[Reregistration of the population residing in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, in compliance with the Primary Health Care PolicyReinscripción de la población residente en Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, en cumplimiento de la Política de atención primaria de salud]. / Recadastramento da população residente em Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, em atendimento à Política de Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Objective: To present the experience and results of the reregistration of residents in Foz do Iguaçu, a border town located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, to meet the guidelines of the national Primary Health Care (PHC) Policy and its new financing model (Programa Previne Brasil). Method: A scanning strategy (convenience sample) was used for data collection, with 52 263 households visited and 22 710 interviews conducted from September to November 2019. The interviews were conducted face-to-face by 54 community health workers. Data were collected on the household (ownership status, urban or rural location, type of household, construction material, availability of electrical and sewage networks, water supply and waste disposal). Demographic and health information on the residents was also collected. Results: The reregistration process revealed that most residents were home owners and lived in well-constructed homes, located mostly in urban areas, served by electricity, with access to water supply and garbage collection. Of the reregistered population, 52.8% were women, 62.5% were aged between 15 and 59 years and 60.0% declared themselves white. Among respondents aged 15 or over, 90.0% had completed elementary school. The main occupation was "formal salaried job". Additionally, 18.6% of the interviewees declared themselves to be hypertensive and 7.0%, diabetic. Conclusions: The reregistration process uncovered relevant information to support both PHC planning as well as social assistance, work and housing initiatives; it was also fundamental to define health care strategies in this border town during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objetivo: Presentar la experiencia y los resultados de la reinscripción de la población residente en Foz do Iguaçu, un municipio fronterizo ubicado en el estado de Paraná (Brasil), en cumplimiento de las directrices de la Política de atención primaria de salud y su nuevo modelo de financiamiento (Programa Previne Brasil). Métodos: Utilizando una estrategia de barrido (muestreo de conveniencia) para la recolección de datos, se visitaron 52 263 hogares y se realizaron 22 710 entrevistas entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019. Las entrevistas fueron presenciales y estuvieron a cargo de 54 trabajadores comunitarios de salud. Se recopilaron datos sobre el hogar (régimen de propiedad de la vivienda, ubicación en una zona urbana o rural, tipo de vivienda, material de construcción, disponibilidad de redes de energía eléctrica y alcantarillado, abastecimiento de agua y eliminación de desechos) e información sobre la composición demográfica y la salud de los residentes. Resultados: La reinscripción reveló que los residentes eran propietarios de sus viviendas y que estas se encontraban ubicadas en zonas urbanas, estaban bien construidas y tenían servicios de energía eléctrica, abastecimiento de agua y recolección de basura. El 52,8% de la población registrada correspondió a mujeres, el 62,5% tenía entre 15 y 59 años y el 60,0% declaró que era de raza blanca. El 90,0% de los entrevistados mayores de 15 años había terminado la escuela primaria. La ocupación principal era "persona asalariada con carnet de trabajo". Además, el 18,6% de los entrevistados indicó que tenía hipertensión y el 7,0%, diabetes. Conclusiones: La reinscripción aportó información relevante para apoyar la planificación de la atención primaria de salud , así como las iniciativas en materia de asistencia social, trabajo y vivienda; también fue fundamental para definir las estrategias de atención de salud en ese municipio fronterizo durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Identifying and quantifying misclassified and under-reported AIDS deaths in Brazil: a retrospective analysis from 1985 to 2009.

