Ectosomal PKM2 Promotes HCC by Inducing Macrophage Differentiation and Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment.

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles are important mediators of cell-to-cell communication during tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived ectosomes remodel the tumor microenvironment to facilitate HCC progression in an ectosomal PKM2-dependent manner. HCC-derived ectosomal PKM2 induced not only metabolic reprogramming in monocytes but also STAT3 phosphorylation in the nucleus to upregulate differentiation-associated transcription factors, leading to monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and tumor microenvironment remodeling. In HCC cells, sumoylation of PKM2 induced its plasma membrane targeting and subsequent ectosomal excretion via interactions with ARRDC1. The PKM2-ARRDC1 association in HCC was reinforced by macrophage-secreted cytokines/chemokines in a CCL1-CCR8 axis-dependent manner, further facilitating PKM2 excretion from HCC cells to form a feedforward regulatory loop for tumorigenesis. In the clinic, ectosomal PKM2 was clearly detected in the plasma of HCC patients. This study highlights a mechanism by which ectosomal PKM2 remodels the tumor microenvironment and reveals ectosomal PKM2 as a potential diagnostic marker for HCC.

Crystal structural effects on up/down-conversion luminescence properties of GdInO3:Tm,Yb perovskite phosphors for effective dual-mode anti-counterfeit applications.

Developing advanced luminescent materials that are recognizable under specified conditions provides better opportunity for reliable optical anti-counterfeiting techniques. In this work, to the best of our knowledge, novel GdInO3:Tm,Yb perovskite phosphors with ultrafine sizes and rounded morphologies were successfully synthesized by a facile chemical precipitation route. Two-type perovskites with orthorhombic and hexagonal structures could be obtained by calcining the precursor at 850 and 1100 °C, respectively. Under 980 nm excitation, the two phosphors exhibited cyan-bluish emission at ∼460-565 nm, red emission at 645-680 nm, and near-infrared emission at 770-825 nm arising from 1G4 + 1D2→3H5,6, 3F2,3→3H6, and 3H4→3H6 transitions of Tm3+, respectively, where the hexagonal perovskite phosphor had relatively strong and sharp red emission as well as red-shifted cyan-bluish emission via successive cross relaxations. The Yb3+ sensitizer enhanced the upconversion luminescence via effective Yb3+→Tm3+ energy transfer and the optimal Yb3+ concentrations were 10 at.% for orthorhombic perovskite and 5 at.% for hexagonal one. The upconversion mechanism mainly ascribed to two-photon processes while three-photon was also present. Upon excitation at 254 nm, their down-conversion spectra exhibited broad multibands in the wavelength range of 400-500 nm deriving from combined effects of the defect-induced emission of GdInO3 and the 1D2→3F4 + 4G4→3H6 emissions of Tm3+. The energy transfer from GdInO3 defect level to Tm3+ excitation state was observed for the first time. The unclonable security codes prepared by screen printing from those dual-mode emitting perovskite phosphors were almost invisible under natural light, which had promising potential for anti-counterfeiting application.

Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy induces long-term changes in gut microbiota and the behaviors of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder offspring.

The pathogenesis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been fully elucidated. Gestational hypertension could double the probability of ADHD in the offspring, while the initial bacterial communication between the mother and offspring has been associated with psychiatric disorders. Thus, we hypothesize that antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy may abate the impairments in neurodevelopment of the offspring. To test this hypothesis, we chose Captopril and Labetalol, to apply to pregnant spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) dams and examined the outcomes in the male offspring. Our data demonstrated that maternal treatment with Captopril and Labetalol had long-lasting changes in gut microbiota and behavioral alterations, including decreased hyperactivity and increased curiosity, spatial learning and memory in the male offspring. Increased diversity and composition were identified, and some ADHD related bacteria were found to have the same change in the gut microbiota of both the dam and offspring after the treatments. LC-MS/MS and immunohistochemistry assays suggested elevated expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of offspring exposed to Captopril/ Labetalol, which may account for the improvement of the offspring's psychiatric functions. Therefore, our results support the beneficial long-term effects of the intervention of gestational hypertension in the prevention of ADHD.

