references ranges is essential for planning, proper selection of silicone implants or osteotomy determining the limitations of the surgical field and minimizing the risk of complication and performing aesthetic facial surgery or rhinoplasty in epilepsy patients.

Sonographic and Anatomical Evaluation of the Liver and Portal Vein Reference Values / Evaluación Ecográfica y Anatómica de los Valores de Referencia del Hígado y la Vena Porta

SUMMARY: This paper's aim is a morphometric evaluation of liver and portal vein morphometry using ultrasonography in healthy Turkish population. This study was carried out with 189 subjects (107 females, 82 males). The demographic data and the body surface area were calculated. The longitudinal axis of the liver for two lobes, diagonal axis or liver span, anteroposterior diameter of the liver and portal vein, portal vein transverse diameter, caudate lobe anteroposterior diameter, and portal vein internal diameters as well as longitudinal liver scans in an aortic plane, sagittal plane, transverse plane, and kidney axis were measured. All measurements were analyzed according to age, sex, body mass index, obesity and alcohol consumption. The mean values of the age, height, weight and body mass index were calculated as 44.39 years, 167.05 cm, 74.23 kg, and 27.06kg/m2 in females, respectively. The same values were 44.13 years, 167.70 cm, 75.93 kg and 26.71 kg/m2 in males, respectively. There was significant difference between demographic characteristics, gender, and alcohol consumption in terms of anteroposterior diameter of the liver, portal vein transverse diameter of the right side and liver transverse scan. Also, some measurements including portal vein transverse diameter, liver transverse scan and at kidney axis longitudinal scan of liver showed significant difference between the age groups. There was significant difference in diagonal axis and anteroposterior diameter of liver, portal vein internal diameter, and longitudinal liver scans of the aortic plane parameters between obesity situation. The findings obtained will provide important and useful reference values as it may determine some abnormalities related liver diseases. Also, age, sex, obesity and body mass index values can be effective in the liver and portal vein morphometry related parameters.

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una evaluación de la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta mediante ecografía en una población turca sana. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en 189 sujetos (107 mujeres, 82 hombres). Se calcularon los datos demográficos y la superficie corporal. Se midió eleje longitudinal del de dos lóbulos del hígado, el eje diagonal o la extensión del hígado, los diámetros anteroposterior del hígado y de la vena porta, el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, anteroposterior del lóbulo caudado y los diámetros internos de la vena porta, así como las exploraciones longitudinales del hígado en un plano aórtico. Se midieron el plano sagital, el plano transversal y el eje del riñón. Todas las mediciones se analizaron según edad, sexo, índice de masa corporal, obesidad y consumo de alcohol. Los valores medios de edad, talla, peso e índice de masa corporal se calcularon como 44,39 años, 167,05 cm, 74,23 kg y 27,06 kg/m2 en las mujeres, respectivamente. Las mismas variable fueron 44,13 años, 167,70 cm, 75,93 kg y 26,71 kg/m2. Hubo diferencias significativas entre las características demográficas, el sexo y el consumo de alcohol en términos de diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, diámetro transversal de la vena porta del lado derecho y exploración transversal del hígado. Además, algunas mediciones, incluido el diámetro transversal de la vena porta, la exploración transversal del hígado y la exploración longitudinal del hígado en el eje del riñón, mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de edad. Hubo diferencias significativas en el eje diagonal y el diámetro anteroposterior del hígado, el diámetro interno de la vena porta y los parámetros de las exploraciones hepáticas longitudinales del plano aórtico entre situaciones de obesidad. Los hallazgos obtenidos proporcionarán valores de referencia importantes y útiles ya que pueden determinar algunas anomalías relacionadas con enfermedades hepáticas. Además, los valores de edad, sexo, obesidad e índice de masa corporal pueden ser eficaces en los parámetros relacionados con la morfometría del hígado y la vena porta.

