RESUMO
We conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (AIV) in Gazella subgutturosa, Canis lupus, Capreolus pygargus, Sus scrofa, Cervus elaphus, Capra ibex, Ovis ammon, Bos grunniens and Pseudois nayaur in Xinjiang, China. Two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against H5, H7 and H9 AIVs using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests and a pan-influenza competitive ELISA. Across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored anti-AIV antibodies that were detected by the HI assay. The seroprevalence for each AIV subtype across all species evaluated was 0 % for H5 AIV, 0.81 % for H7 AIV, and 3.66 % for H9 AIV. H7-reactive antibodies were found in Canis lupus (9.09 %) and Ovis ammon (4.55 %). H9-reactive antibodies were found in Gazella subgutturosa (4.55 %), Canis lupus (27.27 %), Pseudois nayaur (23.08 %), and Ovis ammon (4.55 %). The pan-influenza competitive ELISA results closely corresponded to the cumulative prevalence of AIV exposure as measured by subtype-specific HI assays, suggesting that H7 and H9 AIV subtypes predominate in the wildlife species evaluated. These data provide evidence of prior infection with H7 and H9 AIVs in non-avian wildlife in Xinjiang, China.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens , Vírus da Influenza A/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinária , Animais , China/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Vírus da Influenza A/classificação , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Estudos SoroepidemiológicosRESUMO
The rabies virus (RABV) G protein is the primary contributor to the pathogenicity and protective immunity of RABV. In this study, we generated a recombinant rCVS-11-G strain containing two copies of the G protein derived from the pathogenic wild-type (wt) CVS-11 strain and based on its infectious clone. Compared with the wtCVS-11 strain, the rCVS-11-G strain possessed a larger virion and 1.4-fold more G protein, but it exhibited a similar growth property to the rCVS-11 strain, including passaging stability in vitro. qPCR results showed that the two G genes were over-expressed in BHK-21 cells infected with the rCVS-11-G strain. However, the rCVS-11-G strain presented an 80 % lower LD50 than the wtCVS-11 strain when intracranially (i.c.) inoculated in adult mice. Adult mice that were either intracranially (i.c.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) inoculated with rCVS-11-G strain developed more acute neurological symptoms and greater mortality than those inoculated with the wtCVS-11 strain. Furthermore, the rCVS-11-G strain was more easily and rapidly taken up by neuroblastoma cells. These data indicated that the rCVS-11-G strain might have increased neurotropism because of the over-expression of the pathogenic G protein. The inactivated rCVS-11-G strain induced significantly higher levels of virus neutralization antibodies and provided better protection from street rabies virus challenge in mice. Therefore, the rCVS-11-G strain may be a promising inactivated vaccine strain due to its better immunogenicity.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Vacina Antirrábica/imunologia , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Raiva/imunologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Feminino , Glicoproteínas/administração & dosagem , Glicoproteínas/imunologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Raiva/virologia , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Vacina Antirrábica/genética , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/genética , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados/imunologia , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/administração & dosagem , Proteínas do Envelope Viral/genéticaRESUMO
We recently detected a HKU4-related coronavirus in subgenus Merbecovirus (named pangolin-CoV-HKU4-P251T) from a Malayan pangolin1. Here we report isolation and characterization of pangolin-CoV-HKU4-P251T, the genome sequence of which is closest to that of a coronavirus from the greater bamboo bat (Tylonycteris robustula) in Yunnan Province, China, with a 94.3% nucleotide identity. Pangolin-CoV-HKU4-P251T is able to infect human cell lines, and replicates more efficiently in cells that express human-dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (hDPP4)-expressing and pangolin-DPP4-expressing cells than in bat-DPP4-expressing cells. After intranasal inoculation with pangolin-CoV-HKU4-P251, hDPP4-transgenic female mice are likely infected, showing persistent viral RNA copy numbers in the lungs. Progressive interstitial pneumonia developed in the infected mice, characterized by the accumulation of macrophages, and increase of antiviral cytokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in lung tissues. These findings suggest that the pangolin-borne HKU4-related coronavirus has a potential for emerging as a human pathogen by using hDPP4.
Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus , Coronavirus , Pangolins , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , China , Quirópteros , Citocinas , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/genética , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pangolins/virologiaRESUMO
Various SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses have been increasingly identified in pangolins, showing a potential threat to humans. Here we report the infectivity and pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2-related virus, PCoV-GX/P2V, which was isolated from a Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica). PCoV-GX/P2V could grow in human hepatoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma cells, and human primary nasal epithelial cells. It replicated more efficiently in cells expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as SARS-CoV-2 did. After intranasal inoculation to the hACE2-transgenic mice, PCoV-GX/P2V not only replicated in nasal turbinate and lungs, but also caused interstitial pneumonia, characterized by infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells and multifocal alveolar hemorrhage. Existing population immunity established by SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination may not protect people from PCoV-GX/P2V infection. These findings further verify the hACE2 utility of PCoV-GX/P2V by in vivo experiments using authentic viruses and highlight the importance for intensive surveillance to prevent possible cross-species transmission.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , COVID-19 , Camundongos Transgênicos , Pangolins , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Humanos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/virologia , Pangolins/virologia , Camundongos , Replicação Viral , Pulmão/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células VeroRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies represent important weapons in our arsenal to against the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this potential is severely limited by the time-consuming process of developing effective antibodies and the relative high cost of manufacturing. Herein, we present a rapid and cost-effective lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated-mRNA platform for in vivo delivery of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization antibodies. Two mRNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of a potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody HB27, which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials, were encapsulated into clinical grade LNP formulations (named as mRNA-HB27-LNP). In vivo characterization demonstrated that intravenous administration of mRNA-HB27-LNP in mice resulted in a longer circulating half-life compared with the original HB27 antibody in protein format. More importantly, a single prophylactic administration of mRNA-HB27-LNP provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice at 1, 7 and even 63 days post administration. In a close contact transmission model, prophylactic administration of mRNA-HB27-LNP prevented SARS-CoV-2 infection between hamsters in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, our results demonstrate a superior long-term protection against SARS-CoV-2 conferred by a single administration of this unique mRNA antibody, highlighting the potential of this universal platform for antibody-based disease prevention and therapy against COVID-19 as well as a variety of other infectious diseases.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Antivirais/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Cricetinae , Humanos , Lipossomos , Camundongos , Nanopartículas , Pandemias/prevenção & controle , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de CoronavírusRESUMO
Nonthermal discharge plasma and TiO(2) photocatalysis are two techniques capable of organic pollutants removal in soil. In the present study, a pulsed discharge plasma-TiO(2) catalytic (PDPTC) technique by combining the two means, where catalysis of TiO(2) is driven by the pulsed discharge plasma, is proposed to investigate the remediation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) contaminated soil. The experimental results showed that 88.8% of PNP was removed within 10 min of treatment in PDPTC system and enhancing pulse discharge voltage was favorable for PNP degradation. The mineralization of PNP and intermediates generated during PDPTC treatment was followed by UV-vis spectra, denitrification, total organic carbon (TOC), and CO(x) selectivity analyses. Compared with plasma alone system, the enhancement effects on PNP degradation and mineralization were attributed to more amounts of chemically active species (e.g., O(3) and H(2)O(2)) produced in the PDPTC system. The main intermediates were identified as hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol, phenol, benzo[d][1, 2, 3]trioxole, acetic acid, formic acid, NO(2)(-), NO(3)(-), and oxalic acid. The evolution of the main intermediates with treatment time suggested the enhancement effect of the PDPTC system. A possible pathway of PNP degradation in soil in such a system was proposed.
