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The human cardiovascular system has evolved to accommodate the gravity of Earth. Microgravity during spaceflight has been shown to induce vascular remodeling, leading to a decline in vascular function. The underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-214 plays a critical role in angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling by reducing the levels of Smad7 and increasing the phosphorylation of Smad3. However, its role in vascular remodeling evoked by microgravity is not yet known. This study aimed to determine the contribution of miR-214 to the regulation of microgravity-induced vascular remodeling. The results of our study revealed that miR-214 expression was increased in the forebody arteries of both mice and monkeys after simulated microgravity treatment. In vitro, rotation-simulated microgravity-induced VSMC migration, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation were repressed by miR-214 knockout (KO) in VSMCs. Additionally, miR-214 KO increased the level of Smad7 and decreased the phosphorylation of Smad3, leading to a decrease in downstream gene expression. Furthermore, miR-214 cKO protected against simulated microgravity induced the decline in aorta function and the increase in stiffness. Histological analysis showed that miR-214 cKO inhibited the increases in vascular medial thickness that occurred after simulated microgravity treatment. Altogether, these results demonstrate that miR-214 has potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of vascular remodeling caused by simulated microgravity.
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MicroRNAs , Ausência de Peso , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Músculo Liso Vascular/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Remodelação Vascular/genética , Aorta/metabolismo , Miócitos de Músculo Liso/metabolismoRESUMO
Itch, a common somatic sensation, serves as a crucial protective system. Recent studies have unraveled the neural mechanisms of itch at peripheral, spinal cord as well as cerebral levels. However, a comprehensive understanding of the central mechanism governing itch transmission and regulation remains elusive. Here, we report the role of the medial septum (MS), an integral component of the basal forebrain, in modulating the acute itch processing. The increases in c-Fos+ neurons and calcium signals within the MS during acute itch processing were observed. Pharmacogenetic activation manipulation of global MS neurons suppressed the scratching behaviors induced by chloroquine or compound 48/80. Microinjection of GABA into the MS or pharmacogenetic inhibition of non-GABAergic neurons markedly suppressed chloroquine-induced scratching behaviors. Pharmacogenetic activation of the MS-ACC GABAergic pathway attenuated chloroquine-induced acute itch. Hence, our findings reveal that MS has a regulatory role in the chloroquine-induced acute itch through local increased GABA to inhibit non-GABAergic neurons and the activation of MS-ACC GABAergic pathway.
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Cloroquina , Giro do Cíngulo , Prurido , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico , Cloroquina/farmacologia , Animais , Prurido/induzido quimicamente , Prurido/metabolismo , Prurido/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Giro do Cíngulo/metabolismo , Giro do Cíngulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios GABAérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios GABAérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos , Núcleos Septais/metabolismo , Núcleos Septais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Porous carbon has been widely focused to solve the problems of low coulombic efficiency (ICE) and low multiplication capacity of Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) anodes. The superior energy storage properties of two-dimensional(2D) carbon nanosheets can be realized by modulating the structure, but be limited by the carbon sources, making it challenging to obtain 2D structures with large surface area. In this work, a new method for forming carbon materials with high N/S doping content based on combustion activation using the dual activation effect of K2SO4/KNO3 is proposed. The synthesized carbon material as an anode for SIBs has a high reversible capacity of 344.44 mAh g-1 at 0.05 A g-1. Even at the current density of 5 Ag-1, the capacity remained at 143.08 mAh g-1. And the ICE of sodium-ion in ether electrolytes is ≈2.5 times higher than that in ester electrolytes. The sodium storage mechanism of ether/ester-based electrolytes is further explored through ex-situ characterizations. The disparity in electrochemical performance can be ascribed to the discrepancy in kinetics, wherein ether-based electrolytes exhibit a higher rate of Na+ storage and shedding compared to ester-based electrolytes. This work suggests an effective way to develop doubly doped carbon anode materials for SIBs.
