RESUMO
Amazon River dolphins are an important flagship species in the Anavilhanas National Park, Brazil, where they interact with visitors. This study aimed to quantify and identify fungi isolated from dolphin skin and oral samples and their surrounding environment in this unique ecosystem. Samples were collected from three dolphins and water samples from Flutuante dos Botos and the Novo Airão city harbor. Fungi were isolated using culture media and identified through micromorphology assays and ITS region sequencing. Oral swab samples resulted in culture of Trichosporon montevideense and Exophiala dermatitidis. Skin samples from one dolphin revealed Toxicocladosporium irritans and Diaporthe lithocarpus. Water samples exhibited higher fungal counts and diversity, with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Exophiala dermatitidis, Penicillium citrinum, Fomitopsis meliae, and Nectria pseudotrichia identified at the collection site and Candida spencermartinsiae and Penicillium chermesinum at the city harbor. This study provides important insights into the fungal diversity associated with Amazon River dolphins and their environment, enhancing our understanding of the public health and ecological dynamics in the Anavilhanas National Park.
RESUMO
This study analyzed the influence of forest structural components on the occurence, size and density of groups of Bare-face Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) - the most threatened species in the Amazon - and produced the first map of distribution of groups in large-scale spatial within the area of continuous forest. Population censuses were conducted between November 2002 and July 2003, covering 6400 hectares in the Ducke Reserve, Manaus-AM, Brazil. Groups of S. bicolor were recorded 41 times accordingly distributed in the environments: plateau (20); slopes (12); and lowlands (09). The mean group size was 4.8 indiv./group, and ranged from 2 to 11 individuals. In the sites where the groups were recorded, and in an equivalent number of sites where no tamarins were found located at least 500 m from those where they had been recorded, we placed 50 m x 50 m plots to record the following forest structural components: abundance of trees; abundance of lianas; abundance of fruiting trees and lianas; abundance of snags; abundance of logs; percentage of canopy opening; leaf litter depth; and altitude. Bare-face Tamarin more often uses areas with lower abundance of forest logs, smaller canopy opening and with higher abundance of snags, areas in the forest with smaller canopy opening present higher density of S. bicolor groups. Apparently this species does not use the forest in a random way, and may select areas for its daily activities depending on the micro-environmental heterogeneity produced by the forest structural components.
Este estudo analisou a influência de componentes estruturais da floresta na ocorrência, tamanho e densidade de grupos do Sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) a espécie de primata mais ameaçada na Amazônia - e produziu o primeiro mapa de distribuição de grupos em grande escala espacial dentro de uma área continua de floresta. Censos populacionais foram conduzidos entre novembro de 2002 e julho de 2003, cobrindo 6400 hectares na Reserva Ducke, Manaus-AM, Brasil. Quarenta e um grupos de sauins foram registrados conforme os ambientes: platô (20), vertente (12), e baixio (09). O número de indivíduos por grupo variou de 2 a 11, com uma média de 4,8 indivíduos/grupo. Nos locais onde os grupos foram registrados, e em um número equivalente onde não ocorreram, localizados a pelo menos 500 m daqueles locais onde eles ocorreram, colocamos parcelas de 50m x 50m para registrar os seguintes componentes de estrutura da floresta: abundância de árvores, abundância de lianas, abundância de árvores e lianas frutificando, abundância de troncos mortos em pé, abundância de troncos mortos no chão, percentagem de abertura do dossel, profundidade do folhiço, e altitude. O sauim-de-coleira usou mais freqüentemente áreas com menor abundância de troncos mortos no chão, menor abertura do dossel, e com maior abundância de troncos mortos em pé. Areas com menor abertura do dossel apresentaram maiores densidades de grupos de sauím-de-coleira. Aparentemente esta espécie não usa a floresta ao acaso, e deve selecionar áreas para as suas atividades diárias dependendo da heterogeneidade micro-ambiental produzida por componentes estruturais da floresta.