Comparison of total daily energy expenditure with dietary reference intakes values in a sample of urban, relatively active Brazilian adults: A doubly labeled water study.

OBJECTIVE: This report aimed to describe the results of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW TDEE) and the adequacy of the dietary reference intakes (DRI) equations to estimate energy requirements (DRI ER). METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study in a convenience sample of 40 healthy Brazilian adults (≥20 years; 21 women) living in a tropical urban region. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry, DLW TDEE was compared with DRI ER using individual calculated physical activity level (PAL = DLW TDEE/BMR) in its estimation. RESULTS: BMR (5043 ± 548 kJ/day in women and 6213 ± 656 kJ/day in men), DLW TDEE (8372 ± 1324 kJ/day and 11 453 ± 1834 kJ/day), and PAL (1.66 ± 0.17 and 1.85 ± 0.30, respectively) were significantly higher in men. The DRI ER significantly overestimated DLW TDEE by 13.7 ± 8.3% and 12.7 ± 10.7% in women and men, respectively. CONCLUSION: In the present sample of relatively active urban Brazilian subjects, the DRI ER yielded inaccurate estimation of DLW TDEE. More data from low- and moderate-income countries are necessary to develop accurate estimates of TDEE.

BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations. DESIGN: BMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained. SETTING: The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. RESULTS: Mean BMRi values were 5839.7 (se 73.9) kJ/d and 4758.1 (se 39.5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95% CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20%) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13% and 16% overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10% of BMRi was very low (7.8% and 14.1% of males nd females, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Current available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Measured and predicted resting metabolic rate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to compare measured and estimated resting metabolic rate (RMR) predicted by selected equations in patients with nonactive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on an outpatient university clinic regimen. RESEARCH METHODS & PROCEDURES: Seventy-two adult (≥20 years) IBD patients (45 with Crohn's disease-CD) had RMR measured (mRMR) by indirect calorimetry and also estimated by predictive equations (Cunningham, Henry, Anjos et al., and Marra et al.). Body composition was assessed by DXA. Absolute Bias (estimated - mRMR) and % Bias (Bias/mRMR) were calculated. Agreement was assessed as the limit of agreement (LoA) in the Bland & Altman approach. RESULTS: There was no difference in age, body composition and mRMR between individuals with CD (5414.2 ± 1023.7 kJ/day) and ulcerative colitis (5443.9 ± 1008.9 kJ/day). Among the equations, only the Anjos et al.'s population-specific equation (-52.1 [642.0] kJ/day, P = 0.493; LoA: -1311; 1206 kJ/d) accurately estimated RMR. The equations of Marra et al. produced the highest % Bias (24.1 ± 14.8%). The Bland & Altman plots showed that the range of the LoA was relatively similar for all equations. In the simple regression analysis, the model with FFM resulted in a higher coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.51 for DC 0.74 for UC) compared to the model that included BM (R2 = 0.35 for DC and 0.65 for UC). CONCLUSIONS: Among the equations analyzed, only Anjos et al.'s accurately estimated RMR in outpatients with nonactive IBD. However, caution is advised when applying it at the individual level, due to the wide observed LoA.

Obesity, dynapenia, and their combination: Implications for bone mineral density in Brazilian adults-the Pró-Saúde study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) in the presence or absence of dynapenia or obesity in Brazilian adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in 502 adults (age: 33-81 y; 51% women) participating in the Pró-Saúde study, a cohort of civil servants at the university campuses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Body composition and BMD were determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer. According to measures of handgrip strength (≤19 kg for women; ≤32 kg for men) and fat mass (>30% for men; >40% for women), participants were classified into four groups: non-obese non-dynapenic, obese non-dynapenic, non-obese dynapenic, and obese dynapenic. The association between BMD at each specific bone site and obesity, dynapenia, and their interaction was evaluated using a general linear model. RESULTS: The prevalence of dynapenic obesity was 14% in men and 15.2% in women. Dynapenia alone was not associated with BMD at any site in either men nor women. Obesity and dynapenia interacted to influence BMD in women (P < 0.05). Total body, lumbar spine, and femoral neck BMD were higher by 6.3%, 9.3%, and 10.4%, respectively, in dynapenic obese women compared with their non-obese counterparts (P < 0.05). In men, obesity, dynapenia, and their combination were not associated with BMD at any site. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that dynapenia, obesity, and their combination may affect BMD in a sex-dependent manner. In the presence of dynapenia, fat mass appears to exert a protective effect on BMD in women, but not in men.