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PURPOSE: Benefits of docetaxel-based neoadjuvant chemohormonal therapy (NCHT) before radical prostatectomy (RP) remain largely unknown. We explored whether docetaxel-based NCHT would bring pathological benefits and improve biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) over neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT) in locally advanced prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized trial was designed recruiting 141 locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer patients who were randomly assigned at the ratio of 2:1 to the NCHT group (75 mg/m2 body surface area every 3 weeks plus androgen deprivation therapy for 6 cycles) and the NHT group (androgen deprivation therapy for 24 weeks). The primary end point was 3-year bPFS. Secondary end points were pathological response including pathological downstaging and minimal residual disease rates. RESULTS: The NCHT group showed significant benefits in 3-year bPFS compared to the NHT group (29% vs 9.5%, P = .002). At a median follow-up of 53 months, the NCHT group achieved a significantly longer median bPFS time than the NHT group (17 months vs 14 months). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in pathological downstaging and minimal residual disease rates. CONCLUSIONS: NCHT plus RP achieved significant bPFS benefits when compared with NHT plus RP in high-risk, locally advanced prostate cancer. A larger cohort with longer follow-up duration is essential in further investigation.
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Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/cirurgia , Docetaxel , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Androgênios , Neoplasia Residual/cirurgia , Prostatectomia , Antígeno Prostático EspecíficoRESUMO
Our study investigates the molecular link between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which COVID-19 may influence the onset or progression of AD. Using bioinformatic tools, we analyzed gene expression datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including GSE147507, GSE12685, and GSE26927. Intersection analysis was utilized to identify common differentially expressed genes (CDEGs) and their shared biological pathways. Consensus clustering was conducted to group AD patients based on gene expression, followed by an analysis of the immune microenvironment and variations in shared pathway activities between clusters. Additionally, we identified transcription factor-binding sites shared by CDEGs and genes in the common pathway. The activity of the pathway and the expression levels of the CDEGs were validated using GSE164805 and GSE48350 datasets. Six CDEGs (MAL2, NECAB1, SH3GL2, EPB41L3, MEF2C, and NRGN) were identified, along with a downregulated pathway, the endocannabinoid (ECS) signaling pathway, common to both AD and COVID-19. These CDEGs showed a significant correlation with ECS activity (p < 0.05) and immune functions. The ECS pathway was enriched in healthy individuals' brains and downregulated in AD patients. Validation using GSE164805 and GSE48350 datasets confirmed the differential expression of these genes in COVID-19 and AD tissues. Our findings reveal a potential pathogenetic link between COVID-19 and AD, mediated by CDEGs and the ECS pathway. However, further research and multicenter evidence are needed to translate these findings into clinical applications.
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Doença de Alzheimer , COVID-19 , Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/genética , Encéfalo , Análise por Conglomerados , COVID-19/genética , Endocanabinoides , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos , Proteínas Proteolipídicas Associadas a Linfócitos e MielinaRESUMO
A series of ß-ketoenamines was synthesized from various phenacyl sulfoxides bearing 1-methyl-1H-tetrazole and oximes in moderate to excellent yields. The proposed mechanism involved the generation of α-sulfines from sulfoxides through thermolytic elimination, regiospecific formal [3 + 2] annulations, and elimination of SO2. This protocol provides convenient access to a variety of synthetically valuable N-unprotected ß-enaminones with absolute Z selectivity.