BACKGROUND: A retrospective analysis of deaths registered in the Brazilian Mortality System was conducted to quantify the under-reporting of HIV/AIDS deaths and those misclassified to AIDS-related conditions in the 15-49 years old population in Brazil. METHODS: Death rates for AIDS-related diseases were calculated by age and sex for 1985-2009. Changes in the age-sex-specific death rates over time were used to identify conditions likely to be misclassified AIDS deaths and to quantify the corresponding number of misclassified deaths. Deaths due to ill-defined causes were redistributed across all other natural causes of death. The resulting total number of AIDS deaths was further adjusted for incompleteness of the mortality reporting system. RESULTS: Out of the 28 potential causes of death investigated, five increased in the same distinct age pattern as AIDS: pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, other immunodeficiencies, other septicaemia and toxoplasmosis. 18 490 deaths due to these five causes were recoded to HIV/AIDS from 1985 to 2009. 38 145 deaths due to ill-defined causes were redistributed to AIDS and 15 485 were added to the number of AIDS deaths to correct for completeness of the mortality system in Brazil. Altogether, 72 120 deaths were recoded to AIDS between 1985 and 2009 and added to the reported 194 445 AIDS related deaths in the country, representing 27% misclassification of AIDS deaths in Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that AIDS mortality is underestimated by the official mortality information system in Brazil. Efforts need to be made to reduce misclassification of causes of death in the future and identify ways in which the confidentiality of information regarding cause of death can be maintained.

Road traffic injuries and deaths and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda's target might not be achieved.

Maternal Mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Maternal death continues to be one of the most challenging public health problems that needs to be addressed in low and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to describe the problem of maternal death in Brazil, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). METHODS: This study used data from the GBD 2019 to show the numbers of deaths and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) - number of deaths/100,000 live births - in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units (FU), for ages 10 to 54 years, from 1990 to 2019. The annual variation of the MMR was estimated in 1990, 2010, and 2019. The MMR were shown for specific causes as well as for five-year age groups. The estimates were presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). RESULTS: The number of maternal deaths, as well as the MMR showed a 49% reduction from 1990 to 2019. This reduction occurred heterogeneously throughout the country, and the profile of the MMR for specific causes changed between 1990 and 2019: from hypertensive gestation diseases, to indirect maternal deaths, followed by hypertensive gestation diseases. In the extreme age groups, the MMR is higher, with mortality increasing exponentially in direct proportion with age. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal deaths in Brazil have decreased substantially since 1990; however, the numbers still fall short of what was established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indirect causes are the greatest problem in more than 60% of the FU, especially for hypertensive pregnancy diseases.

Excess Mortality due to natural causes among whites and blacks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Excess Mortality by all causes considers deaths directly related to COVID-19 and those attributed to conditions caused by the pandemic. When stratified by social dimensions, such as race/color, it allows for the evaluation of more vulnerable populations. The study estimated the excess mortality by natural causes, separating the white and black populations in 2020. METHODS: Public civil registration data on deaths observed in 2020, corrected for under registration, were used. The expected number of deaths was estimated based on the mortality rates observed in 2019, applied to the estimated population in 2020. The difference between the values expected and observed and the proportion of excess was considered the excess mortality. RESULTS: The present study found an excess of 270,321 deaths (22.2% above the expected) in 2020. Every state of Brazil reported deaths above the corresponding expected figure. The excess was higher for men (25.2%) than for women (19.0%). Blacks showed an excess of 27.8%, as compared to whites at 17.6%. In both sexes and all age groups, excess was higher in the black population, especially in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. São Paulo, the largest in population number, had twice as much excess death in the black population (25.1%) than in the white population (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed racial disparities in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The higher excess found for the black suggests an intrinsic relationship with the socioeconomic situation, further exposing the Brazilian reality, in which social and structural inequality is evident.

Assessment of the investigation of deaths from ill-defined causes in the state of Bahia in 2010. / Avaliação da investigação de óbitos por causas mal definidas no estado da Bahia, Brasil, em 2010.

