1.6 Million transactions replicate distributed PV market slowdown by COVID-19 lockdown.

Solar PV has seen a spectacular market development in recent years and has become a cost competitive source of electricity in many parts of the world. Yet, prospective observations show that the coronavirus pandemic could impact renewable energy projects, especially in the distributed market. Tracking and attributing the economic footprint of COVID-19 lockdowns in the photovoltaic sector poses a significant research challenge. Based on millions of financial transaction records and 44 thousand photovoltaic installation records, we tracked the spatio-temporal sale network of the distributed photovoltaic market and explored the extent of market slowdown. We found that a two-month lockdown duration can be assessed as a high-risk threshold value. When the lockdown duration exceeds the threshold value, the monthly value-added loss reaches 67.7%, and emission reduction capacity is cut by 64.2% over the whole year. We show that risks of a slowdown in PV deployment due to COVID-19 lockdowns can be mitigated by comprehensive incentive strategies for the distributed PV market amid market uncertainties.

Automated cerebrospinal fluid cell count--new reference ranges and evaluation of its clinical use in central nervous system infections.

OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to establish new reference ranges for leukocytes in the CSF and to examine if the separation of mononuclear cells into lymphocytes and monocytes could be used to differentiate between various CNS infections that present with a similar picture in manual CSF cell counts. DESIGN AND METHODS: The automated cell counter Siemens ADVIA 2120 i was used. For the reference range section, we analyzed CSF from 80 neurologically healthy volunteers. For the differential diagnosis section we analyzed cell counts and hospital records from 175 patients with CSF mononuclear pleocytosis. RESULTS: Correlation was good between automated and manual leukocyte counts for samples with erythrocyte counts <250 cells/µL. For the neurologically healthy volunteers studied in the reference range section, the 95th percentile was 3.0 cells/µL for lymphocytes, 1.0 cell/µL for monocytes and 1.0 cell/µL for granulocytes. In the differential diagnosis section, comparisons were done between the groups Lyme neuroborreliosis and viral CNS infection. There were no significant differences between these two groups regarding cell counts; neither for lymphocytes, median 58 cells/µL vs. 72 cells/µL (P = n.s.); nor for monocytes, median 13 cells/µL vs. 16 cells/µL (P = n.s.); nor for granulocytes, median 1 cell/µL vs. 2 cells/µL (P = n.s.) CONCLUSIONS: We suggest new CSF cell count reference ranges of <4 cells/µL for lymphocytes, <3 cells/µL for monocytes and <3 cells/µL for granulocytes. The separation of mononuclear cells into lymphocytes and monocytes did not facilitate the discrimination between Lyme neuroborreliosis and viral CNS infection.