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BACKGROUND: Oxyntic gland neoplasm (OGN) is a rare subtype of gastric cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, clinicopathological features, effectiveness and safety of endoscopic treatment, as well as the prognosis of OGN. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients pathologically diagnosed with OGN at our hospital from November 1, 2019 to May 1, 2023. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients with 45 lesions were identified, resulting in a disease frequency of 0.047% (36/76,832). The mean age was 55.0 ± 7.5 years, with a male-to-female ratio of about 1:1.12. Most lesions were ≤10 mm in size (84.4%), located in the upper third of the stomach (73.3%), exhibited slight elevation (75.5%), appeared whitish (55%), had dilated blood vessels on the surface (75.5%). 16 and 21 lesions were treated by precutting endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR-P) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), respectively. No significant differences were found between EMR-P and ESD in terms of en bloc resection rate (100% vs 100%, p = 1.000), complete resection rate (100% vs 90.5%, p = 0.495), and curative resection rate (93.8% vs 90.5%, p = 1.000). No complications such as bleeding and perforation were observed. No recurrence or metastasis was observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: OGN is a rare tumor with unique clinical, endoscopic, and pathological characteristics. EMR-P and ESD are deemed safe and effective for treating OGNs. The relatively faster and easier EMR-P seems at least non-inferior to ESD, especially for removal of smaller OGNs. The overall prognosis is favorable.
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Ressecção Endoscópica de Mucosa , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapia , Neoplasias Gástricas/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Idoso , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto , Prognóstico , Gastroscopia , Mucosa Gástrica/patologia , Mucosa Gástrica/cirurgia , China/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Exercise has been proven to be an efficient intervention in attenuating neuropathic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms that drive exercise analgesia remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to examine the role of complement component 3 (C3) in neuropathic pain and whether antinociceptive effects are produced by exercise via regulating C3 in mice. METHODS: In this study, using a spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain mice model, C57BL/6J mice were divided into 3 groups: Sham mice, SNI mice, and SNI + Exercise (Ex) mice with 30-minute low-intensity aerobic treadmill running (10 m/min, no inclination). Paw withdrawal threshold; thermal withdrawal latency; and glial fibrillary acidic protein, C3, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interlukin-1ß expression in the spinal cord were monitored. C3 knockout (KO) mice were further used to verify the role of C3 in neuropathic pain. RESULTS: von Frey test, acetone test, and CatWalk gait analysis revealed that treadmill exercise for 4 weeks reversed pain behaviors. In addition, exercise reduced astrocyte reactivity (SNI mean = 14.5, 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.7-16.3; SNI + Ex mean = 10.3, 95% CI, 8.77-11.9, P = .0003 SNI + Ex versus SNI) and inflammatory responses in the spinal cord after SNI. Moreover, it suppressed the SNI-induced upregulation of C3 expression in the spinal cord (SNI mean = 5.46, 95% CI, 3.39-7.53; SNI + Ex mean = 2.41, 95% CI, 1.42-3.41, P = .0054 SNI + Ex versus SNI in Western blot). C3 deficiency reduced SNI-induced pain and spinal astrocyte reactivity (wild type mean = 7.96, 95% CI, 6.80-9.13; C3 KO mean = 5.98, 95% CI, 5.14-6.82, P = .0052 C3 KO versus wild type). Intrathecal injection of recombinant C3 (rC3) was sufficient to produce mechanical (rC3-Ex mean = 0.77, 95% CI, 0.15-1.39; rC3 mean = 0.18, 95% CI, -0.04 to 0.41, P = .0168 rC3-Ex versus rC3) and cold (rC3-Ex mean = 1.08, 95% CI, 0.40-1.77; rC3 mean = 3.46, 95% CI, 1.45-5.47, P = .0025 rC3-Ex versus rC3) allodynia in mice. Importantly, exercise training relieved C3-induced mechanical and cold allodynia, and the analgesic effect of exercise was attenuated by a subeffective dose of intrathecal injection of C3. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results suggest that exercise suppresses neuropathic pain by regulating astroglial C3 expression and function, thereby providing a rationale for the analgesic effect of exercise as an acceptable alternative approach for treating neuropathic pain.