The evaluation of cerebellum gross morphometric measurements in subjects having migraine, ataxia, dementia and vertigo / Evaluación de las medidas morfométricas macroscópicas del cerebelo en sujetos con migraña, ataxia, demencia, vértigo

SUMMARY: This paper was aimed to determine the morphometric measurements of cerebellum using MRI in subjects having migraine, ataxia, dementia and vertigo. Three hundred twenty six (326 subjects; 80 migraine subjects; 85 vertigo subjects; 83 dementia subjects; 78 ataxia subjects) subjects ranging from 20 up to 85 years were included in this study. Cerebellum morphometric measurements were taken from subjects having brain MRI in the Radiology Department. The means and standard deviations of the measurements were: Sagittal section cerebellum superior inferior length, 56.21±5.16 mm; sagittal section cerebellum anteroposterior length, 86.36 ±5.36 mm; axial section cerebellum antereoposterior length, 66.53±5.41 mm; axial section bi-cerebellar length, 100.48±5.14 mm; coronal section cerebellum supero-inferior length,53.60±3.84 mm; coronal section bi-cerebellar length, 99.77±6.24 mm in subjects with migraine, whereas the corresponding values were 62.33±8.66 mm; 93.31±9.89 mm; 60.26±7.98 mm; 99.89±6.41 mm; 54.35±4.64 mm; 85.58±14.74 mm in subjects with vertigo, respectively. The same values were found as 58.82±8.34 mm; 86.74±13.22 mm; 58.93±8.89 mm; 97.93±6.07 mm; 50.66±4.92 mm; 84.96±14.93 mm in patients having dementia, respectively, while the same measurements were as 60.83±8.59 mm; 92.18±9.12 mm; 57.76±7.85 mm; 97.71±5.82 mm; 52.48±4.85 mm; 81.49±14.38 mm in ataxia patients, respectively. Also, ages were divided into seven groups as decades. There were found significant difference in all parameters according to sex and ages (p<0.05). The cerebellum morphometry provides important and useful knowledge in terms of comparison of abnormalities clinicians and data will be valuable for the determination of pathologies for clinical disciplines.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar las medidas morfométricas del cerebelo mediante resonancia magnética en sujetos con migraña, ataxia, demencia y vértigo. Trescientos veintiseis sujetos (80 con migraña; 85 con vértigo; 83 con demencia y 78 con ataxia) entre los 20 y los 85 años de edad se incluyeron en este estudio. Se tomaron medidas morfométricas del cerebelo de sujetos sometidos a resonancia magnética en el Departamento de Radiología. Las medias y desviaciones estándar de las medidas fueron: sección sagital longitud superoinferior del cerebelo, 56,21±5,16 mm; sección sagital longitud anteroposterior del cerebelo, 86,36 ±5,36 mm; sección axial longitud anteroposterior del cerebelo, 66,53±5,41 mm; sección axial longitud bicerebelosa, 100,48±5,14 mm; sección coronal longitud superoinferior del cerebelo, 53,60±3,84 mm; longitud bicerebelosa de la sección coronal, 99,77±6,24 mm en sujetos con migraña, mientras que los valores correspondientes fueron 62,33±8,66 mm; 93,31±9,89mm; 60,26±7,98 mm; 99,89±6,41 mm; 54,35±4,64 mm; 85,58±14,74 mm en sujetos con vértigo, respectivamente. Se encontraron los mismos valores para pacientes con demencia 58,82±8,34 mm; 86,74±13,22 mm; 58,93±8,89 mm; 97,93±6,07 mm; 50,66±4,92 mm; 84,96±14,93 mm , respectivamente, mientras que las mismas medidas fueron de 60,83±8,59 mm; 92,18±9,12 mm; 57,76±7,85 mm; 97,71±5,82 mm; 52,48±4,85 mm; 81,49±14,38 mm en pacientes con ataxia, respectivamente. Las edades se dividieron en siete grupos, cada uno en década. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en todos los parámetros según sexo y edad (p<0,05). La morfometría del cerebelo proporciona un conocimiento importante y útil en términos de comparación de anormalidades clínicas y los datos serán valiosos para la determinación de patologías para las disciplinas clínicas.