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BACKGROUND: The infection of bovine mammary glands by pathogenic microorganisms not only causes animal distress but also greatly limits the development of the dairy industry and animal husbandry. A deeper understanding of the host's initial response to infection may increase the accuracy of selecting drug-resistant animals or facilitate the development of new preventive or therapeutic intervention strategies. In addition to their functions of milk synthesis and secretion, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) play an irreplaceable role in the innate immune response. To better understand this process, the current study identified differentially expressed long noncoding lncRNAs (DE lncRNAs) and mRNAs (DE mRNAs) in BMECs exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and further explored the functions and interactions of these lncRNAs and mRNAs. RESULTS: In this study, transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and the functions of the DE mRNAs and DE lncRNAs were predicted by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Next, we constructed a modulation network to gain a deeper understanding of the interactions and roles of these lncRNAs and mRNAs in the context of LPS-induced inflammation. A total of 231 DE lncRNAs and 892 DE mRNAs were identified. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that pathways related to inflammation and the immune response were markedly enriched in the DE genes. In addition, research results have shown that cell death mechanisms, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis, may play key roles in LPS-induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the current study identified DE lncRNAs and mRNAs and predicted the signaling pathways and biological processes involved in the inflammatory response of BMECs that might become candidate therapeutic and prognostic targets for mastitis. This study also revealed several possible pathogenic mechanisms of mastitis.
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Doenças dos Bovinos , Mastite , RNA Longo não Codificante , Feminino , Animais , Bovinos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/veterinária , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/veterinária , Mastite/veterinária , Doenças dos Bovinos/metabolismoRESUMO
Breast cancer (BC) is a very common cancer among women and one of the primary causes of death in women worldwide. Because BC has different molecular subtypes, the challenges associated with targeted therapy have increased significantly, and the identification of new therapeutic targets has become increasingly urgent. Blocking apoptosis and inhibiting cell death are important characteristics of malignant tumours, including BC. Under adverse conditions, including exposure to antitumour therapy, inhibition of cell death programmes can promote cancerous transformation and the survival of cancer cells. Therefore, inducing cell death in cancer cells is fundamentally important and provides new opportunities for potential therapeutic interventions. Lytic forms of cell death, primarily pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis, are different from apoptosis owing to their characteristic lysis, that is, the production of cellular components, to guide beneficial immune responses, and the application of lytic cell death (LCD) in the field of tumour therapy has attracted considerable interest from researchers. The latest clinical research results confirm that lytic death signalling cascades involve the BC cell immune response and resistance to therapies used in clinical practice. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the various forms of LCD, placing a special emphasis on signalling pathways and their implications in BC, which may facilitate the development of novel and optimal strategies for the clinical treatment of BC.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Morte Celular Regulada/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Feminino , Ferroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Necroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Piroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Objectives: To explore the clinical features, manifestations and drug resistance of melioidosis. Methods: The clinical data of 45 melioidosis patients treated by Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University during January 2015 and January 2020 were studied. Informaiton collected included age, birthplace, area of residence, sex, ethnic group, clinical symptoms or signs, colony culture results, degree of drug resistance, treatment regimens and outcomes, department of initial diagnosis, and specimen type, thereby giving an analysis of the clinical features, manifestations, and treatment outcomes of the disease. Body fluids were obtained from all patients to analyze the drug resistance of the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei based on colony culture and susceptibility test results. Results: In the 45 cases of melioidosis, the clinical manifestations predominantly included low fever (31.11%), pulmonary infection (22.22%); auxiliary examinations often suggested increases in C reactive protein (CRP) (73.33%), white blood cell count (#WBC) (68.89%) and procalcitonin (PCT) (66.67%); susceptibility test results showed that Burkholderia pseudomallei yielded high sensitive rate to antibacterials including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) (88.89%),ceftazidime (CAZ)(93.33%), meropenem (MEM) (100.00%), imipenem (IPM)(100.00%); Of the 45 melioidosis patients, 23 were cured (51.11%), and 21 showed an improvement (33.33%) or remained stable (13.33%); A relatively high percentage of the patients experienced post-discharge recurrence/aggravation (recurrence within six months: 4.44%; recurrence within a year: 6.67%). Conclusions: Low fever, pulmonary infection, and increases in serum inflammatory markers are major clinical features of melioidosis. Burkholderia pseudomallei presents high resistance rates to antibacterials such as GEN, FEP, AMP, and IPM.
