[Group B streptococcal perinatal infection: A Global, Latin American and Mexican Overview]. / Infección perinatal por estreptococo del grupo B: panorama global, en América Latina y en México.

Group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) cause a number of infections in women during pregnancy and postpartum, such as urinary tract infection, chorioamnionitis and endometritis, consequently may affect the newborn. Group B streptococci is the most common cause of severe infections in newborns in developed countries. Studies on the epidemiology of group B streptococci infections in Latin America are still limited. This information is also unknown in Mexico, but studies carried out in the center of the country have found high rates of vaginal colonization in pregnant women and there are case series and case reports of newborns. Microbiological and molecular epidemiology studies in Mexico have shown that populations of group B streptococci have a clonal distribution and that there are clones with genetic and phenotypic characteristics of high virulence that appear to be responsible for most of perinatal pathology. However, the actual role of group B streptococci in perinatal pathology in Mexico is unknown. Consequently, whether to perform or not the screening for determining the group B streptococci colonization status in pregnant women, and the indication or not for intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent neonatal group B streptococci infection in Mexico, are still controversial.

Factores asociados a sobrevida a un año en pacientes postoperados de glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with one-year survival in postoperative glioblastoma patients at a hospital in northeastern Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nested case-control study. Patients operated on for glioblastoma between 2016-2019 were included. Information about clinical and surgical factors was obtained, survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Descriptive analysis was performed with medians and ranges, and inferential analysis with χ2, Fisher and Student t test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with glioblastoma were included, 27 (43.5%) women and 35 (56.5%) men, median age 56 years (range: 6-83). Median survival was 3.6 months (1-52), 45 (72.6%) survived less than 12 months. The factors associated with a higher survival were administration of adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001), better functional status (p = 0.001), and absence of post-surgical complications (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with glioblastoma survive less than 12 months and the factors most strongly associated with longer survival are administration of adjuvant treatment, better functional status of the patient and absence of post-surgical complications.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados a la sobrevida a un año en pacientes postoperados de glioblastoma en un hospital del noreste de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte. Se incluyeron pacientes operados de glioblastoma entre 2016 y 2019. Se obtuvo la información sobre factores clínicos y quirúrgicos, se calculó la sobrevida mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier. El análisis descriptivo se realizó con medianas y rangos, y el inferencial con prueba de χ2, Fisher, t de Student, razón de momios e intervalo de confianza al 95%. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 62 pacientes con glioblastoma, 27 (43.5%) mujeres y 35 (56.5%) hombres, mediana de edad de 56 años (rango: 6-83). La mediana de sobrevida fue de 3.6 meses (1-52), 45 (72.6%) sobrevivieron menos de 12 meses. Los factores asociados a mayor sobrevida fueron: administración de tratamiento adyuvante (p < 0.001), mejor estado funcional (p = 0.001) y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas (p = 0.034). CONCLUSIONES: La mayoría de los pacientes con glioblastoma sobreviven menos de 12 meses y los factores más fuertemente asociados a mayor sobrevida son administración de tratamiento adyuvante, mejor estado funcional del paciente y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas.

[Prevalencia y genotipos del virus del papiloma humano en muestras de tejido laríngeo de pacientes con cáncer de laringe del noreste de México]. / Prevalence and genotypes of the human papillomavirus in laryngeal tissue samples of patients with laryngeal cancer from Northeastern Mexico.

ANTECEDENTES: El cáncer de laringe representa el 21.7% de las neoplasias malignas de vías aerodigestivas superiores. La prevalencia del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en el cáncer de laringe oscila entre el 0 y el 80%. MÉTODO: Se incluyeron 112 muestras de tejido laríngeo de pacientes con cáncer de laringe. Se amplificó el ADN y se analizó la presencia y el genotipo del VPH mediante hibridación reversa (INNO-LiPA®). Se realizaron pruebas de ji cuadrada, Fisher y t de Student no pareada. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron muestras de 107 hombres (95.5%) y 5 mujeres (4.5%), con una edad de 65.3 ± 10.1 años, con antecedente de tabaquismo 108 (96.4%), alcoholismo 9 (8.0%) y carcinoma epidermoide moderadamente diferenciado queratinizante 96 (85.7%). Se identificó VPH en 60 (53.5%), VPH-11 en 51 (45.5%), VPH-52 en 27 (24.1%), VPH-16 en 9 (8.0%), VPH-45 en 3 (2.6%) y coinfección por más de un genotipo en 31 (27.6%). No hubo diferencia entre pacientes con y sin infección por VPH en cuanto a edad, sexo, localización, diagnóstico histopatológico, tabaquismo ni alcoholismo (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de infección por VPH en el cáncer de laringe fue del 53.5%, con coinfección por más de un genotipo en el 27.6%. El genotipo más frecuente fue el VPH-11, tipo de bajo riesgo, seguido por el VPH-52, de alto riesgo oncogénico. BACKGROUND: Laryngeal cancer represents 21.7% of malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. The prevalence of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in laryngeal cancer ranges 0 to 80%. METHODS: We included 112 laryngeal tissue samples obtained from patients with laryngeal cancer. DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR. HPV presence and genotype were analyzed by the reverse hybridization INNO-LiPA® assay. Chi-square, Fisher's and unpaired Student t tests were used. RESULTS: Samples from 107 male (95.5%) and 5 female patients (4.5%) were evaluated, aged 65.3±10.1 years, 108 with smoking history (96.4%), 9 with alcoholism history (8.0%), and in 96 the histological diagnosis was moderately differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (85.7%). HPV was detected in 60 samples (53.5%), HPV-11 in 51 (45.5%), HPV-52 in 27 (24.1%), HPV-16 in 9 (8.0%), HPV-45 in 3 (2.6%), and coinfection by more than one genotype in 31 (27.6%). There was no difference between patients with and without HPV infection with respect to age, sex, tumor location and histology, smoking and alcoholism history (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HPV infection in laryngeal cancer was 53.5% with coinfection with more than one genotype in 27.6%. The most frequent genotype was HPV-11, an oncogenic low-risk genotype, followed by HPV-52, a high-risk genotype.

Drug resistance mutations during structured interruptions of HAART in two HIV-1-infected children.

Information concerning structured treatment interruptions (STI) of the Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and their risk for selecting antiretroviral drug resistance in children is scarce. In this study, we searched for antiretroviral drug resistance mutations at the end of five viral rebounds of two children with HIV and a chronically undetectable viral load (VL) who underwent an STI program. The HAART was interrupted for 4 weeks and then restarted and continued for 12 weeks for three cycles. VL, CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes, and clinical status were evaluated at the end of each STI and at 6 and 12 weeks after HAART was resumed. Treatment of both the patients based on zidovudine+lamivudine+ritonavir remained identical during the study. The reverse transcriptase (RT)- and protease (PR)-coding regions were sequenced at the end of each viral rebound. One patient experienced progressively lower viral rebounds (269000-31300 at the first and third rebounds, respectively), while the other patient did not experience such a reduction, and the VL of both the patients fell to undetectable levels during therapy. In the five viral rebounds examined, no mutations for resistance to protease inhibitors (PIs) were found and the analysis indicated susceptibility to all PIs currently in clinical use. Although the mutation K103R associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance was found in two viral rebounds of one patient, the analysis indicated the absence of resistance to RT inhibitors. As no mutation related to antiretroviral drug resistance was found, our results suggest that the STI program evaluated may have a low risk of selecting antiretroviral drug resistance. Nevertheless, further studies evaluating larger cohorts over longer periods are required before definitive conclusions about the safety of STI of HAART in children may be drawn.