RESUMO
In patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analysis offers novel opportunities for the development of non-invasive biomarkers informative of treatment response with novel agents targeting the androgen-receptor (AR) pathway, such as abiraterone or enzalutamide. However, the relationship between ctDNA abundance, detectable somatic genomic alterations and clinical progression of mCRPC remains unexplored. Our study aimed to investigate changes in plasma DNA during disease progression and their associations with clinical variables in mCRPC patients. We analyzed ctDNA in two cohorts including 94 plasma samples from 25 treatment courses (23 patients) and 334 plasma samples from 125 patients, respectively. We conducted whole-genome sequencing (plasma-Seq) for genome-wide profiling of somatic copy number alterations and targeted sequencing of 31 prostate cancer-associated genes. The combination of plasma-Seq with targeted AR analyses identified prostate cancer-related genomic alterations in 16 of 25 (64%) treatment courses in the first cohort, in which we demonstrated that AR amplification does not always correlate with poor abiraterone and enzalutamide therapy outcome. As we observed a wide variability of ctDNA levels, we evaluated ctDNA levels and their association with clinical parameters and included the second, larger cohort for these analyses. Employing altogether 428 longitudinal plasma samples from 148 patients, we identified the presence of bone metastases, increased lactate dehydrogenase and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as having the strongest association with high ctDNA levels. In summary, ctDNA alterations are observable in the majority of patients with mCRPC and may eventually be useful to guide clinical decision-making in this setting.
Assuntos
Androstenos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias Ósseas/sangue , DNA de Neoplasias/sangue , Feniltioidantoína/análogos & derivados , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/sangue , Receptores Androgênicos/química , Antagonistas de Receptores de Andrógenos/uso terapêutico , Benzamidas , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ósseas/genética , Neoplasias Ósseas/secundário , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Seguimentos , Genômica/métodos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Nitrilas , Feniltioidantoína/uso terapêutico , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologiaRESUMO
With the increasing number of available predictive biomarkers, clinical management of cancer is becoming increasingly reliant on the accurate serial monitoring of tumor genotypes. We tested whether tumor-specific copy number changes can be inferred from the peripheral blood of patients with cancer. To this end, we determined the plasma DNA size distribution and the fraction of mutated plasma DNA fragments with deep sequencing and an ultrasensitive mutation-detection method, i.e., the Beads, Emulsion, Amplification, and Magnetics (BEAMing) assay. When analyzing the plasma DNA of 32 patients with Stage IV colorectal carcinoma, we found that a subset of the patients (34.4%) had a biphasic size distribution of plasma DNA fragments that was associated with increased circulating tumor cell numbers and elevated concentration of mutated plasma DNA fragments. In these cases, we were able to establish genome-wide tumor-specific copy number alterations directly from plasma DNA. Thus, we could analyze the current copy number status of the tumor genome, which was in some cases many years after diagnosis of the primary tumor. An unexpected finding was that not all patients with progressive metastatic disease appear to release tumor DNA into the circulation in measurable quantities. When we analyzed plasma DNA from 35 patients with metastatic breast cancer, we made similar observations suggesting that our approach may be applicable to a variety of tumor entities. This is the first description of such a biphasic distribution in a surprisingly high proportion of cancer patients which may have important implications for tumor diagnosis and monitoring.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Dosagem de Genes , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/metabolismo , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias Colorretais/sangue , DNA de Neoplasias/sangue , Feminino , Genes ras/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Metástase Neoplásica , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Clinical DNA is often available in limited quantities requiring whole-genome amplification for subsequent genome-wide assessment of copy-number variation (CNV) by array-CGH. In pre-implantation diagnosis and analysis of micrometastases, even merely single cells are available for analysis. However, procedures allowing high-resolution analyses of CNVs from single cells well below resolution limits of conventional cytogenetics are lacking. Here, we applied amplification products of single cells and of cell pools (5 or 10 cells) from patients with developmental delay, cancer cell lines and polar bodies to various oligo tiling array platforms with a median probe spacing as high as 65 bp. Our high-resolution analyses reveal that the low amounts of template DNA do not result in a completely unbiased whole genome amplification but that stochastic amplification artifacts, which become more obvious on array platforms with tiling path resolution, cause significant noise. We implemented a new evaluation algorithm specifically for the identification of small gains and losses in such very noisy ratio profiles. Our data suggest that when assessed with sufficiently sensitive methods high-resolution oligo-arrays allow a reliable identification of CNVs as small as 500 kb in cell pools (5 or 10 cells), and of 2.6-3.0 Mb in single cells.