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Addressing the dual enhancement of circular polarization (glum) and luminescence quantum yield (QY) in circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) systems poses a significant challenge. In this study, we present an innovative strategy utilizing the entropically driven self-assembly of amphiphilic phosphorescent platinum(II) complexes (L-Pt) with tetraethylene glycol chains, resulting in unique temperature dependencies. The entropically driven self-assembly of L-Pt leads to a synergistic improvement in phosphorescence emission efficiency (QY was amplified from 15 % at 25 °C to 53 % at 60 °C) and chirality, both in the ground state and the excited state (glum value has been magnified from 0.04×10-2 to 0.06) with increasing temperature. Notably, we observed reversible modulation of phosphorescence and chirality observed over at least 10â cycles through successive heating and cooling, highlighting the intelligent control of luminescence and chiroptical properties by regulating intermolecular interactions among neighboring L-Pt molecules. Importantly, the QY and glum of the L-Pt assembly in solid state were measured as 69 % and 0.16 respectively, representing relatively high values compared to most self-assembled CPL systems. This study marks the pioneering demonstration of dual thermo-enhancement of phosphorescence and CPL and provides valuable insights into the thermal effects on high-temperature and switchable CPL materials.
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Service failure is bound to happen, but dissatisfaction has always been undermined by scholars previously. The present study investigates dissatisfaction factors in travel decision-making leading towards re-travel intention with the help of the expectancy disconfirmation theory (EDT) model. Moreover, complaint behavior mediates the relationship between dissatisfaction and re-travel intention concerning the factors involved in it. For the findings, 434 real-time responses were collected through an offline survey following the lifetime value (LTV) approach. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett's tests were conducted to test the sphericity of the variables one by one. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM) was implied to test the measurement and structural models. All the hypotheses supported and accepted the proposed research questions. The findings reveal that the dissatisfaction factors, with their interaction terms (transaction-based and experience-based), help study the variable dissatisfaction and its multifaceted concept in travel and tourism literature. Moreover, complaint behavior is identified as a key mediating factor in the relationship between dissatisfaction and re-travel intention, suggesting that commuters' response to dissatisfaction, including complaints, shapes their future re-travel intentions. The theoretical implications of the study are substantial, as it advances our understanding of commuter behavior in the context of public transport travel and tourism. Practically, the findings offer actionable insights for public transport authorities and service providers. Understanding the specific dissatisfaction factors influencing re-travel intention allows for targeted interventions to improve service quality and customer experience. Recognizing the importance of effective complaint management systems can help organizations better address customer grievances and mitigate the negative effects of dissatisfaction on re-travel intention.
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Intenção , Turismo , Viagem , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Comportamento do Consumidor , Satisfação Pessoal , Adulto Jovem , Tomada de Decisões , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Thin wafers and thin wires are beneficial to the photovoltaic industry for reducing costs, increasing efficiency, and reducing the cost of electricity generation. It is a development trend in solar silicon wafer cutting. Thin wire cutting reduces the kerf between silicon wafers to less than 50 µm. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to supply cutting fluid to the cutting area. And this affects cutting performance. This paper proposes the use of the capillary effect produced by ultrasonic waves in fixed diamond wire slicing to improve the cutting fluid supply and reduce wafer adsorption. To explore the rules of ultrasonic capillary action between two plates and guide the industrial applications, the effects of the distance between parallel plates, the distance from the bottom of the parallel plates to the ultrasonic radiation surface, the non-parallelism between the plates, the temperature of the working fluid, the ultrasonic action time, and the type of working fluid on the liquid level rise height were studied. The conclusions can be used to guide the improvement of the supply of working fluid in fixed diamond wire slicing.
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We propose a facile coreduction method to synthesize a platinum-group-metal quaternary alloy anchored on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres (PtPdRuIr/HCS) by using [MClx]y--1-butyl-3-methylimidazole (M = Pt, Pd, Ru, and Ir) ionic liquid. Owing to the steric hindrance of the imidazolium cations, Pt-group metal atoms of different sizes can be deposited at approximately the same pace for the growth of an alloy with lattice defects. The lattice-distorted PtPdRuIr/HCS exhibits enhanced activity toward oxygen electroreduction when benchmarked against Pt counterparts.
