Changes and gaps of global and regional disease burden of hepatitis B infection in children younger than 5 years old between 2015 and 2019: A real-world data review.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been declared an ongoing health threat, especially infections among children. We compared and updated the disease burden of HBV infection and the effectiveness of vaccination among children younger than 5 years to offer indications for hepatitis B prevention across the world. The country-level data on the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the coverages of hepatitis B vaccine birth-dose (HepB-BD), three-dose series (HepB3), income level, population density/size, and human development index were collected from open access databases including WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank. Comparison of the prevalence of HBsAg under 5 years old between 2015 and 2019 based on vaccination coverages was conducted by the gamma generalized linear mixed model. Globally, more than 6.3 million HBV infections were estimated in children under 5 years in 2019, compared to 10.1 million in 2015 within the 179 countries involved. The pooled average prevalence of HBsAg among children younger than 5 years decreased from 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.8) to 0.9% (95% CI: 0.7-1.2). The rate difference or rate ratio was -0.5% (95% CI: -0.6% to -0.3%) or 0.51(95% CI: 0.44-0.58), respectively. Countries from the African region or with lower income/population density/human development indexes bore the most significant disease burden of hepatitis B. Higher coverages of hepatitis B vaccine birth-dose or primary series correlated with significant HBsAg prevalence decreases and much-decreased ratio, independently. Hepatitis B prevention among children under 5 years has significantly been achieved while remaining the most life-threatening disease burden, unequally distributed worldwide. The hepatitis B vaccination should be prioritized for all newborns, especially in those resource-constrained countries or regions.

Cinobufotalin effect and mechanism on serum MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, LC3-II in advanced NSCLC patients.

This study was conducted to explore cinobufotalin's effects and related mechanisms on serum MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, and LC3-II in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. For this purpose, 150 patients with advanced NSCLC in our hospital from Jan. 2020 to Feb. 2022 were chosen as participants in the research study. Using a random number table method, the 150 patients were divided evenly into two groups - a control group (C) and an observation group (O). Group C received conventional NP regimen chemotherapy, while Group O received cinobufotalin capsules based on the control group. The follow-up was conducted for 4 months, and the differences in serum MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, LC3-II and chemotherapy resistance rates were compared. Results showed that There was no statistically significant difference in MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, and LC3-II levels between the two before treatment (P>0.05); 4 months later, Group O's MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, and LC3-II levels were lower than those before treatment and Group C during the same period, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); At 4 months after treatment, the clinical efficacy of Group O was better and its ORR was higher, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); Using Pearson correlation analysis, a weak positive correlation was identified between MMP-2, Beclin1, LC3-II, and chemotherapy resistance (r=0.167, 0.197, 0.273, P<0.05), a positive correlation between MMP-2 and MMP-9, Beclin1, LC3-II (r=0.592, 0.852, 0.665, P<0.01), a positive correlation between MMP-9 and Beclin1, LC3-II (r=0.552, 0.472, P<0.01), and a positive correlation between Beclin1 and LC3-II (r=0.647, P<0.01). It was concluded that cinobufotalin has an inhibitory effect on the serum MMP-2, MMP-9, Beclin1, and LC3-II levels in advanced NSCLC patients, which can promote clinical efficacy improvement and reduce the risk of chemotherapy resistance by downregulating MMP-2, Beclin1, and LC3-II levels.

Apatinib Combined With Radiotherapy Enhances Antitumor Effects in an In Vivo Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Model.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor (VEGFR) are highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma; therefore, blocking the binding of VEGF and VEGFR may be a potential way to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Apatinib inhibits tumor angiogenesis. Previous studies have suggested that treatment with apatinib has an antitumor effect on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. This study will investigate the effect of apatinib combined with radiotherapy. In this study, nude mice injected with CNE-2 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells were randomly divided into 6 groups. Therapeutic effects were assessed by evaluating tumor inhibition rate, phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, CD31, partial oxygen pressure, and tumor metabolism. We found that the tumor inhibition of mice in the treated groups was better compared to that of the control group. In mice treated with apatinib alone, angiogenesis was prevented, and the tumor tissue partial oxygen pressure was reduced, thereby achieving an antitumor effect. Moreover, the tumor inhibitory effect of combined treatment was stronger than treatment with either apatinib or radiotherapy alone. Compared with monotherapy treatment, combined treatment better resisted angiogenesis. Apatinib combined with radiotherapy to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma has synergistic effects, which may be related to enhanced antiangiogenesis.