Assuntos
Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Nitrofenóis/química , Fotoquímica/métodos , Poluentes do Solo/química , Titânio/química , Modelos QuímicosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment by a population-based survey conducted in Gongshan County of Yunnan Province. METHODS: Cluster sampling method was used for sample selection. In person interview, pilot study, visual acuity (VA) check, intraocular pressure, slit lamp microscopy and fundus examination were performed. The diagnoses of blindness (VA<0.05) and visual impairment (VA<0.3 to ≥0.05) were based on best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye. The prevalence of visual impairment was calculated as to age, gender, education, ethnic group and altitude of living area. The dominant causes of blindness and visual impairment were then identified. The comparison of prevalence among different group examined by four-fold table Chi-square test, R×2 Chi-square test and trend Chi-square test. RESULTS: Among 3070 eligible residents, 2460 (80.1%) were finally enrolled in the present study. The total prevalence of visual impairment was 6.46%. The bilateral blindness and unilateral blindness was 19 and 46 respectively. The bilateral and unilateral low vision was 49 and 45 respectively. There was no statistical significant difference of prevalence of visual impairment among different ethnic groups (χ2=0.75, P=0.388). There was significantly statistical difference of prevalence of visual impairment among groups who lives in different altitude area (χ2=18.34, P=0.000). High prevalence were also observed in the elder (≥70 years), illiterate and outdoor-workers, which was 2.24%, 4.19%, 5.65% respectively. The leading causes of bilateral blindness was cataract (42.1%, 8/19), corneal opacity (26.3%, 5/19), and retinal abnormality (21.1%, 4/19). The leading cause of bilateral low vision was also cataract (42.9%, 21/49). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract was the dominant cause of visual impairment in Gongshan County of Yunnan Province. The study highlights an urgent need of visual impairment prevention program conducted by local public heath intervention, especially focusing on cataract treatment.
Assuntos
Altitude , Cegueira/epidemiologia , Áreas de Pobreza , Baixa Visão/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População Rural , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Migratory birds play an important role in the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To investigate the prevalence of MDR Escherichia coli in migratory birds in China and potential relationships with the environment, a total of 1387 samples (fecal samples, cloacal swabs, or throat swabs) were collected from migratory birds from three different river basins in China. The collected samples were processed and subjected to bacteriological examinations. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates was performed using the E-test for the detection of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Some antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the PCR products were confirmed by sequencing. In total, 478 (34.7%) E. coli isolates were recovered. The results showed that the drug-resistant E. coli isolates were highly resistant to ß-lactams (43.7%) and tetracycline (22.6%), and 73 (15.3%) were MDR, including eight that were extended spectrum ß-lactamase-positive. The retrieved strains harbored the blaCTX-M, blaTEM-1, tet(A), tet(B), tet(M), sul1, sul2, sul3, cmlA, floR, and intI1 genes with a prevalence of 5.9%, 36.4%, 80.5%, 11.9%, 6.8%, 6.8%, 47.5%, 12.7%, 50.8%, 37.3%, and 61.0%, respectively. The drug resistance rate of the isolates from southern China was higher than those from northern China. The E. coli samples collected for migratory birds in the Pearl River Basin had the highest proportion (46.7%) MDR isolates. Furthermore, MDR bacteria carried by migratory birds were closely related to the antibiotic content in the basin, which confirms that MDR bacteria carried by migratory birds are likely acquired from the environment. This study also confirmed that migratory birds are potential transmitters of MDR bacteria, demonstrating the need to reduce the use and emission of antibiotics and further in-depth studies on the mechanisms underlying drug resistance of bacteria.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Infecções por Escherichia coli/transmissão , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , Migração Animal , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Aves , China , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Fezes/microbiologia , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaRESUMO
Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine technology has shown its power in preventing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Two mRNA vaccines targeting the full-length S protein of SARS-CoV-2 have been authorized for emergency use. Recently, we have developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) encoding the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 (termed ARCoV), which confers complete protection in mouse model. Herein, we further characterized the protection efficacy of ARCoV in nonhuman primates and the long-term stability under normal refrigerator temperature. Intramuscular immunization of two doses of ARCoV elicited robust neutralizing antibodies as well as cellular response against SARS-CoV-2 in cynomolgus macaques. More importantly, ARCoV vaccination in macaques significantly protected animals from acute lung lesions caused by SARS-CoV-2, and viral replication in lungs and secretion in nasal swabs were completely cleared in all animals immunized with low or high doses of ARCoV. No evidence of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection was observed throughout the study. Finally, extensive stability assays showed that ARCoV can be stored at 2-8 °C for at least 6 months without decrease of immunogenicity. All these promising results strongly support the ongoing clinical trial.