The investigation of deaths from ill-defined causes (DIDC) has been a strategy of health services to reduce the proportion of these events. This study aimed to estimate the adherence of municipalities to the use of recommended forms in the investigation of DIDC and the impact of these investigations on the reduction of these deaths in the Mortality Information System. The use of the Investigation of Death from Ill-defined Cause (IOCMD) and Verbal Autopsy (VA)forms and the proportion of reclassified underlying cause of death following investigations were analyzed in a probabilistic sample of 27 municipalities of Bahia state, and its capital Salvador, in 2010. Of the 27 municipalities, approximately 50% used the recommended forms to investigate DIDCs. Of the 1,092DIDCs in the sample, 53.1% were investigated: in 40.5% of the cases, only the IOCMD form was used; in 15.3%, only the VA form was used; and both forms were used in 14.3% of the cases. The investigation of DIDCs reduced the percentages of these deaths from 16.5% to 9.9% and proved to be more effective when performed using the recommended forms.

A investigação de óbitos por causas mal definidas (CMD) tem sido uma estratégia utilizada pelos serviços de saúde para redução do percentual destes óbitos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adesão dos municípios na utilização de formulários preconizados na investigação de óbitos por CMD e o impacto destas investigações na redução percentual desses óbitos no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Analisou-se a utilização dos formulários Investigação do Óbito com Causa Mal Definida (IOCMD) e autópsia verbal (AV), e o percentual de reclassificação da causa básica (CB) de morte após as investigações, em uma amostra probabilística de 27 municípios no Estado da Bahia e a capital Salvador, no ano de 2010. Dos 27 municípios da amostra, aproximadamente 50% investigaram os óbitos por CMD utilizando-se os formulários preconizados. Foram identificados 1092 óbitos por CMD, dos quais 53,1% foram investigados: em 40,5% dos casos utilizou-se apenas o formulário IOCMD, apenas o formulário AV em 15,3%, e ambos os formulários em 14,3% dos casos. A investigação dos óbitos por CMD possibilitou a redução do percentual desses óbitos de 16,5% para 9,9%, e mostrou-se mais efetiva quando realizada utilizando-se os formulários preconizados.

A panorama of the health situation in Brazil's Federal District, 2005 to 2017. / Panorama da situação de saúde do Distrito Federal: análise do período de 2005 a 2017.

This study examines the health situation in Brazil's Federal District between 2005 and 2017. A related set of indicators were selected and compared to those for Brazil's Midwest ("Centro-Oeste") region and for the country as a whole. First, data are presented on the demographic profile and current organizational structure of the health regions and administrative areas of the Federal District. The results show that infant mortality declined from 18.3% in 2006 to 10.3% (one of the lowest in rates in Brazil) in 2016. AIDS incidence in the Federal District declined 21.3% between 2006 and 2016, a positive result when compared to data for the Midwest region and Brazil. Tuberculosis incidence and mortality rates were among the lowest in Brazil between 2006 and 2016, well below the national average, as were those for Hansen's disease, where both annual incidence and incidence of grade 2 disability decreased significantly between 2007 and 2017. Congenital syphilis in under 1 year-olds has increased in recent years in Brazil and the Midwest, and also in the Federal District, where the rate was 2.56 per 1,000 live births in 2006 and 4.7 per 1,000 live births in in 2016. These data enable managers to identify trends and challenges to be met, and inform decision-making in response to health realities in the Federal District.

Este artigo analisa a situação de saúde no Distrito Federal (DF) no período de 2005 a 2017. Um conjunto de indicadores foram selecionados e comparados aos da região Centro-Oeste (CO) e do Brasil. Inicialmente são apresentados dados sobre o perfil demográfico e a atual estrutura organizacional das regiões de saúde e áreas administrativas do DF. Os resultados mostram que o DF apresenta melhoria na taxa de mortalidade infantil, de 18,3% em 2006 para 10,3% em 2016, considerada uma das menores do país. A taxa de detecção de aids no DF apresenta tendência de queda (21,3%), entre os anos de 2006 e 2016, resultado positivo se comparado aos dados da região CO e do Brasil. Quanto à situação epidemiológica de tuberculose no DF, foi constatada, entre 2006 a 2016, um dos menores coeficientes de incidência e mortalidade do país, bem abaixo da média nacional, assim como a hanseníase com uma importante redução da taxa de detecção anual e a detecção de grau II de incapacidade, entre os anos 2007 e 2017. No caso da sífilis congênita em < de 1 ano, teve aumento nos últimos anos no Brasil, CO e no DF em 2006 apresentou uma taxa de (2,56/1.000NV) e em 2016 (4,7/1.000NV). Os dados permitem que os gestores conheçam as tendências e identifiquem os desafios para o enfrentamento e a tomada de decisão frente à realidade de saúde do DF.