Validity of basal metabolic rate prediction equations in elderly women living in an urban tropical city of Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To measure basal metabolic rate (BMR) and to compare it with the values obtained from predictive equations in a sample of elderly (≥60 y) women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Seventy-nine women living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil enrolled in physical activity programs open to the community. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric measures were obtained using standard procedures. Percent body fat (PBF) was assessed by DXA. BMR was measured (BMRm) by indirect calorimetry under standardized conditions and compared with BMR estimated by 14 predictive equations that included elderly individuals in their development. RESULTS: Mean (±SD) age, BMI and PBF were 69.7 ± 6.5 y, 27.2 ± 4.6 kg/m2 and 42.1 ± 5.9%. BMRm (4188.3 ± 707.2 kJ/day) was significantly lower than estimated BMR by all predictive equations, including the equation developed for the Niteroian adult population (4565.6 ± 607.9 kJ/day). This population-specific equation provided the largest number of results within ±10% of BMRm and the lowest overestimation (10.6 ± 15.4%), much lower than the results from the internationally recommended Schofield equation (27.2 ± 17.6%). Regression of calf circumference (CC), age and body mass on BMRm provided similar estimates in comparison to models with fat-free mass (FFM). CONCLUSIONS: All predictive equations provided biased, inaccurate estimates of BMR values in comparison to BMRm. Anthropometry and body composition explained only approximately 50% of the variability of BMRm. New equations should account for the variability of organ-metabolic rates and underlying undetected health conditions in older individuals living in tropical regions.

Validity of a population-specific BMR predictive equation for adults from an urban tropical setting.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is an important physiologic measure in nutrition research. In many instances it is not measured but estimated by predictive equations. The purpose of this study was to compare measured BMR (BMRm) with estimated BMR (BMRe) obtained by different equations. METHODS: A convenient sample of 148 (89 women) 20-60 year-old subjects from the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil participated in the study. BMRm values were measured by an indirect calorimeter and predicted by different equations (Schofield, Henry and Rees, Mifflin-St. Jeor and Anjos. All subjects had their body composition and anthropometric variables also measured. Accuracy of the estimations was established by the percentage of BMRe falling within ±10% of BMRm and bias when the 95% CI of the difference of BMRe and BMRm means did not include zero. RESULTS: Mean BMRm values were 4833.5 (SD 583.3) and 6278.8 (SD 724.0) kJ*day-1 for women and men, respectively. BMRe values were both biased and inaccurate except for values predicted by the Anjos equation. BMR overestimation was approximately 20% for the Schofield equation which was higher comparatively to the Henry and Rees (14.5% and 9.6% for women and men, respectively) and the Mifflin-St. Jeor (approximately 14.0%) equations. BMR estimated by the Anjos equation was unbiased (95% CI = -78.1; 96.3 kJ day-1 for women and -282.6; 30.7 kJ*day-1 for men). CONCLUSIONS: Population-specific BMR predictive equations yield unbiased and accurate BMR values in adults from an urban tropical setting.

Dietary intake of pregnant adolescents cared for in primary health care units of a Brazilian urban municipality.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake and the anthropometric nutritional status of pregnant adolescents in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METERIALS AND METHODS: forty-two adolescents (13-19 years of age), with single-fetus gestation, assisted in the public prenatal health care units between 2008-2014, participated in the study. Body mass index (BMI) was used to assess the nutritional status. Dietary intake was assessed by 24h dietary recalls on two days during a week and one during weekend. Basal metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry and used to determine the energy requirements. Mixed effects models were used to assess dietary intake over the gestational weeks (random effect) and BMI. RESULTS: mean age (SD) of the pregnant women was 16.5 (1.5) years and the majority received allowance from a cash transfer federal program. Overall, 30.3% were overweight/obese pre-pregnancy and 16.7%, during pregnancy. Energy and protein intake adequacies decreased with increasing BMI and gestational week. There was adequate dietary intake of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc and insufficient intakes of iron and calcium. There was excessive intake of sodium. CONCLUSION: pregnant adolescents living in underprivileged socio-economic environments assisted for prenatal care in primary health care units have adequate intakes of energy, protein, vitamin A and zinc. Pre-pregnancy overweight and high sodium intake are causes of concern due to the future implications for their health. The official Brazilian recommended criterion for anthropometric assessment in pregnancy of adolescents proved to be inadequate.

Nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the nutrition, physical activity, and health survey.

A household survey was conducted to assess the nutritional status of the adult population in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the selected households, all adults (>or= 20 years) had their body mass and stature measured. Body mass index (BMI) was used to determine the nutritional status according to the World Health Organization classification. The population estimates showed low prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5kg/m(2)), while 45.8% of women and 49.6% of men were overweight/obese (BMI >or= 25kg/m(2)). Obesity prevalence varied from 5.6% to 19.3% in men and from 9.6% to 21.3% in women, according to age. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was not associated with income (in either men and women) or schooling (in men), but there was an inverse relationship between schooling and overweight/obesity in women. The prevalence of underweight decreased with increasing mean income in the census enumeration area. The authors conclude that overweight/obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder in both men and women in Niterói. This pattern resembles recent results for the adult population in Southeast Brazil as a whole, where Niterói is located.

Validation of the VO2000 calorimeter for measuring resting metabolic rate.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Metabolic carts used in laboratory settings for the measurement of resting metabolism are cumbersome limiting their use in the field. The validity of a newly developed portable calorimeter (Medical Graphics VO2000) under resting conditions was assessed in comparison to a well-established reference system, the DELTATRAC. METHODS: Gas exchange and energy expenditure were measured for 25 min consecutively using the two devices. Values of the last 20 min were averaged and used in the analysis. The order of device for the first subject was randomly chosen and the calorimeters were alternated thereafter. RESULTS: Among 33 subjects, acceptable measures of resting metabolism were obtained in 25 (11 men) aged 20-78 years because eight subjects (three men) either hyperventilated or did not adapt well enough to the facemask. VO(2), VCO(2), and RQ were not significantly different between devices. Small (2.8%) non-clinically relevant mean differences (-0.145+/-0.341 MJ day(-1)) were found. Results of the two devices were highly correlated (r=0.95) yielding a more accurate estimate than predictive equations. CONCLUSIONS: The VO2000 calorimeter is a valid system to measure resting metabolism but the facemask may not be suitable for some people.

Association Between Body Composition and Bone Mineral Density in Men on Hemodialysis.

Studies have revealed complex interactions between bone and fat, however there are few studies about this crosstalk in patients with chronic kidney disease. This study investigated possible relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in patients who underwent hemodialysis. Twenty patients were enrolled in a cross-sectional study (47.0 [42.3-56.8] years, body mass index 26.0 ± 4.2 kg/m, dialysis vintage of 48.5 [26.7-95.7] months). Body composition and BMD were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin and parathormone levels were analyzed using Multiplex kits (R&D System Inc). Low bone mass in the femoral neck was reported in 54.8% of patients. Total BMD and total T-score were positively correlated with lean mass (r = 0.46, P = 0.04; r = 0.47, P = 0.04, respectively), but not with leptin or body fat mass. In conclusion, lean body mass is probably important to maintain bone health in male patients who underwent hemodialysis.

Energy intake underreporting of adults in a household survey: the impact of using a population specific basal metabolic rate equation.

The purpose of the present study was to identify energy intake (EI) underreporting and to estimate the impact of using a population specific equation for the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in a probability sample of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. A sample of 1,726 subjects participated in the study. EI was assessed by a 24-hour dietary recall and EI/BMR was computed with BMR estimated using internationally recommended equations as well as specific equations developed for the adult population of Niterói. Mean EI was 1,570.9 and 2,188.8 kcal.day-1 for women and men, respectively. EI decreased with increasing age in both men and women. BMR estimated by the Brazilian equation was significantly lower than the values estimated by the international equation for all age, sex and nutritional status groups. In general, EI underreporting was found in at least 50% of the population, higher in women, and increased with increasing age and body mass index (BMI). The results of the present study confirm that EI is underreported, even when BMR is estimated using population-specific equations.

[Macronutrient food sources in a probabilistic sample of Brazilian adults]. / Fontes alimentares de macronutrientes em amostra probabilística de adultos brasileiros.