The trends and hotspots of immunotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer from 2013 to 2022: A bibliometric and visual analysis.

An increasing body of research indicates that immunotherapy has demonstrated substantial effectiveness in the realm of metastatic colorectal cancer(mCRC), especially among patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) (dMMR/MSI-H mCRC). This study constitutes the inaugural bibliometric and visual analysis of immunotherapy related to mCRC during the last decade. Between 2013 and the conclusion of 2022, we screened 306 articles from Web of Science and subjected them to analysis using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. The United States stood out as the primary contributor in this area, representing 33.33% of the publications, with China following closely at 24.51%. The most prolific institution has the lowest average citation rate. Sorbonne University were the most highly cited institutions. Notably, Frontiers In Oncology published the largest quantity of articles. Andre, Thierry, and Overman, Michael J. were prominent authors known for their prolific output and the high citation rates of their work. The focus areas in this field encompass "tumor microenvironment," "liver metastasis," "tumor-associated macrophages," "combination therapy" and "gut microbiota." Some keywords offer promise as potential biomarkers for evaluating the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic interventions.

Differences in Vaccination Consultation Preferred by Primary Health Care Workers and Residents in Community Settings.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the preference of primary HCWs and residents on vaccination consultation in community health services to provide evidence for vaccine hesitancy intervention strategies. METHODS: A discrete choice model (DCM) was constructed to evaluate the preference difference between primary HCWs and residents on vaccination consultation in community health services in China during May-July 2022. RESULTS: A total of 282 residents and 204 HCWs were enrolled in this study. The residents preferred consulting with an HCW-led approach (ß = 2.168), with specialized content (ß = 0.954), and accompanied by telephone follow-up (ß = 1.552). In contrast, the HCWs preferred face-to-face consultation (ß = 0.540) with an HCW-led approach (ß = 0.458) and specialized content (ß = 0.409), accompanied by telephone follow-up (ß = 0.831). College residents and residents with underlying self-reported disease may be near-critically inclined to choose traditional consultation (an offline, face-to-face consultation with standardized content and more prolonged duration) rather than a new-media consulting group (an online consultation with specialized content within 5 min). Urban HCWs preferred long-term consultation groups (the resident-led offline consultation with follow-up lasting more than 5 min). In contrast, rural HCWs preferred efficient consultation (the HCW-led, short-duration, standardized offline consultation mode). CONCLUSION: The selection preference for vaccine consultation reveals a gap between providers and demanders, with different groups exhibiting distinct preferences. Identifying these targeted gaps can help design more acceptable and efficient interventions, increasing their likelihood of success and leading to better resource allocation for policymakers to develop targeted vaccination policies.

Effectiveness of momentary intervention on influenza vaccination among the elderly in China: From willingness to action.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of momentary intervention on the willingness and actual uptake of influenza vaccination among the elderly in China. METHODS: A cross-sectional study assessed the willingness of the elderly to receive influenza vaccination, and an momentary intervention aimed to increase vaccination willingness among those initially unwilling. The elderly reporting a willingness were offered free influenza vaccination through a community intervention program. RESULTS: A total of 3138 participants were recruited in this study, and 61.3 % (95 % CI 59.6 %-63.0 %) were willing to receive influenza vaccination at baseline. The willingness rate of influenza vaccination increased to 79.8 % (95 % CI 78.4 %-81.2 %), with an increase of 18.5 % (95 % CI 16.3 %-20.7 %) after momentary intervention. The influenza vaccination rate was 40.4 % (95 % CI 38.5 %-42.3 %) before and 53.9 % (95 % CI 52.0 %-55.8 %) after momentary intervention with an increase of 13.5 % (95 % CI 10.9 %-16.2 %). There was no significant difference in influenza vaccination rates between the initially willing people and those who changed to be willing to receive influenza vaccination after momentary intervention (vaccination rates: 78.0 % vs. 81.3 %). CONCLUSION: Momentary intervention has been shown to effectively enhance the willingness of the elderly to receive influenza vaccination, thereby facilitating the translation of this intention into actual behavior.