Outcome of sleepiness and fatigue scores in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with and without restless legs syndrome after nasal CPAP.

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: The association of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been reported in the literature for many years. Both conditions may be responsible for fatigue and somnolence complaints secondary to nocturnal sleep disruption. The primary concern of this study is to evaluate the outcome of fatigue and daytime sleepiness symptoms at baseline and after continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment in OSAS patients with and without RLS. METHOD: A prospective and comparative study between a group of 13 patients with OSAS and a group of 17 patients with OSAS+RLS. Laboratory blood tests and polysomnography were performed at baseline. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Pichots questionnaire of fatigue/depression (PIC) were applied before and after 3 months of CPAP treatment. Results were compared. RESULTS: No significant differences were found on PSG and laboratory results at baseline. Both groups had similar ESS and PIC scores at baseline (p=0.73 and 0.08, respectively). After n-CPAP, OSAS+RLS patients showed higher ESS and PIC scores (p=0.017 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a favorable general response, n-CPAP seemed less effective in treating fatigue and sleepiness in the OSAS+RLS group.

Excess Mortality due to natural causes among whites and blacks during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Excess Mortality by all causes considers deaths directly related to COVID-19 and those attributed to conditions caused by the pandemic. When stratified by social dimensions, such as race/color, it allows for the evaluation of more vulnerable populations. The study estimated the excess mortality by natural causes, separating the white and black populations in 2020. METHODS Public civil registration data on deaths observed in 2020, corrected for under registration, were used. The expected number of deaths was estimated based on the mortality rates observed in 2019, applied to the estimated population in 2020. The difference between the values expected and observed and the proportion of excess was considered the excess mortality. RESULTS: The present study found an excess of 270,321 deaths (22.2% above the expected) in 2020. Every state of Brazil reported deaths above the corresponding expected figure. The excess was higher for men (25.2%) than for women (19.0%). Blacks showed an excess of 27.8%, as compared to whites at 17.6%. In both sexes and all age groups, excess was higher in the black population, especially in the South, Southeast, and Midwest regions. São Paulo, the largest in population number, had twice as much excess death in the black population (25.1%) than in the white population (11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed racial disparities in excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The higher excess found for the black suggests an intrinsic relationship with the socioeconomic situation, further exposing the Brazilian reality, in which social and structural inequality is evident.

Recadastramento da população residente em Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, em atendimento à Política de Atenção Primária à Saúde / Reregistration of the population residing in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil, in compliance with the Primary Health Care Policy / Reinscripción de la población residente en Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil, en cumplimiento de la Política de atención primaria de salud

RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar a experiência e os resultados do recadastramento da população residente em Foz do Iguaçu, um município de fronteira localizado no estado do Paraná, Brasil, para atender às diretrizes da Política de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e ao seu novo modelo de financiamento pelo Programa Previne Brasil. Métodos. Utilizando uma estratégia de varredura (amostra de conveniência) para coleta de dados, foram visitados 52 263 domicílios e realizadas 22 710 entrevistas de setembro a novembro de 2019. As entrevistas foram realizadas pessoalmente por 54 agentes comunitários de saúde. Foram coletados dados sobre o domicílio (status de posse da moradia, localização urbana ou rural, tipo de domicílio, material da construção, disponibilidade de rede elétrica e de esgoto, abastecimento de água e destino do lixo) e informações demográficas e de saúde dos moradores. Resultados. O recadastramento revelou que os domicílios eram predominantemente casas próprias, em área urbana, bem edificados e servidos por energia elétrica, rede geral de água e coleta de lixo. Sobre a população recadastrada, 52,8% eram mulheres, 62,5% tinham idade de 15 a 59 anos e 60,0% se autodeclararam brancos. Entre os entrevistados com 15 anos ou mais, 90,0% tinham completado o ensino fundamental. A principal ocupação foi "assalariado com carteira de trabalho". Ainda, 18,6% dos entrevistados se autodeclararam hipertensos e 7,0%, diabéticos. Conclusões. O recadastramento trouxe informações relevantes para subsidiar o planejamento da APS, assim como iniciativas de assistência social, trabalho e habitação; também foi fundamental para definir estratégias de atenção à saúde nesse município de fronteira durante a pandemia de COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Objective. To present the experience and results of the reregistration of residents in Foz do Iguaçu, a border town located in the state of Paraná, Brazil, to meet the guidelines of the national Primary Health Care (PHC) Policy and its new financing model (Programa Previne Brasil). Method. A scanning strategy (convenience sample) was used for data collection, with 52 263 households visited and 22 710 interviews conducted from September to November 2019. The interviews were conducted face-to-face by 54 community health workers. Data were collected on the household (ownership status, urban or rural location, type of household, construction material, availability of electrical and sewage networks, water supply and waste disposal). Demographic and health information on the residents was also collected. Results. The reregistration process revealed that most residents were home owners and lived in well-constructed homes, located mostly in urban areas, served by electricity, with access to water supply and garbage collection. Of the reregistered population, 52.8% were women, 62.5% were aged between 15 and 59 years and 60.0% declared themselves white. Among respondents aged 15 or over, 90.0% had completed elementary school. The main occupation was "formal salaried job". Additionally, 18.6% of the interviewees declared themselves to be hypertensive and 7.0%, diabetic. Conclusions. The reregistration process uncovered relevant information to support both PHC planning as well as social assistance, work and housing initiatives; it was also fundamental to define health care strategies in this border town during the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar la experiencia y los resultados de la reinscripción de la población residente en Foz do Iguaçu, un municipio fronterizo ubicado en el estado de Paraná (Brasil), en cumplimiento de las directrices de la Política de atención primaria de salud y su nuevo modelo de financiamiento (Programa Previne Brasil). Métodos. Utilizando una estrategia de barrido (muestreo de conveniencia) para la recolección de datos, se visitaron 52 263 hogares y se realizaron 22 710 entrevistas entre septiembre y noviembre de 2019. Las entrevistas fueron presenciales y estuvieron a cargo de 54 trabajadores comunitarios de salud. Se recopilaron datos sobre el hogar (régimen de propiedad de la vivienda, ubicación en una zona urbana o rural, tipo de vivienda, material de construcción, disponibilidad de redes de energía eléctrica y alcantarillado, abastecimiento de agua y eliminación de desechos) e información sobre la composición demográfica y la salud de los residentes. Resultados. La reinscripción reveló que los residentes eran propietarios de sus viviendas y que estas se encontraban ubicadas en zonas urbanas, estaban bien construidas y tenían servicios de energía eléctrica, abastecimiento de agua y recolección de basura. El 52,8% de la población registrada correspondió a mujeres, el 62,5% tenía entre 15 y 59 años y el 60,0% declaró que era de raza blanca. El 90,0% de los entrevistados mayores de 15 años había terminado la escuela primaria. La ocupación principal era "persona asalariada con carnet de trabajo". Además, el 18,6% de los entrevistados indicó que tenía hipertensión y el 7,0%, diabetes. Conclusiones. La reinscripción aportó información relevante para apoyar la planificación de la atención primaria de salud , así como las iniciativas en materia de asistencia social, trabajo y vivienda; también fue fundamental para definir las estrategias de atención de salud en ese municipio fronterizo durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

