Mexican consensus on dyspepsia. / Consenso mexicano sobre la dispepsia.

Since the publication of the 2007 dyspepsia guidelines of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología, there have been significant advances in the knowledge of this disease. A systematic search of the literature in PubMed (01/2007 to 06/2016) was carried out to review and update the 2007 guidelines and to provide new evidence-based recommendations. All high-quality articles in Spanish and English were included. Statements were formulated and voted upon using the Delphi method. The level of evidence and strength of recommendation of each statement were established according to the GRADE system. Thirty-one statements were formulated, voted upon, and graded. New definition, classification, epidemiology, and pathophysiology data were provided and include the following information: Endoscopy should be carried out in cases of uninvestigated dyspepsia when there are alarm symptoms or no response to treatment. Gastric and duodenal biopsies can confirm Helicobacter pylori infection and rule out celiac disease, respectively. Establishing a strong doctor-patient relationship, as well as dietary and lifestyle changes, are useful initial measures. H2-blockers, proton-pump inhibitors, prokinetics, and antidepressants are effective pharmacologic therapies. H.pylori eradication may be effective in a subgroup of patients. There is no evidence that complementary and alternative therapies are beneficial, with the exception of Iberogast and rikkunshito, nor is there evidence on the usefulness of prebiotics, probiotics, or psychologic therapies. The new consensus statements on dyspepsia provide guidelines based on up-to-date evidence. A discussion, level of evidence, and strength of recommendation are presented for each statement.

Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: recommendations of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico: recomendaciones de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología.

Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the constant technologic advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this clinical condition make it necessary to frequently review and update the clinical guidelines, recommendations, and official statements from the leading academic groups worldwide. The Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG), aware of this responsibility, brought together national experts in this field to analyze the most recent scientific evidence and formulate a series of practical recommendations to guide and facilitate the diagnostic process and efficacious treatment of these patients. The document includes algorithms, figures, and tables for convenient consultation, along with opinions on GERD management in sensitive populations, such as pregnant women and older adults.

Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) negatively impacts quality of life and increases healthcare costs. Lubiprostone stimulates the secretion of intestinal fluid, in turn facilitating the passage of stools and alleviating associated symptoms. Lubiprostone has been available in Mexico since 2018, but its clinical efficacy has not been studied in a Mexican population. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of lubiprostone, assessed by changes in spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency after one week of treatment with 24 µg oral lubiprostone (b.i.d.), as well as its safety, over four weeks of treatment. STUDY: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 211 adults with CIC in Mexico. RESULTS: The increase in SBM frequency, after one week of treatment, was significantly higher in the lubiprostone group than in the placebo group (mean: 4.9 [SD: 4.45] vs. 3.0 [3.14], p = 0.020). Secondary efficacy endpoints revealed a significantly higher proportion of SBM frequency/week in the lubiprostone group at weeks 2, 3, and 4. There was a better response within 24 h after the first dose with lubiprostone vs. placebo (60.0% vs. 41.5%; OR: 2.08, CI95%: [1.19, 3.62], p = 0.009) and the lubiprostone group also had significant improvement, with respect to straining, stool consistency, abdominal bloating, and Satisfaction Index. The main adverse events were gastrointestinal disorders in 13 (12.4%) lubiprostone-treated subjects and 4 (3.8%) control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the efficacy and safety of lubiprostone for the treatment of CIC in a Mexican population. Lubiprostone treatment induces relief from the most bothersome symptoms associated with constipation.

Good clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. An expert review from the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología.

INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is very prevalent in the general population, with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, requiring accurate diagnosis and treatment. AIM: The aim of this expert review is to establish good clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and personalized treatment of GERD. METHODS: The good clinical practice recommendations were produced by a group of experts in GERD, members of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (AMG), after carrying out an extensive review of the published literature and discussing each recommendation at a face-to-face meeting. This document does not aim to be a clinical practice guideline with the methodology such a document requires. RESULTS: Fifteen experts on GERD formulated 27 good clinical practice recommendations for recognizing the symptoms and complications of GERD, the rational use of diagnostic tests and medical treatment, the identification and management of refractory GERD, the overlap with functional disorders, endoscopic and surgical treatment, and GERD in the pregnant woman, older adult, and the obese patient. CONCLUSIONS: An accurate diagnosis of GERD is currently possible, enabling the prescription of a personalized treatment in patients with this condition. The goal of the good clinical practice recommendations by the group of experts from the AMG presented in this document is to aid both the general practitioner and specialist in the process of accurate diagnosis and treatment, in the patient with GERD.

[The Mexican consensus on gastroesophageal reflux disease. Part I]. / Consenso Mexicano de enfermedad por relujo gastroesofágico. Parte I.

BACKGROUND: The changes, advances, and new discoveries regarding different aspects of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have made it necessary to update the Mexican Consensus published in 2002. AIMS: To elaborate a new Mexican Consensus on GERD. METHODS: The general project coordinators selected six GERD experts to carry out an extensive review of the literature for the purpose of elaborating statements on the principal aspects of GERD. These were then placed under the consideration of specialists in the study of this disease. Definitive approval by all participants was reached using the modified Delphi method with three rounds of anonymous and iterative voting. The following scale was employed: A- in complete agreement; B- in agreement, but with minor concerns; C- in agreement, but with major concerns; D- in disagreement, but with major concerns; E- in disagreement, but with minor concerns; or F- in complete disagreement. Consensus was declared when 67.00% or more of the participants concurred on a category of agreement (A, B, or C). RESULTS: A consensus was reached on 160 of the statements upon completion of the voting rounds, with 90.00% concurrence for the majority of them. CONCLUSIONS: The 2011 Mexican Consensus on Gastroesophageal Disease is a practical and up-to-date consultation tool, providing the opinion of Mexican experts on all the new information available about this disease. It allows there to be homogeneity in diagnostic and therapeutic criteria, all of which serves to benefit our patients.

[Improvement of fecal incontinence with silicone implants in patients with internal anal sphincter injury: First report in North America]. / Mejoría de la incontinencia fecal con implantes de silicón en pacientes con lesiones del esfínter anal interno: primer informe en Norteamérica.

The injection of bulking agents has been described as a useful treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence. Among them, silicone implants have shown benefits in patients with internal anal sphincter (IAS) injury. We describe two patients with a history of hemorrhoidectomy and IAS injuries, which underwent placement of silicone implants. The implants were inserted into the intersphincteric space and the IAS under ultrasound guidance. The Wexner continente score fell from 17 and 19 before treatment, to 6 and 8 at six months follow up, respectively. Patients had no postoperative complications or implants migration. In our patients, injection of silicone implants improved fecal continence score, without postoperative complications or implants migration at six month follow up.

Capsaicin induction of esophageal symptoms in different phenotypes of gastroesophageal reflux disease.

BACKGROUND: Type 1 vanilloid receptors (TRPV1) have been described on esophageal afferent sensitive neurons. Stimulation of TRPV1 receptors with capsaicin may induce heartburn. Capsaicin is the pungent component of chili and the most extensively studied TRPV1 agonist. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of esophageal stimulation with intraesophageal capsaicin administration on induction of esophageal symptoms and on esophageal chemo-sensitization to acid in different gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) phenotypes. METHODS: Healthy volunteers and patients with GERD (non-erosive [NERD], erosive GERD [EE] and Barrett's esophagus [BE]) were prospectively studied. All subjects were randomized to receive either intraesophageal perfusion capsaicin or saline 0.9%. Thirty minutes after saline or capsaicin infusion an acid perfusion test of HCl was performed. A week later, a crossover phase with capsaicin versus saline was performed. Five symptoms were evaluated every 5 min during the first 30 minutes after capsaicin, saline, and acid perfusion: chest burning, chest pain, heartburn, epigastric burning, and epigastric pain. RESULTS: 17 healthy subjects and 31 GERD patients (10 NERD, 11 EE, and 10 BE) were included. Twenty- eight (90%) of GERD and 6 (35%) of healthy subjects had esophageal symptoms after capsaicin perfusion. Mean for the 5 evaluated symptoms induced by capsaicin was significantly higher in the GERD group compared to the control group. The highest symptom severity was in the erosive subgroup. Capsaicin decreased the 5 symptoms induced by acid perfusion in both healthy volunteers and GERD patients. Total score of esophageal symptom severity (produced by acid perfusion) was significantly reduced by capsaicin infusion in the BE group. CONCLUSIONS: Capsaicin induces esophageal and gastric symptoms in healthy volunteers and GERD patients. Capsaicin reduces esophageal chemosensitivity to acid, especially in patients with BE.

