COVID-19 fosters social accountability in medical education.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted embedded inequities and fragmentation in our health systems. Traditionally, structural issues with health professional education perpetuate these. COVID-19 has highlighted inequities, but may also be a disruptor, allowing positive responses and system redesign. Examples from health professional schools in high and low- and middle-income countries illustrate pro-equity interventions of current relevance. We recommend that health professional schools and planners consider educational redesign to produce a health workforce well equipped to respond to pandemics and meet future need.

Commentary: Moral and Ethical Leadership in the Age of Diversity, Equity, Inclusiveness and Social Accountability.

This article weighs three important moral and ethical considerations for leaders in healthcare: their obligations to society, their privilege as leaders and how value goes beyond a simple cost analysis. Leaders highly motivated by the bottom line have avoided the long overdue action on moral and ethical considerations critical to a more just and fairer society. Leaders are now being tasked to develop strategies for health equity, anti-oppression, anti-racism, social justice, diversity, equity and inclusiveness, community engagement, the social determinants of health and environmental accountability, and to demonstrate that their disruptive work adds more value to society than what can be measured in spreadsheet metrics.

Navigating the Leadership Landscape: Creating an Inventory to Identify Leadership Education Programs for Health Professionals.

As health systems become increasingly complex, there is growing emphasis on collaborative leadership education for health system change. The Canadian Interprofessional Health Leadership Collaborative conducted research on this phenomenon through a scoping and systematic review of the health leadership literature, key informant interviews and an inventory of health leadership programs in Canada. The inventory is unique, accounting for educational programming missed by traditional scholarly literature reviews. A major finding is that different health professions have access to health leadership education in different stages of their careers. This pioneering inventory suggests that needs may differ between health professions but also that there is a growing demand for multiple types of programs for specific targeted audiences, and a strategic need for collaborative leadership education in healthcare.

Isolated Malignant Pleural Effusion in a Child: Unusual Presentation of Acute Leukemia.

Pleural effusion in the pediatric population is an abnormal pathology characterized by the accumulation of fluids between the parietal and visceral pleura. The etiology of this excessive fluid accumulation can be attributed to both infectious and non-infectious factors. Notably, Streptococcus pneumoniae stands out as the predominant infectious agent responsible for this condition. Non-infectious causative factors encompass hematolymphoid malignancies, congestive heart failure, hemothorax, hypoalbuminemia, and iatrogenic causes. Among the hematolymphoid malignancies, lymphoma emerges as the most prevalent malignancy associated with pleural effusion. It is followed by T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, germ cell tumor, neurogenic tumor, chest wall and pulmonary malignancy, carcinoid tumor, pleuro-pulmonary blastoma, and Askin's tumor, among others. Malignant pleural effusion is predominantly linked to T-cell lymphoblastic malignancies. In the context of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), cases where T-cell presentation is accompanied by leukemic pleural effusion are commonly associated with either a mediastinal mass or significant lymphadenopathy. Here, we describe a case of a four-year-old male child who exhibited a brief history of febrile illness. Notably, this case was characterized by isolated pleural effusion, devoid of any mediastinal mass or lymphadenopathy. Pathological investigations of pleural fluid analysis revealed the presence of malignant cells, facilitating an expedited diagnosis.

Autosomal Recessive Hyper-IgE Syndrome in a Child With Beta Thalassemia Trait: A Case Report.

Autoimmune diseases are multifaceted disorders, and their coexistence with other conditions can present unique challenges in diagnosis and management. Here, we report a rare case of autosomal recessive hyper-IgE syndrome (AR-HIES) in a child with beta thalassemia trait. AR-HIES is a distinct immunodeficiency disorder characterized by severe eczema and recurrent bacterial and viral infections, particularly affecting the sinopulmonary system. This case highlights the importance of recognizing and managing the co-occurrence of rare genetic conditions, as it can impact treatment strategies and familial counseling. This unique case of AR-HIES in a child with beta thalassemia trait underscores the complexity of autoimmune disorders and the need for comprehensive evaluation in patients presenting with multiple clinical manifestations.