Assuntos
Vacinas contra COVID-19/farmacologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Vacinas de mRNA/farmacologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Células Vero , Vacinas de mRNA/imunologiaRESUMO
The dynamics, duration, and nature of immunity produced during SARS-CoV-2 infection are still unclear. Here, we longitudinally measured virus-neutralising antibody, specific antibodies against the spike (S) protein, receptor-binding domain (RBD), and the nucleoprotein (N) of SARS-CoV-2, as well as T cell responses, in 25 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients up to 121 days post-symptom onset (PSO). All patients seroconvert for IgG against N, S, or RBD, as well as IgM against RBD, and produce neutralising antibodies (NAb) by 14 days PSO, with the peak levels attained by 15-30 days PSO. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAb remain detectable and relatively stable 3-4 months PSO, whereas IgM antibody rapidly decay. Approximately 65% of patients have detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell responses 3-4 months PSO. Our results thus provide critical evidence that IgG, NAb, and T cell responses persist in the majority of patients for at least 3-4 months after infection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/sangue , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Memória Imunológica , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Cinética , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Receptores CCR7/metabolismoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in anterior chamber configuration after phacoemulsification and foldable intraocular lenses (IOL) implantation with panoramic ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). METHODS: A novel panoramic UBM was developed for anterior segment scanning. Small-incision phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation were performed in 102 eyes of 81 patients with age-related cataract. The anterior chamber diameter in horizontal meridian and vertical meridian and the anterior chamber depth (ACD) were measured by computer calipers before and two months after the surgery. The changes of the anterior chamber angle were measured in 36 eyes. RESULTS: Diameter of anterior chamber in vertical meridian was greater than that in horizontal meridian in most cases. In all patients, horizontal anterior chamber diameter was widened significantly two months after surgery (t = 7.10, P < 0.01), a significantly negative correlation existed between preoperative and postoperative data(r = 0.801, P < 0.01). The ACD was deepened ( t = 39.97, P < 0.01) . In 36 eyes, the anterior chamber angle was widened. CONCLUSIONS: Diameter of the anterior chamber in vertical meridian is greater than that in horizontal meridian in most cases. After phacoemulsification and foldable IOL implantation, UBM revealed that the anterior chamber diameter is increased and postoperative chamber diameter can be estimated by preoperative one. After the operation, the iris diaphragm shifts backward, the anterior chamber is deepened and anterior chamber angle is widened.
Assuntos
Câmara Anterior/diagnóstico por imagem , Catarata/diagnóstico por imagem , Catarata/terapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Implante de Lente Intraocular , Masculino , Microscopia Acústica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , FacoemulsificaçãoRESUMO
A novel approach, named multi-channel pulsed corona discharge in soil, was developed for remediating organic pollutants contaminated soil, with p-nitrophenol (PNP) as the model pollutant. The feasibility of PNP degradation in soil was explored by evaluating effects of pulse discharge voltage, air flow rate and soil moisture on PNP degradation. Based on roles of chemically active species and evolution of degradation intermediates, PNP degradation processes were discussed. Experimental results showed that about 89.4% of PNP was smoothly degraded within 60min of discharge treatment at pulse discharge voltage 27kV, soil moisture 5% and air flow rate 0.8Lmin(-1), and the degradation process fitted the first-order kinetic model. Increasing pulse discharge voltage was found to be favorable for PNP degradation, but not for energy yield. There existed appropriate air flow rate and soil moisture for obtaining gratifying PNP degradation efficacy. Roles of radical scavenger and measurement of active species suggested that ozone, H2O2, and OH radicals played very important roles in PNP degradation. CN bond in PNP molecule was cleaved, and the main intermediate products such as hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol, phenol, acetic acid, formic acid, oxalic acid, NO2(-) and NO3(-) were identified. Possible pathway of PNP degradation in soil in such a system was proposed.