Role of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Fibrosis has important pathoetiological and prognostic roles in chronic liver disease. This study evaluates the role of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis. METHOD: After literature search in electronic databases (Embase, Ovid, Science Direct, Springer, and Web of Science), studies were selected by following precise eligibility criteria. The quality of included studies was assessed, and meta-analyses were performed to achieve pooled estimates of area under receiver-operator curve (AUROC), accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of radiomics in staging liver fibrosis compared to histopathology. RESULTS: Fifteen studies (3718 patients; age 47 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 42, 53]; 69% [95% CI: 65, 73] males) were included. AUROC values of radiomics for detecting significant fibrosis (F2-4), advanced fibrosis (F3-4), and cirrhosis (F4) were 0.91 [95%CI: 0.89, 0.94], 0.92 [95%CI: 0.90, 0.95], and 0.94 [95%CI: 0.93, 0.96] in training cohorts and 0.89 [95%CI: 0.83, 0.91], 0.89 [95%CI: 0.83, 0.94], and 0.93 [95%CI: 0.91, 0.95] in validation cohorts, respectively. For diagnosing significant fibrosis, advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis the sensitivity of radiomics was 84.0% [95%CI: 76.1, 91.9], 86.9% [95%CI: 76.8, 97.0], and 92.7% [95%CI: 89.7, 95.7] in training cohorts, and 75.6% [95%CI: 67.7, 83.5], 80.0% [95%CI: 70.7, 89.3], and 92.0% [95%CI: 87.8, 96.1] in validation cohorts, respectively. Respective specificity was 88.6% [95% CI: 83.0, 94.2], 88.4% [95% CI: 81.9, 94.8], and 91.1% [95% CI: 86.8, 95.5] in training cohorts, and 86.8% [95% CI: 83.3, 90.3], 94.0% [95% CI: 89.5, 98.4], and 88.3% [95% CI: 84.4, 92.2] in validation cohorts. Limitations included use of several methods for feature selection and classification, less availability of studies evaluating a particular radiological modality, lack of a direct comparison between radiology and radiomics, and lack of external validation. CONCLUSION: Although radiomics offers good diagnostic accuracy in detecting liver fibrosis, its role in clinical practice is not as clear at present due to comparability and validation constraints.

DCAF13 promotes breast cancer cell proliferation by ubiquitin inhibiting PERP expression.

Evolutionarily conserved DDB1-and CUL4-associated factor 13 (DCAF13) is a recently discovered substrate receptor for the cullin RING-finger ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4) E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates cell cycle progression. DCAF13 is overexpressed in many cancers, although its role in breast cancer is currently elusive. In this study we demonstrate that DCAF13 is overexpressed in human breast cancer and that its overexpression closely correlates with poor prognosis, suggesting that DCAF13 may serve as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. We knocked down DCAF13 in breast cancer cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and found that DCAF13 deletion markedly reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, clone formation, and migration both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DCAF13 deletion promoted breast cancer cell apoptosis and senescence, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G1/S phase. Genome-wide RNAseq analysis and western blotting revealed that loss of DCAF13 resulted in both mRNA and protein accumulation of p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP22 (PERP). Knockdown of PERP partially reversed the hampered cell proliferation induced by DCAF13 knockdown. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that DCAF13 and DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) directly interact with PERP. Overexpression of DDB1 significantly increased PERP polyubiquitination, suggesting that CRL4DCAF13 E3 ligase targets PERP for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In conclusion, DCAF13 and the downstream effector PERP occupy key roles in breast cancer proliferation and potentially serve as prognostics and therapeutic targets.