Study of Clinicoetiological Spectrum of Bicytopenia and Pancytopenia in Hospitalized Children.

Background The etiological profile of children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia has a very wide spectrum, ranging from transient causes like infections or nutritional deficiencies to bone marrow failure syndromes. Timely diagnosis and treatment impart favorable prognosis to this entity. There is a paucity of data regarding the etiology of cytopenia in hospitalized children at a tertiary center in India. Additionally, only a few studies have discussed the possible association between the severity of cytopenia at presentation and the possible etiology. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study analyzing bicytopenia and pancytopenia in hospitalized children. Patient details, along with clinical findings and relevant investigations, were recorded on predesigned pro forma and analyzed statistically. Results Out of 202 children, 174 (86.13%) had bicytopenia, and 28 (13.86%) had pancytopenia, with a male predominance resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1.65:1. The commonest age group affected was pre-adolescent age group (6-12 years). The causes of bicytopenia and pancytopenia in hospitalized children in the decreasing order of frequency were infections (65.84%), benign hematological disorders (18.81%), systemic illness (10.39%), and malignancies (4.95%). The cytopenia was more severe in children with pancytopenia than bicytopenia. Conclusions Infections outweigh the other causes of bicytopenia and pancytopenia. The severity of the cell line affected can help narrow down a diagnosis of cytopenia etiologies. Most of the children with bicytopenia and pancytopenia had treatable etiology and favorable outcomes.

Depression and health-related quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes attending tertiary level hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are closely linked. People with T2DM are at increased risk of developing depression and vice versa. T2DM and depression comorbid conditions adversely affect Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) and management of T2DM. In this study, we assessed depression and HRQOL among patients with T2DM in Dhaka, Bangladesh. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary-level hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Data were collected from 318 patients with T2DM. A set of standard tools, PHQ-9 (for assessing depression) and EuroQol-5D-5L (for assessing the HRQOL), were used. Statistical analyses, including Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney), and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests, were performed using SPSS (v.20). RESULTS: The majority of the patients (58%) were females, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 52 ± 10 years, and 74% of patients lived in urban areas. The prevalence of depression was 62% (PHQ-9 score ≥ 5). Over three-quarters (76%) reported problems in the anxiety/ depression dimension of EQ-5D, followed by pain/discomfort (74%), mobility (40%), self-care (36%), and usual activities (33%). The depression and T2DM comorbid condition were associated with all the five dimensions of EQ-5D (χ2 statistics with df = 1 was 52.33, 51.13, 52.67, 21.61, 7.92 for mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/ depression dimensions respectively, p- < 0.01). The mean EQ-5D index (0.53 vs. 0.75) and the mean EQ-5D VAS (65 vs. 76) both showed lower values in T2DM patients with depression compared to T2DM patients without depression (Wilcoxon test, p- < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the majority of the patients with T2DM had comorbid conditions, and the HRQOL was negatively affected by comorbid depression in T2DM patients. This suggests the importance of timely screening, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of comorbid depression in T2DM patients to improve overall health and QOL.

A Case Report on CNS Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Infant With Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

India is an endemic country for dengue. The incidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with dengue in children has been well-reported. However, central nervous system (CNS) HLH associated with dengue has not been described in the literature yet. We hereby report a novel case of CNS HLH triggered by dengue infection. An eight-month-old, well-grown male infant with uneventful antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal history was admitted with a history of febrile illness associated with cough, cold, vomiting, and loose motions and one episode of hematochezia and hepatosplenomegaly on examination. Investigations revealed bi-cytopenia, hyper-ferritinemia, deranged coagulation profile, liver function test, and hypo-fibrinogenemia. Dengue non-structural protein 1 ( NS1) antigen was positive. The child was given dexamethasone and continued supportive care with a diagnosis of dengue shock syndrome. The child showed an overall transient improvement, however, he had rebound fever followed by right focal convulsion on Day 9 of steroids. MRI brain revealed areas of diffusion-restricted embolic infarcts with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and mild cerebral edema, and CSF showed a total leukocyte count of 80 cells with 75% lymphocytic picture, histiocytes with hemophagocytosis, confirmatory of CNS HLH. Intrathecal methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and intravenous (IV) etoposide were started. However, the child succumbed to his illness. CNS involvement in dengue-triggered HLH needs to be suspected despite subtle neurological signs and aggressively managed following a multi-departmental approach to ensure the best clinical and neuro-developmental outcomes.