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Traditional ice is usually employed to preserve food freshness and extend shelf life. However, ice cannot bear repeated freeze - thaw cycles during the transportation and retailing process, resulting in microbial cross-contamination and spoilage of foods. Herein, succinoglycan riclin was oxidated (RO) and crosslinked with gelatin (Ge), the Ge-RO cryogels were prepared via Schiff base reaction and three freeze - thaw cycles. The Ge-RO cryogels showed improved storage modulus (G') and thermal stability compared with pure gelatin hydrogel. The polymer framework of Ge-RO gels exhibited stable properties against ice crystals destructions during nine freeze - thaw treatments. During the storage and repeated freeze - thaw treatments of shrimps, Ge-RO cryogels exhibited a remarkable preservation effect on shrimps, and their freshness was evaluated using an electronic nose technique equipped with ten sensors. The results demonstrated that the shrimp muscle preserved in ice generated off-odors and resulted in high sensor responses. The sensor responses were reduced sharply of shrimps preserved in cryogels. Moreover, 1H NMR-based metabolomics analysis revealed that shrimps in Ge-RO cryogels group reversed the metabolic perturbations compared with the traditional ice group, the metabolic pathways were related to energy metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, which provide new clues to the freshness of shrimps. Furthermore, RO exhibited superior antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus microorganisms. Thus, the crosslinked cryogels are potentially applicable to food preservation, offering sustainable and reusable solutions against traditional ice.
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Criogéis , Conservação de Alimentos , Gelatina , Animais , Gelatina/química , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Criogéis/química , Gelo , Penaeidae , Oxirredução , Frutos do Mar/microbiologia , Congelamento , Nariz Eletrônico , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Aim: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, which seriously affects the prognosis and life quality of female patients. Therefore, new therapeutic targets and treatments are urgently needed. Methods: Expression levels of miR-93-5p and SLC7A11 and ferroptosis status in paracancerous and tumor tissues were examined and compared. The effect of the miR-93-5p-SLC7A11 regulatory loop on the malignant phenotype as well as the ferroptosis phenotype of SKOV3 cells was assessed. Furthermore, the interaction between miR-93-5p and SLC7A11 was confirmed via rescue experiment. Results: In this study, we found that miR-93-5p was lowly expressed in cancer tissues, and suggested that overexpression of miR-93-5p could target SLC7A11 to reduce its expression and promote ferroptosis, thereby inhibiting the malignant biological behaviors such as proliferation, invasion and migration, while knockdown of miR-93-5p restrained ferroptosis and promoting tumor growth. Besides, erastin, as a specific inhibitor of SLC7A11, could target down the expression of SLC7A11, induce the occurrence of ferroptosis, and reverse the effect of knockdown of miR-93-5p. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings disclosed that miR-93-5p increased the level of ferroptosis and inhibited the progression of OC by targeting and inhibiting the expression level of SLC7A11, which was a potential treatment in OC.
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The current study used a person-centered approach to explore the co-occurrence of college students' achievement emotions. It also examined the impact of teacher support on achievement emotion profiles and the mediating effect of need satisfaction. A total of 866 college students participated in the survey. A robust three-step latent profile analysis was employed to analyze the data. Four profiles of achievement emotions were identified: moderate mixed emotions, the blends of high positive emotions, the blends of moderate positive emotions, and high mixed emotions. Higher perceived teacher support was associated with a greater likelihood of being classified into the blends of moderate positive emotion profile or the blends of high positive emotion profile. Moreover, basic psychological need satisfaction mediated the relationship between teacher support and the four emotion profiles. Our findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of teacher support in shaping achievement emotion profiles, helping to broaden the application of self-determination theory to explain the mechanism by which external support influences emotion profiles.