Once it is available, the information on food intake (FI) may enable the development of strategies to intervene, monitor and explore dietary patterns with more sophisticated statistical methods. Thus, the purpose of this study was to document the quantitative dietary characteristics in a probabilistic sample of adults in Niterói in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A 24-hour dietary recall of a typical day was conducted. The food eaten by most adults (> 50%) was white rice, coffee, black beans, refined sugar and French bread. Whole milk was ingested by more adults than skimmed or semi-skimmed milk. Beef was ingested by more adults than chicken, fish or pork. More adults ingested sodas than fruit juices and fruits were eaten by a relatively high percentage of adults (63.3%). The combination of white rice, black beans, beef and French bread was responsible for at least 25% of energy, protein and carbohydrate and 17% of lipids. A total of 65 food items accounted for approximately 90% of energy and macronutrients. The list generated is somewhat similar to the one used in a similar survey conducted in São Paulo. The list can serve as the basis for a single food frequency questionnaire to be used for the southeastern Brazilian urban population.

Physical activity level and energy expenditure assessed by accelerometry in 60y+ brazilian subjects / Nível de atividade física e gasto energético avaliados por acelerometria em idosos brasileiros / Nivel de actividad física y gasto energético evaluados por acelerometría en ancianos brasileños

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the physical activity level (PAL) and the total daily energy expenditure (EE-TDEE) in a sample of ≥60y subjects from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of 88 subjects recruited from recreational physical activity programs wore an accelerometer around the waist for seven consecutive days for at least 10h/day. Minute-by-minute EE was estimated from the counts per minute (CPM) data, and the daily sum yielded the TDEE. PAL (TDEE/BMR) with BMR calculated with the FAO/WHO predictive equation and a population-specific equation. Body composition was assessed by DXA. Results: Mean age (SD) was 69.2 (5.8) years, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was 36.4 and 25.0%, respectively, and excess body fat was 39.8%. The subjects spent 600min/day engaged in sedentary activities (CPM<100). Men engaged in 30min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (CPM≥1,952) daily, on average. The subjects were active on 34.5 and 18.0% of the weekdays and weekend days with a 1,400 steps/day difference between these days. TDEE was 1,731.5 (348.7) and 1,356.3 (223.7) kcal/day depending on the BMR prediction equation used. Mean PAL was lower than the maintenance level. Conclusions: The high prevalence of sedentary activities and the low percentage of subjects who met the physical activity recommendations indicate that physical activity programs must be adjusted so that the enrolled subjects can meet the physical activity recommendations, preferably with the activities objectively monitored. Population-specific equations improve the final estimation of TDEE and PAL. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de atividade física (NAF) e o gasto energético total diário (GETD) em uma amostra de idosos (≥ 60 anos) residentes no município de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Uma amostra de conveniência de 88 indivíduos recrutados em programas de atividade física usou acelerômetro na cintura durante sete dias consecutivos, por pelo menos 10 horas por dia. O GE por minuto foi estimado a partir de dados de contagem por minuto (CPM), cujo somatório diário forneceu o GETD. O NAF (GETD/TMB) foi calculado com a TMB estimada pela equação preditiva da FAO/WHO e por equação especifica para a população estudada. A composição corporal foi avaliada por DXA. Resultados: A média de idade (DP) foi de 69,2 (5,8) anos, a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade foi de 36,4 e 25,0%, respectivamente, e o de excesso de gordura corporal foi 39,8%. Os indivíduos passaram 600 min./dia em atividades sedentárias (CPM < 100). Os homens realizaram, em média, 30 minutos de atividade física vigorosa a moderada (CPM ≥ 1.952) diariamente. Os indivíduos foram ativos em 34,5% e 18% dos dias da semana e nos fins de semana, respectivamente, com uma diferença de 1.400 passos/dia entre esses dias. O GETD foi de 1.731,5 (348,7) e 1.356,3 (223,7) kcal/dia, dependendo da equação preditiva da TMB usada. O NAF médio foi inferior ao nível de atividade de manutenção. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de atividades sedentárias e o baixo percentual de indivíduos que atenderam às recomendações de atividade física indicam que esses programas devem ser ajustados para que os indivíduos inscritos possam atender às recomendações, preferencialmente, com monitoramento objetivo. As equações populacionais específicas melhoram a estimativa final do GETD e NAF. Nível de Evidência I; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de actividad física (NAF) y el gasto energético total diario (GETD) en una muestra de ancianos (≥ 60 años) residentes en el municipio de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Métodos: Una muestra de conveniencia de 88 individuos reclutados en programas de actividad física usó acelerómetro en la cintura durante siete días consecutivos, durante por lo menos 10 horas por día. El GE por minuto fue estimado a partir de datos de conteo por minuto (CPM), cuya sumatoria diaria suministró el GETD. El NAF (GETD/TMB) fue calculado con la ecuación predictiva de FAO/WHO y por ecuación específica para la población estudiada. La composición corporal fue evaluada por DXA. Resultados: El promedio de edad (SD) fue de 69,2 (5,8) años, la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad fue de 36,4 y 25,0%, respectivamente, y el de exceso de grasa corporal fue de 39,8%. Los individuos pasaron 600 min/día en actividades sedentarias (CPM < 100). Los hombres realizaron, como promedio, 30 minutos de actividad física vigorosa a moderada (CPM ≥ 1.952) diariamente. Los individuos fueron activos en 34,5% y 18% de los días de la semana y en los fines de semana, respectivamente, con una diferencia de 1.400 pasos/día entre esos días. El GETD fue de 1.731,5 (348,7) y 1.356,3 (223,7) kcal/día, dependiendo de la ecuación predictiva de la TMB usada. El NAF promedio fue inferior al nivel de actividad de mantenimiento. Conclusión: La alta prevalencia de actividades sedentarias y el bajo porcentual de individuos que atendieron las recomendaciones de actividad física indican que esos programas deben ser ajustados para que los individuos inscriptos puedan atender las recomendaciones, preferentemente, con monitorización objetiva. Las ecuaciones poblacionales específicas mejoran la estimativa final del GETD y NAF. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico.