Assuntos
Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Nitrofenóis/química , Gases em Plasma , Poluentes do Solo/química , Estudos de ViabilidadeRESUMO
While H2N2 viruses have been sporadically isolated from wild and domestic birds, H2N2 viruses have not been detected among human populations since 1968. Should H2N2 viruses adapt to domestic poultry they may pose a risk of infection to people, as most anyone born after 1968 would likely be susceptible to their infection. We report the isolation of a novel influenza A virus (H2N2) cultured in 2013 from a healthy domestic duck at a live poultry market in Wuxi City, China. Sequence data revealed that the novel H2N2 virus was similar to Eurasian avian lineage avian influenza viruses, the virus had been circulating for ≥ two years among poultry, had an increase in α2,6 binding affinity, and was not highly pathogenic. Approximately 9% of 100 healthy chickens sampled from the same area had elevated antibodies against the H2 antigen. Fortunately, there was sparse serological evidence that the virus was infecting poultry workers or had adapted to infect other mammals. These findings suggest that a novel H2N2 virus has been circulating among domestic poultry in Wuxi City, China and has some has increased human receptor affinity. It seems wise to conduct better surveillance for novel influenza viruses at Chinese live bird markets.
Assuntos
Patos/virologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2 , Influenza Aviária , Doenças das Aves Domésticas , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , China , Patos/sangue , Patos/imunologia , Humanos , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/genética , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A Subtipo H2N2/isolamento & purificação , Influenza Aviária/sangue , Influenza Aviária/imunologia , Influenza Aviária/virologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/sangue , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/imunologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologiaRESUMO
To investigate the potential of adeno-associated viruses serotype 2 (AAV2)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) as an antiviral agent against rabies, recombinant AAV2 vectors expressing siRNA targeting the nucleoprotein (N) gene of rabies virus (RABV) (rAAV-N796) were constructed and evaluated. When NA cells pretreated with rAAV-N796 were challenged with RABV, there was a 37.8 ± 3.4% to 55.1 ± 5.3% reduction in RABV virus titer. When cells pre-challenged with RABV were treated with rAAV-N796, there was a 4.4 ± 1.4 to 28.8 ± 3.2% reduction in RABV virus titer. Relative quantification of RABV transcripts using real-time PCR and Western blot revealed that the knockdown of RABV-N gene transcripts was based on the rAAV-N796 inoculation titer. When any NA cells were treated with rAAV-N796 before or after challenged with RABV, significant reduction in virus titer was observed in both administrations. Mice treated intracerebrally with rAAV-N796 exhibited 50 ± 5.3 and 62.5 ± 4.7% protection when challenged intracerebrally or intramuscally, respectively, with lethal RABV. When mice treated intramuscularly with rAAV-N796 were challenged intramuscularly with lethal RABV, they exhibited 37.5 ± 3.7% protection. When mice were intracerebrally and intramuscularly with rAAV-N796 24 hr after exposure to RABV infection, they exhibited 25 ± 4.1% protection The N gene mRNA levels in the brains of challenged mice with three different administrations were reduced (55, 68, 32 and 25%, respectively). These results indicated that AAV2 vector-mediated siRNA delivery in vitro in NA cells inhibited RABV multiplication, inhibited RABV multiplication in vivo in the mice brain and imparted partial protection against lethal rabies. So, it may have a potential to be used as an alternative antiviral approach against rabies.