Cardiomyocyte peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α is essential for energy metabolism and extracellular matrix homeostasis during pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor critical for systemic lipid homeostasis, has been shown closely related to cardiac remodeling. However, the roles of cardiomyocyte PPARα in pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling remains unclear because of lacking a cardiomyocyte-specific Ppara-deficient (PparaΔCM) mouse model. This study aimed to determine the specific role of cardiomyocyte PPARα in transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced cardiac remodeling using an inducible PparaΔCM mouse model. PparaΔCM and Pparafl/fl mice were randomly subjected to sham or TAC for 2 weeks. Cardiomyocyte PPARα deficiency accelerated TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Transcriptome analysis showed that genes related to fatty acid metabolism were dramatically downregulated, but genes critical for glycolysis were markedly upregulated in PparaΔCM hearts. Moreover, the hypertrophy-related genes, including genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, cell adhesion, and cell migration, were upregulated in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. Western blot analyses demonstrated an increased HIF1α protein level in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. PET/CT analyses showed an enhanced glucose uptake in hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts. Bioenergetic analyses further revealed that both basal and maximal oxygen consumption rates and ATP production were significantly increased in hypertrophic Pparafl/fl hearts; however, these increases were markedly blunted in PparaΔCM hearts. In contrast, hypertrophic PparaΔCM hearts exhibited enhanced extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) capacity, as reflected by increased basal ECAR and glycolysis but decreased glycolytic reserve. These results suggest that cardiomyocyte PPARα is crucial for the homeostasis of both energy metabolism and ECM during TAC-induced cardiac remodeling, thus providing new insights into potential therapeutics of cardiac remodeling-related diseases.

[Phagocytosis of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases].

With the acceleration of the aging society, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), have become a rapidly growing global health crisis. Recent studies have indicated that microglia-neuron interactions are critical for maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system. Genome-Wide Association Studies and brain imaging studies have suggested that microglia are activated in early stage of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia are specialized phagocytes in the brain. The discovery of a new phagocytic pathway, trogocytosis, suggests that there is a close interaction between microglia and surviving neurons. In this review, we summarize the important roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, and further analyze the functions and molecular mechanisms of microglia phagocytosis and trogocytosis.

[Activity of Codonopsis canescens against rheumatoid arthritis based on TLRs/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways and its mechanism].

This paper aims to explore the activity of Codonopsis canescens extract against rheumatoid arthritis(RA) based on the Toll-like receptors(TLRs)/mitogen-activated protein kinases(MAPKs)/nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathways and its mechanism. The ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used to identify the components of C. canescens extract. Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups, namely the normal group, the model group, the methotrexate(MTX) tablet group, and the low, medium, and high-dose C. canescens extract(ZDS-L, ZDS-M, and ZDS-H) groups, with 8 rats in each group. The model of collagen-induced arthritis in rats was induced by injection of bovine type Ⅱ collagen emulsion. MTX(2.5 mg·kg~(-1)), ZDS-L, ZDS-M, and ZDS-H(0.3 g·kg~(-1), 0.6 g·kg~(-1), and 1.2 g·kg~(-1)) were administrated by gavage. Rats in the normal group and the model group received distilled water. MTX was given once every three days for 28 days, and the rest medicines were given once daily for 28 days. Body weight, degree of foot swelling, arthritis index, immune organ index, synovial histopathological changes, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1ß(IL-1ß), and interleukin-6(IL-6) were observed. Protein expressions of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, and p-p38 MAPK in rats were determined by Western blot. Thirty-four main components were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including 15 flavonoids, 7 phenylpropanoids, 4 terpenoids, 4 organic acids, 2 esters, and 2 polyalkynes. As compared with the normal group, the body weight of the model group was significantly decreased(P<0.01), and foot swelling(P<0.05, P<0.01), arthritis index(P<0.01), and the immune organ index(P<0.01) were significantly increased. The synovial histopathological injury was obviously observed in the model group. The serum levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly increased(P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK in the synovial tissue were significantly increased(P<0.01) in the model group. As compared with the model group, the body weights of the ZDS dose groups were increased(P<0.01), and the degree of foot swelling(P<0.01) and the arthritis index were decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01). The immune organ index was decreased(P<0.01) in the ZDS dose groups, and the synovial tissue hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration were alleviated. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 were significantly decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, NF-κB p65, p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK were decreased(P<0.05, P<0.01) in the ZDS dose groups. C. canescens extract containing apigenin, tricin, chlorogenic acid, aesculin, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and oleanolic acid has a good anti-RA effect, and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TLRs/MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Curcumin ameliorates hypertension via gut-brain communication in spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Gut dysbiosis and dysregulation of gut-brain communication have been identified in hypertensive patients and animal models. Previous studies have shown that probiotic or prebiotic treatments exert positive effects on the pathophysiology of hypertension. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that the microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in the antihypertensive effects of curcumin, a potential prebiotic obtained from Curcuma longa. Male 8- to 10-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were divided into four groups: WKY rats and SHRs treated with vehicle and SHRs treated with curcumin in dosage of 100 or 300 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. Our results show that the elevated blood pressure of SHRs was markedly decreased in both curcumin-treated groups. Curcumin treatment also altered the gut microbial composition and improved intestinal pathology and integrity. These factors were associated with reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the hypothalamus paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Moreover, curcumin treatment increased butyrate levels in the plasma, which may be the result of increased butyrate-producing gut microorganisms. In addition, curcumin treatment also activated G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR 43) in the PVN. These results indicate that curcumin reshapes the composition of the gut microbiota and ameliorates the dysregulation of the gut-brain communication to induce antihypertensive effects.