[Reproducibility, relative validity, and calibration of a food-frequency questionnaire for adults in Greater Metropolitan Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil]. / Reprodutibilidade, validade relativa e calibração de um questionário de frequência alimentar para adultos da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

This study tested the relative validity and estimated calibration factors of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 120 food items in 128 adults. We applied one FFQ and three 24h recalls. Validity was tested by the Bland-Altman method, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), classification in quartile categorization, and weighted kappa. Calibration factors were estimated by linear regression, with 24h recall of food intake as the dependent variable and the FFQ values as the independent variable. FFQ underestimated the nutrient intake when compared to 24h recall. The energy-adjusted and de-attenuated ICC ranged from 0.19 (zinc) to 0.82 (calcium). 37% of subjects were classified in the same quartile, with mean kappa of 0.28 (zinc: 0.08; calcium: 0.49). The highest calibration factors were 0.48 (calcium), 0.47 (potassium), and 0.44 (carbohydrates), and the lowest was 0.10 (retinol). FFQ showed satisfactory relative validity and calibrated energy and nutrient intake values similar to 24h recall.

[Basal metabolism during pregnancy: a systematic review]. / Metabolismo Basal durante a gestação: revisão sistemática.

Gestational energy expenditure (EE) is the basis for nutritional counseling and body weight control. The objective of this study was to systematically review the behavior of the basal metabolic rate (BMR), the major component of EE, during non gemelar pregnancy of healthy women. Based on the inclusion criteria, 37 articles were identified (24 cohort and 13 cross-sectional studies). Increases in BMR (between 8% and 35%) were observed in most cohort studies and it was related to the duration of follow-up and nutritional status. In the cross-sectionals, the increase in BMR varied from 8% to 28% close to delivery in comparison with the first trimester or post-partum. Lack of information on maternal age, loss of follow-up and short duration of follow-up during the pregnancy were serious limitations in the identified studies. In conclusion, BMR increases during pregnancy, and the increase is more intense after the second trimester. The most reliable data come from the few cohort studies that initiated before pregnancy.