Tracking family medicine graduates. Where do they go, what services do they provide and whom do they see?

BACKGROUND: There are continued concerns over an adequate supply of family physicians (FPs) practicing in Canada. While most resource planning has focused on intake into postgraduate education, less information is available on what postgraduate medical training yields. We therefore undertook a study of Family Medicine (FM) graduates from the University of Toronto (U of T) to determine the type of information for physician resource planning that may come from tracking FM graduates using health administrative data. This study compared three cohorts of FM graduates over a 10 year period of time and it also compared FM graduates to all Ontario practicing FPs in 2005/06. The objectives for tracking the three cohorts of FM graduates were to: 1) describe where FM graduates practice in the province 2) examine the impact of a policy introduced to influence the distribution of new FM graduates in the province 3) describe the services provided by FM graduates and 4) compare workload measures. The objectives for the comparison of FM graduates to all practicing FPs in 2005/06 were to: 1) describe the patient population served by FM graduates, 2) compare workload of FM graduates to all practicing FPs. METHODS: The study cohort consisted of all U of T FM postgraduate trainees who started and completed their training between 1993 and 2003. This study was a descriptive record linkage study whereby postgraduate information for FM graduates was linked to provincial health administrative data. Comprehensiveness of care indicators and workload measures based on administrative data where determined for the study cohort. RESULTS: From 1993 to 2003 there were 857 University of Toronto FM graduates. While the majority of U of T FM graduates practice in Toronto or the surrounding Greater Toronto Area, there are FM graduates from U of T practicing in every region in Ontario, Canada. The proportion of FM graduates undertaking further emergency training had doubled from 3.6% to 7.8%. From 1993 to 2003, a higher proportion of the most recent FM graduates did hospital visits, emergency room care and a lower proportion undertook home visits. Male FM graduates appear to have had higher workloads compared with female FM graduates, though the difference between them was decreasing over time. A 1997 policy initiative to discount fees paid to new FPs practicing in areas deemed over supplied did result in a decrease in the proportion of FM graduates practicing in metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to profile the practices of FM graduates using existing and routinely collected population-based health administrative data. Further work tracking FM graduates could be helpful for physician resource forecasting and in examining the impact of policies on family medicine practice.

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District.

Introduction: The decreased rate in dental caries cases across the world has created an enthusiasm in many clinicians to relate and study different developmental disorders. In past years, defects that are commonly associated with dentistry are hypomineralized areas commonly seen in central incisors and first molars. Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a defect of the enamel, which is qualitative in nature and systemic in origin characterized by advanced and concurrent hypomineralization of the enamel affecting the first permanent molars together with frequent association of the incisors. Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH), its possible risk factors and its association with dental caries and enamel surface defects (attrition and abrasion) in schoolchildren aged between 8 and 16 years in Lucknow district. Methodology: Indexed teeth (first permanent molars and incisors) of 5,585 schoolchildren, selected by stratified random sampling technique between the age-group of 8 and 16 years, were examined by a trained and calibrated examiner. The data was recorded in a predesigned pro forma by examiner, which consisted of mainly two parts. The first part comprised of general information, while the second part comprised of questions related to risk factors related to MIH (prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history). For the diagnosis of MIH, the Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index was used for diagnosis of MIH, while the decay-missing-filled teeth index (DMFT) criteria were used for assessing dental caries. Enamel surface defects were recorded using the Smith and Knight tooth wear index. Results: A prevalence of 7.6% was reported wherein females were found to be more affected by MIH. A strong significant correlation was found between MIH prevalence and childhood infection. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of MIH is necessary to prevent the rapid destruction of the tooth morphology resulting in complicated treatment. Further studies with greater samples are needed to investigate the different etiological factors and determine the biological molecular mechanism that they may cause. Clinical significance: The data obtained from the current study does not portray a clear consideration of the infants' medical history in the initial 4 years of life. Further studies may be performed to surpass these shortcomings by using more elaborate medical records of the child in addition to profound recollection of the parents. Due to paucity of literature on this issue in Lucknow District, our current study may provide some information at a baseline level for conducting an extensive research involving different regions pan-India. How to cite this article: Verma S, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, et al. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(1):1-8.