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Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a very important small RNA virus in the family of Birnaviridae, which can cause severe immunosuppressive effects and pathological damages in young chickens. It can replicate in bursal lymphocytes and impede the growth and development of B cells, finally causing bursal lymphocytes apoptosis. Previous results have shown that protocatechuic acid (PCA) as an important phenolic compound could effectively improve the survival rate of chickens infected with IBDV. The current study aimed to explore how PCA influenced the pathogenesis of IBDV, especially lymphocyte apoptosis in the process of IBDV infection. The results showed that PCA could effectively alleviate bursal pathological changes at the early stage of IBDV invasion. Moreover, bursal lymphocyte apoptosis for tissue section samples was largely elevated by PCA by using the terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method while the bursal lymphocyte apoptosis ratio was also increased by PCA by flow cytometry in the early stage of IBDV infection in vivo. Meanwhile, PCA could promote non-lymphocyte apoptosis in vitro. Further study displayed that the potential mechanisms mainly relied on regulation of the expressions of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, thus speeding up the process of IBDV-infected cell apoptosis and preventing virus infection. Meanwhile, the results displayed that the PI3K/Akt and NF kappa B signal pathways might play an important role in promoting cell apoptosis after IBDV infection. Overall, PCA as a potent antiviral drug precursor is expected to be applied in the poultry industry as a substitute for clinical antiviral application.
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Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Birnaviridae/tratamento farmacológico , Hidroxibenzoatos/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa/fisiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Infecções por Birnaviridae/metabolismo , Infecções por Birnaviridae/fisiopatologia , Infecções por Birnaviridae/virologia , Bolsa de Fabricius/citologia , Bolsa de Fabricius/efeitos dos fármacos , Bolsa de Fabricius/metabolismo , Bolsa de Fabricius/virologia , Galinhas , Feminino , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , NF-kappa B/genética , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/fisiopatologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologiaRESUMO
One of the most important zoonotic pathogens worldwide, Streptococcus suis is a swine pathogen that is responsible for meningitis, toxic shock and even death in humans. S. suis infection develops rapidly with nonspecific clinical symptoms in the early stages and a high fatality rate. Recently, much attention has been paid to the high prevalence of S. suis as well as the increasing incidence and its epidemic characteristics. As laboratory-acquired infections of S. suis can occur and it is dangerous to public health security, timely and early diagnosis has become key to controlling S. suis prevalence. Here, the techniques that have been used for the detection, typing and characterization of S. suis are reviewed and the prospects for future detection methods for this bacterium are also discussed.
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Técnicas Bacteriológicas/métodos , Imunoensaio/métodos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/microbiologia , Infecções Estreptocócicas/veterinária , Streptococcus suis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana/métodos , Humanos , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Streptococcus suis/classificação , Streptococcus suis/genética , Streptococcus suis/imunologiaRESUMO
The particle breakage effect and compression characteristics of calcareous sand are related to the water content in the sand material. However, the effects of water content on the particle breakage and compression characteristics of calcareous sand have rarely been investigated. In this work, 50 sets of confined compression tests were conducted on calcareous sand specimens, and the compression characteristics and particle breakage effects of two single-particle-size groups (particle size ranges of 1-0.5 mm and 0.5-0.25 mm) of calcareous sand were investigated under five different water contents. The test results showed that with the increase in the water content, the final compression deformation of calcareous sand was positively correlated with the water content. The final compression deformation decreased when the water content reached a certain value. The water content corresponding to the peak final compression deformation was related to the gradation of the calcareous sand; the specific values were 10% and 15% for particle size ranges of 1-0.5 mm and 0.5-0.25 mm, respectively. With the increase in the water content, the slope of the loading curve of calcareous sand appeared to increase and then decrease, reaching maximum when the water content was 10%. Moreover, the slope of the loading curve was close to twice that of the loading curve of dry sand, whereas the slope of the unloading curve changed little. Under the same water content, the initial gradation had no effect on the compression and unloading characteristics of the specimens beyond a vertical pressure of 1 MPa. The effects of the variation in the water content on the particle breakage of calcareous sand were mainly reflected in the softening effect of water on the specimen particles, which reduced the Mohr strength of the particles.
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Particle geometric is a key parameter that defines the eometric attributes of calcareous sand particles and is intricately related to their mechanical traits, such as compression and shear. The scanning electron microscopy and digital imaging were applied to capture the microscopic properties and geometric projections of calcareous sand. The qualitative analysis, conventional statistical methods and fractal theory were employed to describe the geometric morphology of sand particles. Additionally, we analyzed the structural and physical traits of calcareous sand based on its unique biological genesis. We developed a hypothetical structural-physical model for calcareous sand. Our findings revealed the interwoven reticulation on the surface of calcareous gravel particles, along with an uneven distribution of pores on the external surface. As the particle size increased, the global profile factor decreased and the angularity increased. The critical threshold for the variations in flatness, surface roughness, and circularity was observed at a particle size of 5 mm, with the particle size having a relatively minor effect on these characteristics for particles smaller than 5 mm. The shape of the calcareous sand particles exhibited fractal characteristics, with fractal dimension serving as a measure of surface smoothness, particle breakage, and strength. These experimental results could significantly enhance our understanding of the mechanical behavior of calcareous sand.