Seasonal variation of food intake of adults from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

The measurement of usual food intake (FI) is necessary to accurately establish the relationship between diet and disease. In most studies data are collected at one particular time of the year, which may influence the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonality on FI in a sample of adults from Niterói, RJ, Brazil. A total of 102 healthy subjects (69 women) aged between 20 and 69 years were interviewed to obtain six 24-hour dietary recalls, three in summer and three in winter. In both seasons, the intake of energy (EI) and 23 nutrients was determined and the percent of subjects who met the recommendations for the nutrients were computed. The data of FI were deattenuated considering the within-person variability and adjusted for energy. The intake of energy and some nutrients were significantly different between men and women. EI did not differ between seasons, for both sexes, but the intake of macro and micronutrients was different. The results of this study suggest that the seasonality in the measurement of FI should be considered in order to improve the methods and instruments used in population dietary surveys.

Body fat percentage and body mass index in a probability sample of an adult urban population in Brazil.

The purpose of the present study was to measure body composition in a probability sample of adults (≥ 20 years) living in Niterói, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to assess the adequacy of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended body mass index (BMI) cut-offs values for identifying obesity in this population. Anthropometric measures and percentage body fat (%BF) assessments were taken with 550 fasted individuals (352 women). Obesity was classified according to the WHO recommended BMI cut-off values. %BF predictive equations were developed based on the inverse of BMI. BMI and %BF mean values (standard error) were: 25.3 kg/m(2) (0.3) and 38% (0.4) for women and 25.1 kg/m(2) (0.3) and 22.1% (0.6) for men. The predicted %BF values (regression of %BF on the inverse of BMI) for each BMI cut-offs of 18.5, 25 and 30 kg/m(2) were: 26.3%, 38.6% and 44.5% for women and 5.6%, 23.2% and 31.5% for men, respectively. The BMI values for the %BF-estimated obesity cut-off values were 20.5 for men and 25.7 kg/m(2) for women. Based on the BMI-%BF relationship, the BMI cut-off values recommended by the WHO are not adequate in identifying obesity in adults from this population.

[Patterns of physical activity during a typical day for adults in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: the Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health Survey (PNAFS)]. / Padrão de atividade física em um dia típico de adultos de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa de Nutrição, Atividade Física e Saúde (PNAFS).

The current study aimed to assess patterns of typical daily physical activity in a probability sample (N = 1,689) of adults in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, using 24-hour recall. The sample was designed in three stages (census enumeration area - CEA, household within the CEA, and an adult selected with equal probability among all eligible adults in the household). Physical activities were classified as light, moderate, or vigorous and grouped in household chores, occupational, leisure-time, and commuting. Men performed more moderate and vigorous activities during significantly more time (91.2 ± 5.6 and 8.2 ± 1.4 minutes, respectively; mean ± SD) as compared to women (68.5 ± 2.7 and 2.9 ± 0.4 minutes, respectively). The proportions of adults that reached the recommended 30 minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity per day were 63.8% (men) and 55.9% (women). Household chores for women and leisure-time activity for men contributed the most to total moderate/vigorous physical activity. In conclusion, most adults in Niterói are physically active.

Absolute and relative energy costs of walking in a Brazilian adult probability sample.

BACKGROUND: Walking is commonly recommended for enhancing energy expenditure (EE), a basic principle in weight management, and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, walking EE varies with characteristics of a given population, especially by sex and age. PURPOSE: The study's purpose was to measure EE of walking as influenced by physical and physiological characteristics of a sample of adults (≥ 20 yr) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Walking EE and HR were measured during a submaximal multistage treadmill test. The test stages lasted for 3 min each and started at a speed of 1.11 m·s(-1) and a grade of 0%. In the second stage, the grade was maintained at 0%, but the speed was increased to 1.56 m·s(-1) and maintained at this speed but with grade raised by 2.5% at each stage until 10% at stage 6. We measured resting oxygen consumption (MET m) before the test with the participants sitting quietly. RESULTS: MET m (mL O2·kg(-1)·min(-1), mean ± SE) was lower both in women (2.85 ± 0.03) and in men (2.97 ± 0.04) by almost 19% and 15%, respectively, compared with the conventionally estimated MET (METe) of 3.5 mL O2·kg(-1)·min(-1). Walking EE for any given speed and grade had an absolute intensity, expressed as multiples of MET m or MET e, that was practically equal between sexes and age groups, but it incurred higher individual physiological demand or relative intensity for women and older adults. CONCLUSIONS: Resting EE reflected by using METe is overestimated in the adult population of Niterói. Prescription of activities to counteract the existing worldwide obesity epidemic should be ideally based on individual physiological information, especially among women and older individuals.