Creating a Lactation-Friendly Learning Environment for Medical Students and Residents: A Northern Canadian Perspective.

Background: Lactation is a normal postpartum physiological process that can continue in excess of 3 years and is often the sole nutritional source for infants in the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding not only provides infant nutrition, but also facilitates maternal-infantile bonding. Lactating mothers separated from their children face multiple challenges in finding and accessing appropriate spaces and time for milk expression. Maternal employment is a great barrier to breastfeeding and accordingly has led to multiple advancements in the area of breastfeeding policy. One example of a policy is the Baby-Friendly Initiative. This initiative focused on breastfeeding promotion, support, and protection. However, the impact of such campaigns on lactating medical students and residents is thought to be low. Furthermore, breastfeeding rates differ vastly according to geographic locations in North America. Trends indicate decreased rates of breastfeeding in northern rural areas in comparison with southern urban counterparts. This highlights the need for increased protection, support, and creation of safe-lactation spaces for all working mothers including medical students and residents, and especially those in rural areas. Goals: To review challenges of breastfeeding as a medical trainee and delineate the creation of a lactation policy for medical learners and residents. Methodology: We conducted a literature review of breastfeeding policy and experiences of breastfeeding while in the learning environment. Results: Challenges of breastfeeding in medical school and residency include the complex, high-paced medical working environment where taking breaks or time off is often difficult. Few medical schools across North America have any breastfeeding policy. Conclusion: The Northern Ontario School of Medicine's lactation policy serves as a possible solution to the barriers medical students and residents face when breastfeeding in the academic environment. This policy creates lactation-friendly medical learning spaces through the entitlement of dedicated space and time for milk expression.

Core competencies: the next generation. Comparison of a common framework for multiple professions.

This report demonstrates the application of a competency model to the regulated and unregulated professions of medical radiation technology, social work, pharmacy, and psychology. The competency model is based on the CanMEDS framework and was originally applied to the professions of medicine, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and nursing in an earlier work. The framework identifies the core competencies common to learners in health care, which are professional (and health advocate), expert, scholar, manager, communicator, and collaborator. In this report, these core competencies are applied to four additional disciplines in an effort to make the cultural shift from discipline-based silos to a common language for ascertaining the skills, knowledge, and attitudes needed to function in interprofessional teams.

Fundamental components of a curriculum for residents in health advocacy.

PURPOSE: To develop components of a curriculum for teaching and evaluating Residents as health advocates. METHOD: Modeled on the Delphi technique, the first step involved a multidisciplinary panel of 10 Queen's University health care providers with expertize in education and patient advocacy. In the context of four Advocacy questions: What is it?, Who does it?, How to teach it?, and How to evaluate it?, they discussed a curriculum framework including graded education, scholarly activity, role modeling, and case examples. In the second step, 24 faculty experts addressed two goals: (1) to identify attributes discussed by the expert panel in step 1 and corresponding measurable behaviours and (2) to refine the curriculum framework proposed in step 1 with emphasis on content and evaluation. RESULTS: Six attributes of a health advocate were identified; knowledgeable, altruistic, honest, assertive, resourceful, and up-to date. Behaviours that reflect these attributes were identified as desirable or undesirable and means of teaching were matched to the attributes. For most residents, skills would be developed in a graded fashion, progressing from advocating for the individual to society as a whole. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a general framework from which specialty-specific curriculums for training health advocates can be developed.

International medical graduates (IMGs) needs assessment study: comparison between current IMG trainees and program directors.