Road traffic injuries and deaths and the achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals in Brazil: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study, 1990 to 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Brazil ranks 5th in the number of deaths due to road injuries. This study aimed to analyze mortality and disabilities resulting from road injuries in Brazil, and to assess the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of reducing deaths due to road injuries by 50% by 2030. METHODS: This descriptive and exploratory study used the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2019: indicators of mortality, premature deaths, and disabilities according to sex, age group, and type of transport for 1990, 2015, and 2019. Time trends in mortality rates from 1990 to 2019 were assessed, and a projection for 2030 was calculated, applying a linear regression model. RESULTS: Deaths due to road injuries were 44,236 in 1990, and 44,529 in 2019, representing a 43% reduction in mortality rates. The highest rates were in the North, Northeast, and Midwest regions of Brazil, in males and young adults. A 77% reduction was observed in mortality rates for pedestrians and an increase of 53% for motorcyclists and of 54% for cyclists during the period. In terms of motorcycle road injuries, the mortality rate for men increased from 7.3/100,000 (1990) to 11.7/100,000 inhabitants (2019). The rates of premature deaths and disabilities were also higher for men when compared to women. Amputations, fractures, spinal cord injuries, and head trauma were the main types of road injuries. The projections for 2030 show that Brazil might not reach the SDG target. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decline in mortality rates, the 2030 Agenda's target might not be achieved.

Maternal Mortality in Brazil, 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION Maternal death continues to be one of the most challenging public health problems that needs to be addressed in low and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to describe the problem of maternal death in Brazil, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD). METHODS This study used data from the GBD 2019 to show the numbers of deaths and the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) - number of deaths/100,000 live births - in Brazil and its 27 Federated Units (FU), for ages 10 to 54 years, from 1990 to 2019. The annual variation of the MMR was estimated in 1990, 2010, and 2019. The MMR were shown for specific causes as well as for five-year age groups. The estimates were presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). RESULTS The number of maternal deaths, as well as the MMR showed a 49% reduction from 1990 to 2019. This reduction occurred heterogeneously throughout the country, and the profile of the MMR for specific causes changed between 1990 and 2019: from hypertensive gestation diseases, to indirect maternal deaths, followed by hypertensive gestation diseases. In the extreme age groups, the MMR is higher, with mortality increasing exponentially in direct proportion with age. CONCLUSIONS Maternal deaths in Brazil have decreased substantially since 1990; however, the numbers still fall short of what was established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Indirect causes are the greatest problem in more than 60% of the FU, especially for hypertensive pregnancy diseases.

Leading causes of child mortality in Brazil, in 1990 and 2015: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study. / Principais causas da mortalidade na infância no Brasil, em 1990 e 2015: estimativas do estudo de Carga Global de Doença.

OBJECTIVE:: To analyze under-5 mortality rates and leading causes in Brazil and states in 1990 and 2015, using the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2015 estimates. METHODS:: The main sources of data for all-causes under-5 mortality and live births estimates were the mortality information system, surveys, and censuses. Proportions and rates per 1,000 live births (LB) were calculated for total deaths and leading causes. RESULTS:: Estimates of under-5 deaths in Brazil were 191,505 in 1990, and 51,226 in 2015, 90% of which were infant deaths. The rates per 1,000 LB showed a reduction of 67.6% from 1990 to 2015, achieving the proposed target established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The reduction generally was more than 60% in states, with a faster reduction in the poorest Northeast region. The ratio of the highest and lowest rates in the states decreased from 4.9 in 1990 to 2.3 in 2015, indicating a reduction in socioeconomic regional disparities. Although prematurity showed a 72% reduction, it still remains as the leading cause of death (COD), followed by diarrheal diseases in 1990, and congenital anomalies, birth asphyxia and septicemia neonatal in 2015. CONCLUSION:: Under-5 mortality has decreased over the past 25 years, with reduction of regional disparities. However, pregnancy and childbirth-related causes remain as major causes of death, together with congenital anomalies. Intersectoral and specific public health policies must be continued to improve living conditions and health care in order to achieve further reduction of under-5 mortality rates in Brazil.