Chronic Infusion of Astaxanthin Into Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Modulates Cytokines and Attenuates the Renin-Angiotensin System in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

ABSTRACT: Oxidative stress, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and inflammation are some of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The aim of this study is to examine the protective effect of the chronic administration of astaxanthin, which is extracted from the shell of crabs and shrimps, into hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Animals were randomly assigned to 2 groups and treated with bilateral PVN infusion of astaxanthin or vehicle (artificial cerebrospinal fluid) through osmotic minipumps (Alzet Osmotic Pumps, Model 2004, 0.25 µL/h) for 4 weeks. Spontaneously hypertensive rats had higher mean arterial pressure and plasma level of norepinephrine and proinflammatory cytokine; higher PVN levels of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, IL-1ß, IL-6, ACE, and AT1-R; and lower PVN levels of IL-10 and Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, ACE2, and Mas receptors than Wistar-Kyoto rats. Our data showed that chronic administration of astaxanthin into PVN attenuated the overexpression of reactive oxygen species, NOX2, NOX4, inflammatory cytokines, and components of RAS within the PVN and suppressed hypertension. The present results revealed that astaxanthin played a role in the brain. Our findings demonstrated that astaxanthin had protective effect on hypertension by improving the balance between inflammatory cytokines and components of RAS.

Systemic activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and plasma α-synuclein levels are correlated with motor severity and progression in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasome-induced inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several proteins including α-synuclein trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. However, few studies examined whether inflammasomes are activated in the periphery of PD patients and their possible value in the diagnosis or tracking of the progress of PD. The aim of this study was to determine the association between inflammasome-induced inflammation and clinical features in PD. METHODS: There were a total of 67 participants, including 43 patients with PD and 24 controls, in the study. Participants received a complete evaluation of motor and non-motor symptoms, including Hoehn and Yahr (H-Y) staging scale. Blood samples were collected from all participants. The protein and mRNA expression levels of inflammasomes subtypes and components in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were determined using western blotting and RT-qPCR. We applied Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) immunoassay to measure the plasma levels of IL-1ß and α-synuclein. RESULTS: We observed increased gene expression of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 in PBMCs, and increased protein levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1ß in PD patients. Plasma levels of IL-1ß were significantly higher in patients with PD compared with controls and have a positive correlation with H-Y stage and UPDRS part III scores. Furthermore, plasma α-synuclein levels were also increased in PD patients and have a positive correlation with both UPDRS part III scores and plasma IL-1ß levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in the PBMCs from PD patients. The related inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß and total α-synuclein in plasma were increased in PD patients than controls, and both of them presented a positive correlation with motor severity in patients with PD. Furthermore, plasma α-synuclein levels have a positive correlation with IL-1ß levels in PD patients. All these findings suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome activation-related cytokine IL-1ß and α-synuclein could serve as non-invasive biomarkers to monitor the severity and progression of PD in regard to motor function.