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Background: Here, we report a case of a male patient with bilateral focal choroidal excavation (FCE) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). A 33-year-old man complained of mild blurring of vision in the right eye. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed FCE in both eyes, with subretinal fluid in both eyes and serous pigment epithelial detachment in the right eye. Standard laser fluence (50 J/cm2) was used in the right eye, and a subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) was simultaneously used in the left eye. Follow-up visits were recommended. At his last visit (5 months after treatment), the visual acuity was 16/20 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye and OCT showed a completed resolution of SRF. Conclusion: FCE is defined as a localized depression of the choroid detected by OCT. It may be congenital or acquired secondarily. We present a case of uncommon focal choroidal excavation and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) coexisting in both eyes at a relatively young age in which visual acuity was improved and subretinal fluid (SRF) completely resolved with laser treatment. Timely treatment can promote SRF absorption and improve vision.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive cognitive decline. A major pathological characteristic of AD brain is the presence of senile plaques composed of ß-amyloid (Aß), the accumulation of which induces toxic cascades leading to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal apoptosis, and eventually cognitive decline. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are beneficial for patients with early-stage AD; however, the mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of n-3 PUFAs on Aß-induced toxicity in a transgenic AD Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. The results showed that EPA and DHA significantly inhibited Aß-induced paralytic phenotype and decreased the production of reactive oxygen species while reducing the levels of Aß in the AD worms. Further studies revealed that EPA and DHA might reduce the accumulation of Aß by restoring the activity of proteasome. Moreover, treating worms with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ inhibitor GW9662 prevented the inhibitory effects of n-3 PUFAs on Aß-induced paralytic phenotype and diminished the elevation of proteasomal activity by n-3 PUFAs, suggesting that PPARγ-mediated signals play important role in the protective effects of n-3 PUFAs against Aß-induced toxicity.
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Doença de Alzheimer , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Doenças Neurodegenerativas , Animais , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/toxicidade , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos/farmacologia , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , PPAR gama/genética , Modelos Animais de DoençasRESUMO
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has attracted widespread attention in suppressing various pain and inflammation. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) primarily occurs in adolescents and adult females, and the limited effectiveness and side effects of conventional treatments have highlighted the urgent need to develop and identify new adjunct therapeutic strategies. In this work, the results of pain and PGs demonstrated that 850 nm, 630 nm, and 460 nm all exhibited pain inhibition, decreased PGF2α and upregulated PGE2, while 630 nm PBM has better effectiveness. Then to explore the underlying biological mechanisms of red light PBM on PD, we irradiated prostaglandin-F2α induced HUSM cells and found that low-level irradiance can restore intracellular calcium ion, ROS, ATP, and MMP levels to normal levels. And, red light enhanced cell viability and promoted cell proliferation for normal HUSM cells. Therefore, this study proposes that red light PBM may be a promising approach for the future clinical treatment of PD.
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Dinoprosta , Dismenorreia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Dismenorreia/radioterapia , Feminino , Dinoprosta/análogos & derivados , Dinoprosta/metabolismo , Humanos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos da radiação , Proliferação de Células/efeitos da radiação , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismoRESUMO
Molecules-the elementary units of substances-are commonly considered the units of processing in olfactory perception, giving rise to undifferentiated odour objects invariant to environmental variations. By selectively perturbing the processing of chemical substructures with adaptation ('the psychologist's microelectrode') in a series of psychophysical and neuroimaging experiments (458 participants), we show that two perceptually distinct odorants sharing part of their structural features become significantly less discernible following adaptation to a third odorant containing their non-shared structural features, in manners independent of olfactory intensity, valence, quality or general olfactory adaptation. The effect is accompanied by reorganizations of ensemble activity patterns in the posterior piriform cortex that parallel subjective odour quality changes, in addition to substructure-based neural adaptations in the anterior piriform cortex and amygdala. Central representations of odour quality and the perceptual outcome thus embed submolecular structural information and are malleable by recent olfactory encounters.