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Fluoride, a global environmental pollutant, is ubiquitous in aquatic environments and coexists with selenium, which can cause complex effects on exposed organisms. However, data on the interaction of fluoride and selenium remain scarce. In this study, female zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to fluoride (80 mg/L sodium fluoride) and/or dietary selenomethionine (Se-Met) for 30, 60 and 90 days, the effects on the liver of zebrafish were investigated. The results indicated that an increase in fluoride burden, inhibited growth and impaired liver morphology were recorded after fluoride exposure. Furthermore, fluoride alone caused oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver, as reflected by the increase in ROS and MDA contents, the reduction of anti-oxidative enzymes, the altered immune related enzymes (ACP, AKP, LZM and MPO) and the expression of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-ß. In contrast, co-exposure to fluoride and Se-Met decreased fluoride burden and restored growth. Furthermore, dietary Se-Met alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation and impaired morphology in liver trigger by fluoride. However, dietary Se-Met alone increased the activities of SOD and CAT. These results demonstrate that the protective effect of dietary Se-Met against chronic fluoride toxicity at a certain level.
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Selênio , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Feminino , Peixe-Zebra/metabolismo , Selênio/farmacologia , Fluoretos/toxicidade , Fluoretos/metabolismo , Metionina/farmacologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Selenometionina/farmacologia , Selenometionina/metabolismo , Fígado/metabolismo , Racemetionina/metabolismo , Racemetionina/farmacologia , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismoRESUMO
Previous research has found that an adaptive response to ferroptosis involving glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) is triggered after intracerebral hemorrhage. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to ferroptosis. To explore the mechanisms underlying adaptive responses to ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage, we used hemin-treated HT22 cells to mimic brain injury after hemorrhagic stroke in vitro to evaluate the antioxidant enzymes and performed bioinformatics analysis based on the mRNA sequencing data. Further, we determined the expression of GSTO2 in hemin-treated hippocampal neurons and in a mouse model of hippocampus-intracerebral hemorrhage (h-ICH) by using Western blot. After hemin treatment, the antioxidant enzymes GPX4, Nrf2, and glutathione (GSH) were upregulated, suggesting that an adaptive response to ferroptosis was triggered. Furthermore, we performed mRNA sequencing to explore the underlying mechanism, and the results showed that 2234 genes were differentially expressed. Among these, ten genes related to ferroptosis (Acsl1, Ftl1, Gclc, Gclm, Hmox1, Map1lc3b, Slc7a11, Slc40a1, Tfrc, and Slc39a14) were altered after hemin treatment. In addition, analysis of the data retrieved from the GO database for the ten targeted genes showed that 20 items on biological processes, 17 items on cellular components, and 19 items on molecular functions were significantly enriched. Based on the GO data, we performed GSEA and found that the glutathione metabolic process was significantly enriched in the hemin phenotype. Notably, the expression of glutathione S-transferase omega (GSTO2), which is involved in glutathione metabolism, was decreased after hemin treatment, and overexpression of Gsto2 decreased lipid reactive oxygen species level in hemin-exposed HT22 cells. In addition, the expression of GSTO2 was also decreased in a mouse model of hippocampus-intracerebral hemorrhage (h-ICH). The decreased expression of GSTO2 in the glutathione metabolic process may be involved in ferroptotic neuronal injury following hemorrhagic stroke.