BACKGROUND: International Medical Graduates (IMGs) training within the Canadian medical education system face unique difficulties. The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges IMGs encounter from the perspective of trainees and their Program Directors. METHODS: Program Directors of residency programs and IMGs at the University of Toronto were anonymously surveyed and asked to rate (using a 5-point Likert scale; 1 = least important - 5 = most important) the extent to which specific issues were challenging to IMGs and whether an orientation program (in the form of a horizontal curriculum) should be implemented for incoming IMGs prior to starting their residency. RESULTS: Among the IMGs surveyed, Knowledge of the Canadian Healthcare System received the highest mean score (3.93), followed by Knowledge of Pharmaceuticals and Hospital formularies (3.69), and Knowledge of the Hospital System (3.69). In contrast, Program Directors felt that Communication with Patients (4.40) was a main challenge faced by IMGs, followed by Communication with Team Members (4.33) and Basic Clinical Skills (4.28). CONCLUSION: IMGs and Program Directors differ in their perspectives as to what are considered challenges to foreign-trained physicians entering residency training. Both groups agree that an orientation program is necessary for incoming IMGs prior to starting their residency program.

Core competencies for health care professionals: what medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, and physiotherapy share.

This paper describes the amalgamation of the core competencies identified for medicine, nursing, physical therapy, and occupational therapy and the "harmonization" of these competencies into a framework for interprofessional education. The study was undertaken at a Canadian university with a Faculty of Health Sciences comprised of three schools (namely, medicine, nursing, and rehabilitation therapy). Leaders in interprofessional education began to identify the common standards for the core competencies expected of learners in all three schools at commensurate levels to facilitate the integration of educational curricula aimed at interprofessional education across the Faculty. The model that was created serves as a basis for curriculum design and assessment of individuals and groups of learners from different domains across and within the four professions. It particularly highlights the relevance of cross-disciplinary competency teaching and 360-degree evaluation in teams. Most importantly, it provides a launch pad for clarifying performance standards and expectations in interdisciplinary learning.

Faculty's and residents' perceptions of teaching and evaluating the role of health advocate: a study at one Canadian university.

PURPOSE: To examine the views of faculty and residents about teaching and evaluating health advocacy, one of the more difficult CanMEDS roles to integrate into postgraduate medical education. METHOD: In 2002, two focus groups of faculty and two of residents at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, were asked standardized questions to elicit their answers to what was a health care advocate as understood and reported by teachers and residents, and what were the reported barriers and enhancers to teaching and evaluating the role of residents as health care advocates. RESULTS: The study found that faculty and residents knew little about how to teach and evaluate the role of the health advocate. There was consensus between the two types of groups with congruity between residents and faculty about the key issues. The one exception to this was the disconnect between the faculty members' belief that advocacy was an aspect of their daily work and the residents' apparent lack of awareness of this. The majority of participants were not familiar with the Royal College's description of the role of health advocate and were very keen to receive further guidance on teaching tools and methods of evaluation. CONCLUSION: The authors' hypothesis was that little is known about how to teach and evaluate the role of the health advocate. The results confirmed this and identified important areas upon which to build an educational framework. The definition of the health advocate and the expectations require clarity and direction. Academic programs would benefit from clear objectives.

Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system.

Seedlings of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.cv. RH-30) grown in controlled condition (irradiance 75 Wm(-2), RH 60-70% and temp. 25 +/- 2 degrees C) for 7d and watered with Hoagland's solution containing different level of NaCL (50-250 mmol/L NaCl) with or without putrescine (PUT, 0.1 mmol/L) were examined for PUT amelioration of NaCl induced inhibition in seedling growth by altering activity of antioxygenic enzymes and level of free radicals in the leaves. Salinity caused reduction in seedling growth and biomass accumulation was parallel to increased superoxide (*O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and electrolyte leakage in leaf tissues which were reversed significantly by PUT. The antioxygenic enzymes viz superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) were differentially altered, depending on salt level. PUT induction of enzyme was in the following order APX>GR>CAT>SOD>POD in leaf tissues of salt stressed seedlings. PUT increased the level of glutathione and carotenoids in leaf tissues. This finding suggests that PUT might be activating antioxygenic enzymes and elevating antioxidants there by controlling free radical generation, hence preventing membrane peroxidation and denaturation of biomolecules resulting into improved seedling growth under salinity.