Assuntos
Dependovirus/imunologia , Nucleoproteínas/imunologia , Interferência de RNA/imunologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Vírus da Raiva/imunologia , Raiva/imunologia , Animais , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular , Dependovirus/genética , Feminino , Vetores Genéticos/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nucleoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Plasmídeos/genética , Plasmídeos/imunologia , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , Raiva/genética , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/virologia , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Replicação Viral/imunologiaRESUMO
Rabies virus (RABV) infection continues to be a global threat to human and animal health, yet no curative therapy has been developed. RNA interference (RNAi) therapy, which silences expression of specific target genes, represents a promising approach for treating viral infections in mammalian hosts. We designed six small interfering (si)RNAs (N473, N580, N783, N796, N799 and N1227) that target the conserved region of the RABV challenge virus standard (CVS)-11 strain nucleoprotein (N) gene. Using a plasmid-based transient expression model, we demonstrated that N796, N580 and N799 were capable of significantly inhibiting viral replication in vitro and in vivo. These three siRNAs effectively suppressed RABV expression in infected baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells, as evidenced by direct immunofluorescence assay, viral titer measurements, real-time PCR, and Western blotting. In addition, liposome-mediated siRNA expression plasmid delivery to RABV-infected mice significantly increased survival, compared to a non-liposome-mediated delivery method. Collectively, our results showed that the three siRNAs, N796, N580 and N799, targeting the N gene could potently inhibit RABV CVS-11 reproduction. These siRNAs have the potential to be developed into new and effective prophylactic anti-RABV drugs.
Assuntos
Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Produtos Biológicos/administração & dosagem , Nucleoproteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Raiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Raiva/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Portadores de Fármacos/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Lipossomos/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Nucleoproteínas/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/farmacologia , Vírus da Raiva/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of cataract and its surgical coverage rate together with the burden related to bilateral cataract-blindness, among adults aged 40 or above in Gongshan county of Yunnan province and to evaluate the current cataract status and the efficacy of local cataract prevention program. METHODS: Cluster sampling was used. The protocol consisted of personal interview, pilot study, visual acuity checking, measuring the intraocular pressure; slit lamp microscopy and the fundus of the eye examination etc. Cataract was graded clinically using the Lens Opacity Classification System (LOCS) III. Bilateral cataract-blindness burden, bilateral cataract-blindness burden and cataract surgical coverage rate were calculated respectively, using two different criteria. Odds ratios (OR) were compared among different groups regarding age, gender, education, ethnic group and altitude of living area. RESULTS: Among the 1236 eligible residents, 1116 (90.3%) were enrolled in the present study. The prevalence of cataract was 23.8% among adults aged 40 or order. When the bilateral best refractive vision<3/60 was defined as the blindness criterion, the bilateral cataract-blindness burden showed as 1.3%, and cataract blindness surgical coverage rate was 50.0%. When the bilateral presenting vision<6/60 was defined as the blindness criterion, the bilateral cataract-blindness burden was 25.0%, and cataract blindness surgical coverage rate was 12.9%. The cataract surgical coverage rates were much lower and the bilateral cataract-blindness burden much higher in women, illiterates, living in high altitude areas and those who were aged 70 or above. CONCLUSION: Cataract blindness was a serious public health problem in aged individuals and illiteracy in the residents of the studied areas. Poor prevention programs on cataract called for urgent action to be taken.
Assuntos
Extração de Catarata , Catarata/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Altitude , China/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , População RuralRESUMO
The H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) causes widespread infections in bird and human respiratory tracts, and vaccines and drug therapy are limited in their effectiveness. Recent studies of AIV structures have been published and provide new targets for designing antiviral drugs such as antisense oligonucleotides (AS ODNs), which effectively inhibit gene replication. In this study, we designed and synthesized three AS ODNs (NP267, NP628, NP749) that were specific for the RNA binding region of nucleoprotein (NP) based on AIV structure. Results showed that all three AS ODNs could inhibit viral replication in MDCK cells. The NP628 showed the best antiviral effect of all through viral titers, quantitative RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) assays. In addition, the liposome mediated NP628 could partially protect the mice from a lethal H5N1 influenza virus challenge. Moreover, the NP628 group had a lower viral titer