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Glutationa Transferase , Acidente Vascular Cerebral Hemorrágico , Animais , Camundongos , Antioxidantes , Hemorragia Cerebral/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glutationa , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Hemina/farmacologia , Neurônios , RNA MensageiroRESUMO
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a prevalent hemorrhagic cerebrovascular emergency. Alleviating neurological damage in the early stages of ICH is critical for enhancing patient prognosis and survival rate. A novel form of cell death called ferroptosis is intimately linked to hemorrhage-induced brain tissue injury. Although studies have demonstrated the significant preventive impact of bovine serum albumin-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (BSA-SeNPs) against disorders connected to the neurological system, the neuroprotective effect on the hemorrhage stroke and the mechanism remain unknown. Therefore, based on the favorable biocompatibility of BSA-SeNPs, h-ICH (hippocampus-intracerebral hemorrhage) model was constructed to perform BSA-SeNPs therapy. As expected, these BSA-SeNPs could effectively improve the cognitive deficits and ameliorate the damage of hippocampal neuron. Furthermore, BSA-SeNPs reverse the morphology of mitochondria and enhanced the mitochondrial function, evidenced by mitochondrial respiration function (OCR) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Mechanistically, BSA-SeNPs could efficiently activate the Nrf2 to enhance the expression of antioxidant GPX4 at mRNA and protein levels, and further inhibit lipid peroxidation production in erastin-induced ferroptotic damages. Taken together, this study not only sheds light on the clinical application of BSA-SeNPs, but also provides its newly theoretical support for the strategy of the intervention and treatment of neurological impairment following ICH.
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Hemorragia Cerebral , Ferroptose , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2 , Nanopartículas , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase , Selênio , Soroalbumina Bovina , Ferroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , Hemorragia Cerebral/tratamento farmacológico , Hemorragia Cerebral/metabolismo , Animais , Selênio/química , Selênio/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Soroalbumina Bovina/química , Camundongos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Masculino , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/administração & dosagem , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) can regulate host immunity via special effectors that promote persistent infection and its intracellular survival. SteE as an anti-inflammatory effector is involved in the systemic infection of Salmonella in host macrophages. Macrophage activation can indirectly reflect the immune regulatory function of T helper type 1 (Th1)/T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines. However, information concerning the regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine expression by steE in S. Pullorum infection is limited. This study evaluates the effects of steE on the Th1/Th2 balance, STAT3/SOCS3 pathway, and NF-κB P65 activation in S. Pullorum-infected HD-11 cells and in chicken models. We demonstrated that steE diminished the expression of Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) and promoted the expression of Th2-related cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in HD-11 cells and chicken models of S. Pullorum infection. SOCS3 silencing suppressed the function of steE in HD-11 cells and led to the imbalance of Th1/Th2-related cytokines. SteE promoted SOCS3 expression by activating STAT3 in HD-11 cells. Moreover, steE inhibited NF-κB P65 expression and blocked its translocation to the nucleus by promoting SOCS3 expression. Our results illustrated that steE regulated the expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines via modulation of the STAT3/SOCS3 and NF-κB axis, which might be associated with Th1/Th2 cell differentiation and could, therefore, be a novel therapeutic strategy against salmonellosis.
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Citocinas , NF-kappa B , Animais , Citocinas/genética , NF-kappa B/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Salmonella , Proteínas Supressoras da Sinalização de Citocina , Células Th1RESUMO
BACKGROUND: BSN-37, a novel antimicrobial peptide (AMP) containing 37 amino acid residues isolated from the bovine spleen, has not only antibacterial activity but also immunomodulatory activity. Recent evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in regulating the activation and function of immune cells. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the lncRNA and mRNA expression profile of mouse macrophages RAW264.7 stimulated by bovine antimicrobial peptide BSN-37. METHODS: The whole gene expression microarray was used to detect the differentially expressed lncRNA and mRNA between antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 activated RAW264.7 cells and normal RAW264.7 cells. KEGG pathway analysis and GO function annotation analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNA were carried out. Eight kinds of lncRNAs and nine kinds of mRNA with large differences were selected for qRT-PCR verification, respectively. RESULTS: In the current study, we found that 1294 lncRNAs and 260 mRNAs were differentially expressed between antibacterial peptide BSN-37 treatment and control groups. Among them, Bcl2l12, Rab44, C1s, Cd101 and other genes were associated with immune responses and were all significantly up-regulated. Mest and Prkcz are related to cell growth, and other genes are related to glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism. In addition, some immune-related terms were also found in the GO and KEGG analyses. At the same time, real-time quantitative PCR was used to verify selected lncRNA and mRNA with differential expression. The results of qRT-PCR verification were consistent with the sequencing results, indicating that our data were reliable. CONCLUSION: This study provides the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles of RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 and helps to provide a reference value for subsequent studies on lncRNA regulation of antimicrobial peptide BSN-37 immune function.