[Differences between Chicago and traditional classifications in the diagnosis of esophageal motor disorders with high-resolution manometry and topography of esophageal pressure]. / Diferencias entre las clasificaciones de Chicago y la tradicional en el diagnóstico de los trastornos motores del esófago con manometría de alta resolución y topografía de la presión esofágica.

BACKGROUND: With the introduction of high resolution manometry (HRM) and esophageal topography a novel classification (Chicago Classification) has been proposed for the diagnosis of esophageal motor disorders (EMD). Clinical differences with the traditional classification are currently under evaluation. AIM: To investigate differences between the Chicago (CC) and traditional (TC) classifications in the diagnosis of EMD. METHODS: Consecutive patients with indication for esophageal manometry were studied. HRM was performed with a 36 sensors solid-state catheter and Manoview software (V2.0).Conventional manometric tracings were analyzed by an investigator blinded to the results of HRM. Diagnosis by CC and CT were compared. RESULTS: Two hundred patients were studied, 106 (53%) of them women (53%) with a mean patient age of 43.4 (range 16 - 84) years. Preoperative evaluation for GERD 152 (76%) was the most frequent indication. Achalasia (8), scleroderma (2) and peristaltic dysfunction (60 vs. 59) were similarly diagnosed by CC and CT. Spastic disorders were more frequently identified by CC: nutcracker esophagus (NC) in 3, spastic NC in3 and segmental NC in 11 patients versus TC: NC 5. Three patients had spasm with CC and 1 with TC. Non specific motor disorder was diagnosed by TC and 2 patients had functional obstruction with CC. Hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter was identified in 63 patients with CC vs.57 with TC. CONCLUSIONS: Spastic disorders and functional obstruction were the EMD better identified by HRM and CC.

Recommendations for the reopening and activity resumption of the neurogastroenterology units in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. Position of the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología. / Recomendaciones para la reapertura y reinicio de actividades de las Unidades de Neurogastroenterología ante la pandemia por COVID-19. Posicionamiento de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neurogastroenterología.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced the establishment of preventive measures against contagion during the performance of diagnostic and therapeutic tests in gastroenterology. Digestive tract motility tests involve an intermediate and elevated risk for the transmission of COVID-19 infection. Given their elective or non-urgent indication in the majority of cases, we recommend postponing those tests until significant control of the infection rate in each Latin American country has been achieved during the pandemic. When the health authorities allow the return to normality, and in the absence of an effective treatment for or preventive vaccine against COVID-19 infection, we recommend a strict protocol for classifying patients according to their infectious-contagious status through the appropriate use of tests for the detection of the virus and the immune response to it, and the following of protective measures by the healthcare personnel to prevent contagion during the performance of a gastrointestinal motility test.

Gastric capacity is related to body mass index in obese patients. A study using the water load test.

BACKGROUND: The role of gastrointestinal function in obesity is unknown. Recent studies have shown that satiety in obese patients is influenced by an abnormal gastric capacity. AIM: An easy and non-invasive tool, the water load test (WLT) was used to evaluate gastric capacity and how it relates to body mass index (BMI) in obese patients. METHODS: The WLT was performed in 32 patients with high BMI and 12 healthy volunteers. Water was ingested at a 15 mL/min rate. The maximal tolerable volume (MTV) was defined as the total ingested volume when patients stopped the test. RESULTS: A BMI > 30 was significantly associated with higher water consumption (2339 ± 306 mL) compared to controls (1830 ± 240 mL, p = 0.001). The MTV had a positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.68, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Obese subjects have an increased gastric capacity, as measured with the WLT. This greater drinking capacity has a positive correlation with the subjects' BMI.