and lung index in the infected mice when compared with the viral control. Our results showed that AS ODN targeting of the AIV NP gene could potently inhibit AIV H5N1 reproduction, thus, formulating a candidate for an emergent therapeutic drug for the pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/efeitos dos fármacos , Nucleoproteínas/genética , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Linhagem Celular , Cães , Feminino , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/fisiologia , Lipossomos/farmacologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/síntese química , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) causes widespread infections in poultry and wild birds, and has the potential to emerge as a pandemic threat to human. Antisense oligonucleotides (AS ODNs) are highly effective at inhibiting gene replication. Antibody-mediated delivery is a novel approach to target specific cells and tissues. In this study, we designed and synthesized three AS ODNs (PA4, PA492 and PA1203) specific for conserved region of AIV PA protein, and all the three AS ODNs could inhibit viral replication. The PA492 ODN showed the best antiviral effect by viral titers and quantitative RT-PCR in MDCK cells. The fusion protein scFv-tP was constructed as a single chain variable fragment (scFv) against AIV hemaglutinin antigen with a truncated protamine (tP). The results showed that scFv-tP fusion improved the antiviral effectiveness of PA492 in MDCK cells as measured by viral titers, quantitative RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) assays. In addition, scFv-tP-delivered PA492 was also found to partially protect mice from lethal H5N1 influenza virus challenge. Using scFv-tP delivery, fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled-PA492 was found to be significantly localized in the lungs, compared to liposome-delivered PA492. Moreover, the fusion protein mediated PA492 had a lower lung index and viral titers in the infected mice as compared with the liposome method. These results provided a potential method for using anti-HA fusion protein for the targeted delivery of AS ODNs against AIV H5N1.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Sistemas de Liberação de Medicamentos , Virus da Influenza A Subtipo H5N1/fisiologia , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/farmacologia , Anticorpos de Cadeia Única/farmacologia , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Galinhas , Cães , Feminino , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Lipossomos/farmacologia , Pulmão/virologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/farmacologia , Carga Viral , Replicação ViralRESUMO
The capsid structural protein VP2 of canine parvovirus (CPV) can self-assemble into highly organized virus-like particles (VLPs) and retain major immunoreactivity. In this study, different recombinant baculoviruses that expressed varying fusion proteins of the CPV VP2 protein with the T cell determinant and/or the linear virus-neutralizing epitope of rabies virus (RV) were generated. Infection with these baculoviruses changed BmN cell morphology and inhibited their proliferation as well as damaged silkworms and pupae. However, infection with these baculoviruses induced high levels of recombinant protein expression in silkworms and pupae. More importantly, these fusion proteins self-assembled VLPs with properties similar to CPV virions and retained their VP2-specific immunoreactivity, but some retained their RV-specific immunoreactivity. Interestingly, only one fusion protein, T-VP2, maintained its haemagglutination activity. These data indicated that these insertions and replacements in the loop 2 of VP2 did not interfere with the formation of VLP, and silkworms and pupae could act as a low-costing bioreactor for the production of heterologous proteins. Therefore, our findings may provide a new framework for the development of subunit vaccines against RV and CPV.
Assuntos
Bombyx/imunologia , Proteínas do Capsídeo/biossíntese , Epitopos/biossíntese , Parvovirus Canino/imunologia , Animais , Baculoviridae/imunologia , Bombyx/metabolismo , Proteínas do Capsídeo/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Cães , Epitopos/imunologia , Vetores Genéticos , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Pupa/imunologia , Pupa/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/biossíntese , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologiaRESUMO
Chlorinated organics are frequently found as harmful soil contaminants and persisted for extended periods of time. A novel approach, named pulsed corona discharge plasma (PCDP), was employed for the degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in soil. Experimental results showed that 87% of PCP could be smoothly removed in 60 min. Increasing pulse voltage, enhancing soil pH, lowering humic acid (HA) in soil and reducing granular size of the soil were found to be favorable for PCP degradation efficiency. Oxidation and physical processes simultaneously contributed to PCP removal in soil and ozone was the main factor in PCDP treatment. C-Cl bonds in PCP were cleaved during PCDP treatment by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The mineralization of PCP was confirmed by total organic carbon (TOC) and dechlorination analyses. The main intermediate products such as tetrachlorocatechol, tetrachlorohydroquinone, acetic acid, formic acid, and oxalic acid were identified by HPLC/MS and ion chromatography. A possible pathway of PCP degradation in soil in such a system was proposed.