Correlations of apathy with clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and olfactory dysfunctions: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Apathy is one of the most common symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD), however, correlations of apathy with demographic variables, cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric symptoms, activity of daily living and olfactory functions in AD patients are still lacking comprehensive investigations. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Total 124 typical AD patients were consecutively recruited from April 2014 to April 2017. In 124 AD patients, 47 cases (37.9%) were male and 77 cases were female; patients' age were 43-93 years with an average of 68 years. Patients were divided into AD with apathy (AD-A) and AD with no apathy (AD-NA) groups according to the score of Modified Apathy Evaluation Scale, then were evaluated cognitive functions, neuropsychiatric symptoms and activity of daily living, and tested olfactory functions. Above variables were compared between AD-A and AD-NA groups. Further correlation analyses and linear regression analysis were performed between apathy and above variables. RESULTS: Compared with AD-NA group, global cognitive level, verbal memory, verbal fluency and activity of daily living were significantly compromised in AD-A group (P < 0.002); depression and agitation were severely displayed in AD-A group (P < 0.002). Apathy was negatively correlated with global cognitive function, verbal memory, verbal fluency and activity of daily living (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of olfactory functions between the two groups (P > 0.002), and correlations between apathy and olfactory threshold, olfactory identification and global olfactory function were significant (P < 0.05) but quite weak (|r| < 0.3). Further linear regression analysis showed that only verbal fluency and instrumental activities of daily living were independently associated with apathy. CONCLUSIONS: Independent correlations among apathy, verbal fluency and instrumental activities of daily living in AD patients might be related to the common brain area involved in their pathogeneses.

The critical role of titanium cation in the enhanced performance of P2-Na0.5Ni0.25Mn0.60Ti0.15O2 cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.

Tremendous effort has been devoted to develop durable electrode materials for sodium ion batteries. This work focuses on enhancing the reversibility of a cathode material Na0.5Ni0.25Mn0.75O2 by adopting the titanium cation doping strategy. The obtained P2-Na0.5Ni0.25Mn0.60Ti0.15O2 material shows smooth charge-discharge curves upon suppressing the Na+/vacancy ordering effect via the partial substitution of Mn4+ for Ti4+, and enhanced cycling performance. It exhibits a reversible capacity of 138 mA h g-1 at 0.5C, as well as a high rate capacity of 81 mA h g-1 at 5C between a cut-off voltage of 2 and 4 V, while long-term cycling stability is demonstrated with a capacity retention of 84% over 200 cycles. An enhanced cycling stability is also observed when the voltage is between 2 and 4.2 V. The feasibility of constructing a symmetrical Na-ion full cell with Na0.5Ni0.25Mn0.60Ti0.15O2 as cathode and anode electrodes is also demonstrated. The titanium cation doping results in reduced charge transfer impedance and an enhanced sodium cation diffusion coefficient, thus suggesting an efficient strategy to obtain a durable cathode material for sodium ion batteries.

EPHA2 feedback activation limits the response to PDEδ inhibition in KRAS-dependent cancer cells.

KRAS is one of the most important proto-oncogenes. Its mutations occur in almost all tumor types, and KRAS mutant cancer is still lack of effective therapy. Prenyl-binding protein phosphodiesterase-δ (PDEδ) is required for the plasma membrane association and subsequent activation of KRAS oncogenic signaling. Recently, targeting PDEδ has provided new promise for KRAS mutant tumors. However, the therapeutic potential of PDEδ inhibition remains obscure. In this study, we explored how PDEδ inhibition was responded in KRAS mutant cancer cells, and identified KRAS mutant subset responsive to PDEδ inhibition. We first performed siRNA screen of KRAS growth dependency of a small panel of human cancer lines, and identified a subset of KRAS mutant cancer cells that were highly dependent on KRAS signaling. Among these cells, only a fraction of KRAS-dependent cells responded to PDEδ depletion, though KRAS plasma membrane association was effectively impaired. We revealed that the persistent RAF/MEK/ERK signaling seemed responsible for the lack of response to PDEδ depletion. A kinase array further identified that the feedback activation of EPH receptor A2 (EPHA2) accounted for the compensatory activation of RAF/MEK/ERK signaling in these cells. Simultaneous inhibition of EPHA2 and PDEδ led to the growth inhibition of KRAS mutant cancer cells. Together, this study gains a better understanding of PDEδ-targeted therapeutic strategy and suggests the combined inhibition of EPHA2 and PDEδ as a potential therapy for KRAS mutant cancer.

Resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, prevents chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: Involvement of cytokine modulation and neuroprotection.

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, also known as "chemobrain," is a common side effect. The purpose of this study was to examine whether resveratrol, a natural polyphenol that has nootropic effects, could prevent chemobrain and its underlying mechanisms. Mice received three injections of docetaxel, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (DAC) in combination, a common chemotherapy regimen, at two-day intervals within one week. Resveratrol (50 and 100 mg/kg per day) was orally administered for three weeks, beginning one week before the DAC treatment. Water maze test and manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate animals' cognitive performance and brain neuronal activity, respectively. Blood and brain tissues were collected for measurement of cytokines, cytokine regulators, and biomarkers for neuroplasticity. DAC treatment produced a striking cognitive impairment. Cotreatment with 100 mg/kg resveratrol ameliorated DAC-induced cognitive impairment and decreases in prefrontal and hippocampal neuronal activity. Mice co-treated with both doses of resveratrol displayed significantly lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but markedly higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in several sera and brain tissues than those co-treated with vehicle. Resveratrol modulated the cytokine-regulating pathway peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and protected against DAC-induced decreases in the expression of the neuroplasticity biomarkers, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), amino acid neurotransmitter receptors, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). These results demonstrate the efficacy of resveratrol in preventing chemobrain and its association with cytokine modulation and neuroprotection.

miRNA-23a/CXCR4 regulates neuropathic pain via directly targeting TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome axis.

BACKGROUND: Chemokine CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) in spinal glial cells has been implicated in neuropathic pain. However, the regulatory cascades of CXCR4 in neuropathic pain remain elusive. Here, we investigated the functional regulatory role of miRNAs in the pain process and its interplay with CXCR4 and its downstream signaling. METHODS: miRNAs and CXCR4 and its downstream signaling molecules were measured in the spinal cords of mice with sciatic nerve injury via partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL). Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and mammal two-hybrid and behavioral tests were used to explore the downstream CXCR4-dependent signaling pathway. RESULTS: CXCR4 expression increased in spinal glial cells of mice with pSNL-induced neuropathic pain. Blocking CXCR4 alleviated the pain behavior; contrarily, overexpressing CXCR4 induced pain hypersensitivity. MicroRNA-23a-3p (miR-23a) directly bounds to 3' UTR of CXCR4 mRNA. pSNL-induced neuropathic pain significantly reduced mRNA expression of miR-23a. Overexpression of miR-23a by intrathecal injection of miR-23a mimics or lentivirus reduced spinal CXCR4 and prevented pSNL-induced neuropathic pain. In contrast, knockdown of miR-23a by intrathecal injection of miR-23a inhibitor or lentivirus induced pain-like behavior, which was reduced by CXCR4 inhibition. Additionally, miR-23a knockdown or CXCR4 overexpression in naïve mice could increase the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), which was associated with induction of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Indeed, CXCR4 and TXNIP were co-expressed. The mammal two-hybrid assay revealed the direct interaction between CXCR4 and TXNIP, which was increased in the spinal cord of pSNL mice. In particular, inhibition of TXNIP reversed pain behavior elicited by pSNL, miR-23a knockdown, or CXCR4 overexpression. Moreover, miR-23a overexpression or CXCR4 knockdown inhibited the increase of TXNIP and NLRP3 inflammasome in pSNL mice. CONCLUSIONS: miR-23a, by directly targeting CXCR4, regulates neuropathic pain via TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in spinal glial cells. Epigenetic interventions against miR-23a, CXCR4, or TXNIP may potentially serve as novel therapeutic avenues in treating peripheral nerve injury-induced nociceptive hypersensitivity.

Triptolide up-regulates metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 to inhibit microglia activation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced model of Parkinson's disease.