Probiotic use in clinical practice: Results of a national survey of gastroenterologists and nutritionists. / Uso de probióticos en la práctica clínica: resultados de una encuesta nacional a gastroenterólogos y nutriólogos.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Probiotics are effective in gastrointestinal disease management. In Mexico, there are no studies on the use and prescription of probiotics by healthcare professionals. Our aim was to evaluate probiotic use and prescription on the part of gastroenterologists and nutritionists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online survey questionnaire was sent to members of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología (n = 1042), the Asociación Mexicana de Nutriología (n = 220), and healthcare professionals registered at the Fourth International Symposium: Intestinal Microbiota (n = 1328). RESULTS: Response was 34% (997 questionnaires answered) and 570 (64%) of the respondents were women. Mean participant age was 36.2 years (range 18-83). Thirty-six percent of the participants were gastroenterologists, 46% were nutritionists, and 18% were chemists and microbiologists. Seventy-one percent of the respondents knew the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) definition of probiotics and recommended them «always¼ (64.9%), «rarely¼ (31.7%), and «never¼ (3.6%). Gastroenterologists indicated probiotics for the treatment of disease (56.5%) and nutritionists for health maintenance (39%). Ninety-seven percent of the gastroenterologists and 98% of the nutritionists evaluated probiotics as effective in gastrointestinal symptom management and considered them safe. The majority of the respondents did not know which probiotic strain was contained in the commercial probiotic product. CONCLUSIONS: The survey results showed that the participating gastroenterologists and nutritionists understood the concept of probiotics, recommended them frequently, and considered them safe. The gastroenterologists prescribed probiotics as therapeutic agents and the nutritionists to maintain health. There was a lack of knowledge about the microbial composition of the products containing probiotics available in Mexico.

Review of the scientific evidence and technical opinion on noncaloric sweetener consumption in gastrointestinal diseases. / Revisión de la evidencia científica y opinión técnica sobre el consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos en enfermedades gastrointestinales.

The present review of noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs) by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was carried out to analyze and answer some of the most frequent questions and concerns about NCS consumption in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, through a thorough review of the medical literature. A group of gastroenterologists and experts on nutrition, toxicology, microbiology, and endocrinology reviewed and analyzed the published literature on the topic. The working group formulated conclusions, based on the scientific evidence published, to give an opinion with respect to NCS ingestion. Current evidence does not confirm the carcinogenic potential of NCSs. However, the studies analyzed showed that saccharin could have a proinflammatory effect and that polyols can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations, depending on the dose and type of compound. The ingestion of xylitol, erythritol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame K, and saccharin could increase the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate intestinal motility, and stevia and its derivatives could have a favorable effect on the percentage of liver fat. Caution should be taken in recommending aspartame consumption in patients with chronic liver disease because it reduces the ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids. In addition, NCS ingestion could modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota, having an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations. It is important to continue conducting causality studies on humans to be able to establish recommendations on NSC consumption.

Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. / Consenso sobre prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección por Clostridium difficile.