Immune-Boosting Effect of the COVID-19 Vaccine: Real-World Bidirectional Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: As the SARS-CoV-2 attenuates and antibodies from the COVID-19 vaccine decline, long-term attention should be paid to the durability of primary booster administration and the preventive effect of the second or multiple booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the durability of primary booster administration and the preventive effect of second or multiple booster doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: We established a bidirectional cohort in Guizhou Province, China. Eligible participants who had received the primary booster dose were enrolled for blood sample collection and administration of the second booster dose. A retrospective cohort for the time of administration was constructed to evaluate antibody attenuation 6-12 months after the primary booster dose, while a prospective cohort on the vaccine effect of the second booster dose was constructed for 4 months after the second administration. RESULTS: Between September 21, 2022, and January 30, 2023, a total of 327 participants were included in the final statistical analysis plan. The retrospective cohort revealed that approximately 6-12 months after receiving the primary booster, immunoglobulin G (IgG) slowly declined with time, while immunoglobulin A (IgA) remained almost constant. The prospective cohort showed that 28 days after receiving the second booster, the antibody levels were significantly improved. Higher levels of IgG and IgA were associated with better protection against COVID-19 infection for vaccine recipients. Regarding the protection of antibody levels against post-COVID-19 symptoms, the increase of the IgG had a protective effect on brain fog and sleep quality, while IgA had a protective effect on shortness of breath, brain fog, impaired coordination, and physical pain. CONCLUSIONS: The IgG and IgA produced by the second booster dose of COVID-19 vaccines can protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and may alleviate some post-COVID-19 symptoms. Further data and studies on secondary booster administration are required to confirm these conclusions.

Effectiveness of CBT and its modifications for prevention of relapse/recurrence in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: CBT and its modifications are effective for depression, but its efficacy for preventing depressive relapse/recurrence remains unclear. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted scrutinizing the efficacy of CBT and its modifications for preventing depressive relapse/recurrence in randomized controlled trials. The retrieval database included PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and three major Chinese databases (CNKI, VIP, Wanfang), and the retrieval period was from January 1, 2009, to July 1, 2022. Data were analyzed by RevMan 5.4 and Stata 16. RESULTS: A total of 28 randomized controlled trials with 3938 participants were included. The relapse/recurrence rates in CBT and its modifications and the control group were 31.6 % and 41.3 %, respectively; CBT and its modifications significantly reduced the risk of developing a new depressive episode (RR, 0.73, 95%CI, 0.64-0.83). Stratified by follow-up time, both CBT and its modifications significantly reduced the relapse/recurrence of depression at ≤12 months (RR, 0.61, 95%CI, 0.47-0.79) and > 12 months (RR, 0.74, 95%CI, 0.59-0.93) compared with other active treatments. The beneficial effects of CBT and its modifications alone in reducing depressive relapse/recurrence were equivalent to those of antidepressant medication alone (RR, 1.01, 95 % CI, 0.79-1.28). Meta-regression results showed that the intervention method (P = 0.005) was one of the sources of heterogeneity. LIMITATIONS: Further subgroup analysis is limited by the literature. CONCLUSION: CBT and its modifications are reliable interventions for preventing relapse/recurrence in patients with depression. Further research is needed to determine the specific conditions for CBT and its applications in clinical practice.

Synchronal pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma EML4-ALK fusion: A case report.

Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare form of poorly differentiated non-small-cell lung cancer that is prone to distant metastases. PSC is therapeutically challenging, with low sensitivity to conventional radiotherapy and a poor overall prognosis. The present study reported on the case of a 29-year-old male non-smoker diagnosed with both PSC and lung adenocarcinoma; the cancer had a complex etiology and rapidly metastasized after surgery. The patient presented with an EML4-ALK gene fusion in both tumors with high programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression. After initial treatment failure, Alectinib, Anlotinib and Tirelizumab were combined, which rapidly resolved the patient's symptoms and led to partial remission of disease at 6 weeks and effective control of the disease 7 months into the treatment. This case exemplifies the efficacy of combining targeted chemotherapy with immunotherapy for patients with PSC. Furthermore, this outcome suggests the usefulness of genetic testing and monitoring PD-L1 expression to identify patients with PSC who may be candidates likely to respond to this combined therapeutic regimen. The present study provides evidence of the success of a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with PSC.

Impact of frailty, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive frailty on adverse health outcomes among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: This study analyzes the impact of frailty, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty on adverse outcomes in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using the PRISMA guidelines and MOOSE statement. We developed a specific search strategy for each electronic database and searched PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Embase from initial records to July 2021. The studies on adverse outcomes of frailty, pre-frailty, mild cognitive impairment, and mild cognitive impairment with pre-frailty and cognitive frailty were included. Two researchers independently extracted data based on a spreadsheet and assessed the risk of bias. The primary outcomes were mortality, dementia, disability, and hospitalization. The second outcome included quality of life and falls. All analysis was conducted by using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.3 software. Results: A total of 22 cohort studies (71,544 older adults with mean age ranging from 65.1 to 93.6 years) were included with a low risk of bias and high methodological quality with a NOS score ≥7. Compared to robust elders, individuals identified as frailty were associated with a higher risk of mortality (RR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.57-2.83) and disability (RR = 5.91, 95% CI: 2.37-14.74). Mild cognitive impairment with pre-frailty was associated with mortality (RR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.48-2.05) and dementia (RR = 4.15, 95% CI: 1.87-9.20). Pre-frailty was associated with a higher risk of mortality (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.11-1.50). Cognitive frailty was associated with higher risk of incident mortality (RR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.97-2.94), dementia (RR = 3.67, 95% CI: 2.81-4.78), disability (RR = 11.32, 95% CI: 4.14-30.97), and hospitalization (RR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.60-3.32), as well as poor quality of life. Conclusion: Cognitive frailty could be a comprehensive psychosomatic predictor for adverse outcomes among older people. Interactions between frailty, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive frailty on adverse outcomes must be further explored. Systematic review registration: [https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-5-0064/], identifier [INPLASY202250064].

Bevacizumab combined with apatinib enhances antitumor and anti-angiogenesis effects in a lung cancer model in vitro and in vivo.

Angiogenesis is involved in the proliferation and metastasis of solid tumours; hence, it is an attractive therapeutic target. However, most patients who undergo anti-angiogenic drug treatment do not achieve complete tumour regression, resulting in drug resistance. The objective of this research is to explore the therapeutic effect of combining bevacizumab (Bev), an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A antibody, with apatinib (Apa), a VEGR receptor (VEGFR)-2-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In vitro, we assessed the influence which Bev + Apa treatment exerts upon the proliferation as well as apoptosis of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells in virtue of the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide as assay as well as Annexin V staining, respectively. For in vivo assessment, we established a tumour-bearing mouse model with LLC cells and investigated the anti-angiogenic and antitumor effects of Bev + Apa by 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. Bev + Apa treatment significantly inhibited LLC cell growth and proliferation in a larger scale compared to therapy of either of the only agent. Bev + Apa inhibited tumour growth and extended the median survival time of tumour-bearing mice. Mechanistically, Bev + Apa reduced angiogenesis by inhibiting VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression and reducing glucose metabolism in tumour tissues. Thus, Bev and Apa inhibited tumour angiogenesis synergistically, indicating their potential clinical utility for NSCLC treatment.