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu)5 regulates microglia activation, which contributes to inflammation. However, the role of mGlu5 in neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. Triptolide (T10) exerts potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects and protects neurons by inhibiting microglia activation. In this study, we investigated the role of mGlu5 in the anti-inflammatory effect of T10 in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD model. In cultured BV2 cells and primary microglia, blocking mGlu5 activity or knocking down its expression abolished T10-inhibited release of proinflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. Moreover, T10 up-regulated mGlu5 expression decreased by LPS through enhancing mRNA expression and protein stability. T10 also reversed the reduction in mGlu5 membrane localization and modulated receptor-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase activity induced by LPS. Pharmacological inhibition of signaling molecules increased nitric oxide level and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin (IL)-1ß and -6 transcript levels that were downregulated by treatment with T10. Consistent with these in vitro findings, blocking mGlu5 attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects of T10 in an LPS-induced PD model and blocked the decreases in the number and morphology of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-positive microglia and LPS-induced iNOS protein expression caused by T10 treatment. Besides, mGlu5 mediated the effect of T10 on microglia-induced astrocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The findings provide evidence for a novel mechanism by which mGlu5 regulates T10-inhibited microglia activation via modulating protein expression of the receptor and its intracellular signaling. The study might contribute to the biological effects of Chinese herbs as an approach for protecting against neurotoxicity in PD.

Clinical features and dysfunctions of iron metabolism in Parkinson disease patients with hyper echogenicity in substantia nigra: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial ultrasound is a useful tool for providing the evidences for the early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the relationship between hyper echogenicity in substantia nigra (SN) and clinical symptoms of PD patients remains unknown, and the role of dysfunction of iron metabolism on the pathogenesis of SN hyper echogenicity is unclear. METHODS: PD patients was detected by transcranial sonography and divided into with no hyper echogenicity (PDSN-) group and with hyper echogenicity (PDSN+) group. Motor symptoms (MS) and non-motor symptoms (NMS) were evaluated, and the levels of iron and related proteins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were detected for PD patients. Data comparison between the two groups and correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: PDSN+ group was significantly older, and had significantly older age of onset, more advanced Hohen-Yahr stage, higher SCOPA-AUT score and lower MoCA score than PDSN- group (P < 0.05). Compared with PDSN- group, the levels of transferrin and light-ferritin in serum and iron level in CSF were significantly elevated (P < 0.05), but ferroportin level in CSF was significantly decreased in PDSN+ group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PD patients with hyper echogenicity in SN are older, at more advanced disease stage, have severer motor symptoms, and non-motor symptoms of cognitive impairment and autonomic dysfunction. Hyper echogenicity of SN in PD patients is related to dysfunction of iron metabolism, involving increased iron transport from peripheral system to central nervous system, reduction of intracellular iron release and excessive iron deposition in brain.

Propofol produces preventive analgesia via GluN2B-containing NMDA Receptor/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in a rat model of inflammatory pain.

Abstract: Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic, has been shown to offer superior analgesic effect clinically. Whether propofol has preventive analgesic property remains unexplored. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effect of propofol and underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms via pre-emptive administration in a formalin-induced inflammatory pain model in rats. Male adult Sprague­Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups: naïve (Group Naïve), formalin injection only (Group Formalin), and formalin injection at 30 min (Group P-30 min) or 2 h (Group P-2 h) after intravenous infusion of propofol (0.6 mg kg−1 min−1) for 1 h. Nociceptive responses and protein expression of phosphorylated- or pan-GluN2B, ERK1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the spinal dorsal horn were evaluated. Alteration of intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor agonists with or without pre-treatment of propofol was measured using fluorometry in SH-SY5Y cells while neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn by immunofluorescence. Pre-emptive propofol reduced pain with a delayed response to formalin and a reduction in hypersensitivity that lasted at least for 2 h. The formalin-induced activation of spinal GluN2B and ERK1/2 but not p38 or c-Jun N-terminal kinase was also diminished by propofol treatment. Preconditioning treatment with 3 µM and 10 µM of propofol inhibited Ca2+ influx mediated through NMDA receptors in SH-SY5Y cells. Propofol also reduced the neuronal expression of c-Fos and p-ERK induced by formalin. This study shows that pre-emptive administration of propofol produces preventive analgesic effects on inflammatory pain through regulating neuronal GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor and ERK1/2 pathway in the spinal dorsal horn.