In recent decades, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) has become a worldwide health problem. Mexico is no exception, and therefore the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a multidisciplinary group (gastroenterologists, endoscopists, internists, infectious disease specialists, and microbiologists) to carry out the "Consensus on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection", establishing useful recommendations (in relation to the adult population) for the medical community. Said recommendations are presented herein. Among them, it was recognized that CDI should be suspected in subjects with diarrhea that have a history of antibiotic and/or immunosuppressant use, but that it can also be a community-acquired infection. A 2-step diagnostic algorithm was proposed, in which a highly sensitive test, such as glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), is first utilized, and if positive, confirmed by the detection of toxins through immunoassay or nucleic acid detection tests. Another recommendation was that CDI based on clinical evaluation be categorized as mild-moderate, severe, and complicated severe, given that such a classification enables better therapeutic decisions to be made. In mild-moderate CDI, oral vancomycin is the medication of choice, and metronidazole is recommended as an alternative treatment. In addition, fecal microbiota transplantation was recognized as an efficacious option in patients with recurrence or in the more severe cases of infection, and surgery should be reserved for patients with severe colitis (toxic megacolon), in whom all medical treatment has failed.

The Mexican consensus on non-cardiac chest pain. / Consenso mexicano sobre dolor torácico no cardiaco.

INTRODUCTION: Non-cardiac chest pain is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by retrosternal pain similar to that of angina pectoris, but of non-cardiac origin and produced by esophageal, musculoskeletal, pulmonary, or psychiatric diseases. AIM: To present a consensus review based on evidence regarding the definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain, as well as the therapeutic options for those patients. METHODS: Three general coordinators carried out a literature review of all articles published in English and Spanish on the theme and formulated 38 initial statements, dividing them into 3 main categories: (i)definitions, epidemiology, and pathophysiology; (ii)diagnosis, and (iii)treatment. The statements underwent 3rounds of voting, utilizing the Delphi system. The final statements were those that reached >75% agreement, and they were rated utilizing the GRADE system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The final consensus included 29 statements. All patients presenting with chest pain should initially be evaluated by a cardiologist. The most common cause of non-cardiac chest pain is gastroesophageal reflux disease. If there are no alarm symptoms, the initial approach should be a therapeutic trial with a proton pump inhibitor for 2-4weeks. If dysphagia or alarm symptoms are present, endoscopy is recommended. High-resolution manometry is the best method for ruling out spastic motor disorders and achalasia and pH monitoring aids in demonstrating abnormal esophageal acid exposure. Treatment should be directed at the pathophysiologic mechanism. It can include proton pump inhibitors, neuromodulators and/or smooth muscle relaxants, psychologic intervention and/or cognitive therapy, and occasionally surgery or endoscopic therapy.

How much does the specialist know about cardiogastroenterology? / ¿Cuánto sabe el especialista sobre cardiogastroenterología?

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Cardiovascular disease is a growing public health problem. Forty percent of the general population will suffer from the disease by 2030, consequently requiring antithrombotic therapy. Cardiogastroenterology is a new area of knowledge that evaluates the gastrointestinal effects and complications of antithrombotic therapy. Our aim was to evaluate, through a validated questionnaire, the knowledge held by a group of specialists and residents in the areas of gastroenterology and internal medicine, about pharmacology and drug prescription, as well as gastrointestinal risks and complications, in relation to antithrombotic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A validated questionnaire composed of 30 items was applied to a group of specialists and residents in the areas of gastroenterology and internal medicine. The questions were on indications, pharmacology, evaluation of risks for gastrointestinal bleeding and thromboembolic events, and use of antithrombotic therapy during endoscopic procedures. Sufficient knowledge was defined as 18 or more (≥ 60%) correct answers. RESULTS: The questionnaire was answered by 194 physicians: 82 (42%) internal medicine residents and gastroenterology residents and 112 (58%) specialists. Only 40 (20.6%) of the participants had sufficient knowledge of cardiogastroenterology. Residents had a higher number of correct answers than specialists (53 vs. 36%, P<.0001). The gastroenterology residents had more correct answers than the internal medicine residents, gastroenterologists, and internists (70 vs. 53, 40, and 46%, respectively, P<.001). Only residents had sufficient knowledge regarding pharmacology and the use of antithrombotic therapy in endoscopy (P<.0001). All groups had insufficient knowledge in evaluating the risk for gastrointestinal bleeding and thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of cardiogastroenterology was insufficient in the group of residents and specialists surveyed. There is a need for medical education programs on the appropriate use of antithrombotic therapy.