Assuntos
Hibridização Genômica Comparativa/métodos , Variação Genética , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos/métodos , Algoritmos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
The analysis of structural variants associated with specific phenotypic features is promising for the elucidation of the function of involved genes. There is, however, at present no approach allowing the rapid mapping of chromosomal translocation breakpoints to the basepair level from a single chromosome. Here we demonstrate that we have advanced both the microdissection and the subsequent unbiased amplification to an extent that breakpoint mapping to the basepair level has become possible. As a case in point we analysed the two breakpoints of a t(7;13) translocation observed in a patient with split hand/foot malformation (SHFM1). The amplification products of the der(7) and of the der(13) were hybridized to custom-made arrays, enabling us to define primers at flanking breakpoint regions and thus to fine-map the breakpoints to the basepair level. Consequently, our results will also contribute to a further delineation of causative mechanisms underlying SHFM1 which are currently unknown.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Cromossomos Humanos Par 13/genética , Cromossomos Humanos Par 7/genética , Translocação Genética , Sequência de Bases , Bandeamento Cromossômico , Pontos de Quebra do Cromossomo , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Deformidades Congênitas do Pé/genética , Deformidades Congênitas da Mão/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Humanos , Lactente , Lasers , Masculino , Microdissecção/métodos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
We addressed a significant unknown feature of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), i.e., how ctDNA levels change during chemotherapy, by serially monitoring ctDNA in patients with colorectal cancer during the 48-h application of FOLFOX. Surprisingly, we did not observe a spike in ctDNA as a sign of a responsive tumor, but instead ctDNA levels initially decreased and remained low in patients with stable disease or partial response. Our observations reveal further insights into cell destruction during chemotherapy with important implications for the management of patients.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/secundário , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Mutação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas ras/genética , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/genética , Células Clonais/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Humanos , Linfonodos/patologia , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mosaicismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)RESUMO
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) released into blood from primary cancers and metastases reflect the current status of tumor genotypes, which are prone to changes. Here, we conducted the first comprehensive genomic profiling of CTCs using array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and next-generation sequencing. We used the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-cleared CellSearch system, which detected CTCs in 21 of 37 patients (range, 1-202/7.5 mL sample) with stage IV colorectal carcinoma. In total, we were able to isolate 37 intact CTCs from six patients and identified in those multiple colorectal cancer-associated copy number changes, many of which were also present in the respective primary tumor. We then used massive parallel sequencing of a panel of 68 colorectal cancer-associated genes to compare the mutation spectrum in the primary tumors, metastases, and the corresponding CTCs from two of these patients. Mutations in known driver genes [e.g., adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), KRAS, or PIK3CA] found in the primary tumor and metastasis were also detected in corresponding CTCs. However, we also observed mutations exclusively in CTCs. To address whether these mutations were derived from a small subclone in the primary tumor or represented new variants of metastatic cells, we conducted additional deep sequencing of the primary tumor and metastasis and applied a customized statistical algorithm for analysis. We found that most mutations initially found only in CTCs were also present at subclonal level in the primary tumors and metastases from the same patient. This study paves the way to use CTCs as a liquid biopsy in patients with cancer, providing more effective options to monitor tumor genomes that are prone to change during progression, treatment, and relapse.