Parque público e criminalidade: preditores ambientais da percepção de (in)segurança / Public park and crime: environmental predictors of the perception of (in)security

O modelo da prevenção criminal pelo design ambiental (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design - CPTED) enfatiza como elementos do ambiente podem inibir ou induzir a ocorrência de vários tipos de delitos e a percepção de insegurança. Isso é especialmente estratégico em locais de uso múltiplo e de livre acesso, como no caso dos parques públicos em grandes cidades. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi testar o papel preditivo de variáveis especificadas pela CPTED sobre a percepção de segurança, com base em um survey in loco com 126 usuários de parque público, incluindo itens sobre hábitos, ocorrências criminais, avaliação do ambiente e variáveis sociodemográficas. Modelos de regressão linear hierárquica mostraram que sexo, experiências de vitimização e a avaliação da infraestrutura funcionaram como variáveis antecedentes adequadas. Os resultados são discutidos no contexto do cenário criminal brasileiro, da inércia da população e, sobretudo, das possibilidades de intervenção em políticas públicas de segurança.

The model of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) emphasizes how elements of the environment may inhibit or induce the occurrence of various types of crime and the perception of insecurity. This is especially strategic in places of multiple uses and free access, as in the case of public parks in big cities. The objective of this research was to test the predictive role of variables specified by CPTED on the perception of security, based on a survey in loco with 126 public park users, including items on habits, criminal occurrences, environmental assessment and sociodemographic variables. Hierarchical linear regression models showed that sex, experiences of victimization, and the evaluation of infrastructure worked as appropriate background variables. The results are discussed in the context of the Brazilian criminal scenario, the inertia of the population and, above all, the possibilities of intervention in public policies for security.

Violence and youth in a territory of the Metropolitan Area of Brasília, Brazil: a socio-spatial approach.

Young people are impacted by the relations established in the context of multidimensional violence distributed in private and public spaces of urban areas. This article presents stories of violence suffered and committed by young individuals who live in Itapoã, part of the Metropolitan Area of Brasilia. This is a transversal and descriptive study, using a quantitative approach and a convenience sample of 190 young men and women aged 15 to 24 years. Forty-four questions previously validated were used as the data collection instrument. As for the experiences of violence, 51% reported having experienced some sort throughout life, and 24% in the last 12 months. Young people who have experienced some episode of violence throughout life also declared that the area or neighborhood where they live does not promote urban well-being for its residents (p <0.023); they expressed feelings compatible with depression (p = 001); and self-reported their health condition as bad (p = 000). The experiences of violence and youth vulnerabilities processes were discussed in the context of social injustice and limitations of human capabilities.

As políticas de não repetência nos sistemas estaduais de ensino do brasil / Las políticas de no repitencia en los sistemas estaduales de educación en brasil / Les politiques de non redoublement dans systèmes d'enseignement publique du brésil / Non-repetition policies on state education systems in brazil

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar quais sistemas estaduais de ensino preveem a organização do ensino em ciclos escolares e o regime de progressão continuada dos alunos. Pretende-se, ainda, investigar em que medida essas previsões têm sido implantadas nas escolas. Para tanto, além de consulta direta às secretarias de educação e da análise da legislação estadual, recorre-se a dados do Censo Escolar. Os resultados nos permitem concluir que, na educação básica das redes estaduais brasileiras, há predomínio da organização seriada e dos regimes de progressão regular ou parcial dos alunos. Não obstante, há sistemas de ensino que apresentaram maior adesão às políticas de não repetência de forma consistente ao longo do tempo, como os dos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Mato Grosso.

Resumen Este artículo tiene el propósito de identificar qué sistemas estaduales de educación prevén la organización de la enseñanza en ciclos escolares y el régimen de progresión continuada de los estudiantes. Asimismo, se pretende investigar en qué medida tales pronósticos han sido implantados en las escuelas. Para ello, además de consultar directamente las secretarías de educación y de análisis de la legislación estadual se recurre a datos del Censo Escolar. Los resultados nos permiten concluir que, en la educación básica de las redes estaduales brasileñas, predomina la organización en serie y los regímenes de progresión regular o parcial de los alumnos. No obstante, hay sistemas de enseñanza que presentaron una mayor adhesión a las políticas de no repitencia de forma consistente a lo largo del tiempo, como aquellos de los estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo y Mato Grosso.

Résumé Cet article a pour but identifier quels systèmes d'enseignement publique1 prevoient l'organisation de l'enseignement en cycles scolaires et le régime de progression continue des élèves. On souhaite encore examiner dans quelle mesure ces prévisions sont mises en place dans les écoles. Pour le faire, en plus de la consultation directe des sécrétariats d'éducation et de l'analyse de la législation de l'État, on s'appuie sur les données du Recensement Scolaire. Les résultats nous permettent de conclure que dans l'éducation de base des réseaux publiques au Brésil, domine l'organisation par séries et les régimes de progression régulière ou partielle des élèves. Cependant, certains systèmes d'enseignement ont présenté une plus grande adhésion aux politiques de non redoublement régulièrement au long des années, comme les États de Minas Gerais, São Paulo et Mato Grosso.

Abstract This paper aims to identify the state education systems whose regulation establishes non-repetition as a rule and emphasizes educational cycles (units longer than a grade) as the main subdivisions of basic education. It also investigates the extent to which those regulations have been implemented. To that end, we analyzed Brazilian states' legislation on education and data from the School Census. We found that repetition and an emphasis on grades over cycles are characteristics of state education systems in most Brazilian states. However, non-repetition policies were found to be adopted to a greater extent in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Mato Grosso.1

Mortality due to Chagas disease in Brazil according to a specific cause.

A century after its discovery, Chagas disease (CD) is still considered a public health problem. Mortality caused by CD between 2000 and 2010 was described according to the specific underlying cause, year of occurrence, gender, age range, and region of Brazil. The standardized mortality rate decreased 32.4%, from 3.4% in 2000 to 2.3% in 2010. Most of the deaths (85.9%) occurred in male patients who were > 60 years of age caused by cardiac involvement. The mortality rate caused by cardiac involvement decreased in all regions of Brazil, except in the North region, where it increased by 1.6%. The Northeast had the smallest and the Central-West had the largest decrease. The mortality rate caused by a compromised digestive tract increased in all regions. Despite the control of transmission by vector and blood transfusions, CD should remain on the list of priority diseases for the public health service in Brazil, and surveillance actions cannot be interrupted.

[Improved quality of tuberculosis data using record linkage.] / Melhoria da qualidade das informações sobre tuberculose a partir do relacionamento entre bases de dados.

The aim of this study was to improve data quality on tuberculosis (TB) after record linkage and outcome correction through probabilistic linkage between the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) and the Mortality Information System (SIM). Record linkage was conducted between SINAN records for Brazil in 2008 and 2009 in order to exclude notifications not removed by routine SINAN procedures performed by States and Municipalities. The databases were constructed according to the case outcomes. Linkage between SINAN and SIM used the database resulting from record linkage and SIM data that mentioned TB as the underlying or associated cause from 2008 to 2010 in Brazil. Record linkage decreased the percentage of new cases closed with patient transfer as the outcome, ranging from 34.8% in 2008 to 35.5% in 2009. After linkage between SINAN and SIM, the percentage of TB deaths among new cases increased, varying around 15%. The results highlight the need for attention to data quality for TB treatment outcomes in SINAN.