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RNA Longo não Codificante , Camundongos , Animais , Bovinos , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/metabolismoRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the diagnostic gene biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify the immune cell infiltration characteristics in this pathology. Methods: Five gene expression datasets were obtained through Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) portal. After batch effect removal, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were conducted between 209 HCC and 146 control tissues and functional correlation analyses were performed. Two machine learning algorithms were used to develop diagnostic signatures. The discriminatory ability of the gene signature was measured by AUC. The expression levels and diagnostic value of the identified biomarkers in HCC were further validated in three independent external cohorts. CIBERSORT algorithm was adopted to explore the immune infiltration of HCC. A correlation analysis was carried out between these diagnostic signatures and immune cells. Results: A total of 375 DEGs were identified. GPC3, ACSM3, SPINK1, COL15A1, TP53I3, RRAGD, and CLDN10 were identified as the early diagnostic signatures of HCC and were all validated in external cohorts. The corresponding results of AUC presented excellent discriminatory ability of these feature genes. The immune cell infiltration analysis showed that multiple immune cells associated with these biomarkers may be involved in the development of HCC. Conclusion: This study indicates that GPC3, ACSM3, SPINK1, COL15A1, TP53I3, RRAGD, and CLDN10 are potential biomarkers associated with immune infiltration in HCC. Combining these genes can be used for early detection of HCC and evaluating immune cell infiltration. Further studies are needed to explore their roles underlying the occurrence of HCC.
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Hepatic inflammation is always accompanied with abnormal lipid metabolism. Whether N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methylation affects irregular inflammatory lipid level is unclear. Here, the m6A modification patterns in chicken liver at the acute stage of LPS-stimulated inflammation and at the normal state were explored via m6A and RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 7,815 m6A peaks distributed in 5,066 genes were identified in the normal chicken liver and were mostly located in the CDS, 3'UTR region, and around the stop codon. At 2 h after the LPS intraperitoneal injection, the m6A modification pattern changed and showed 1,200 different m6A peaks. The hyper- and hypo-m6A peaks were differentially located, with the former mostly located in the CDS region and the latter in the 3'UTR and in the region near the stop codon. The hyper- or hypo-methylated genes were enriched in different GO ontology and pathways. Co-analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between the fold change of m6A methylation level and the relative fold change of mRNA expression. Moreover, computational prediction of protein-protein interaction (PPI) showed that genes with altered m6A methylation and mRNA expression levels were clustered in processes involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, DNA replication, and protein ubiquitination. CD18 and SREBP-1 were the two hub genes clustered in the immune process and lipid metabolism, respectively. Hub gene AGPAT2 was suggested to link the immune response and lipid metabolism clusters in the PPI network. This study presented the first m6A map of broiler chicken liver at the acute stage of LPS induced inflammation. The findings may shed lights on the possible mechanisms of m6A-mediated lipid metabolism disorder in inflammation.
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Selenium, an essential trace element in the body, participates in various biological processes in the form of selenoproteins. In humans, a suitable concentration of selenium is essential for maintaining normal cellular function. Decreased levels of selenoproteins can lead to obstruction of the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells and even death. In addition, the level of selenium in the body affects cellular immunity, humoral immunity, and the balance between type 2 and type 1 helper T cells. Selenium can affect the immune function of the body through the reactive oxygen species (ROS), NF-κB, ferroptosis and NRF2 pathways. This paper reviews the immune effect of selenium on the body and the process of signal transduction and aims to serve as a reference for follow-up studies of immune function and research on the development of new selenium compounds and active targets.
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Dieta , Imunidade Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Selênio/administração & dosagem , Selênio/farmacologia , Oligoelementos/administração & dosagem , Oligoelementos/farmacologia , HumanosRESUMO
For the ruminant animal industry, the emission of nitrogenous substances, such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3), not only challenges environmental sustainability but also restricts its development. The metabolism of proteins and amino acids by rumen microorganisms is a key factor affecting nitrogen (N) excretion in ruminant animals. Rumen microorganisms that affect N excretion mainly include three types: proteolytic and peptidolytic bacteria (PPB), ureolytic bacteria (UB), and hyper-ammonia-producing bacteria (HAB). Microbes residing in the rumen, however, are influenced by several complex factors, such as diet, which results in fluctuations in the rumen metabolism of proteins and amino acids and ultimately affects N emission. Combining feed nutrition strategies (including ingredient adjustment and feed additives) and ecological mitigation strategies of N2O and NH3 in industrial practice can reduce the emission of nitrogenous pollutants from the ruminant breeding industry. In this review, the characteristics of the rumen microbial community related to N metabolism in ruminants were used as the metabolic basis. Furthermore, an effective strategy to increase N utilisation efficiency in combination with nutrition and ecology was reviewed to provide an inside-out approach to reduce N emissions from ruminants.
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Nitrogênio , Rúmen , Aminoácidos , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta , RuminantesRESUMO
Halofuginone (HF) is an extract from the widely used traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Dichroa febrifuga that facilitates the recovery of wounds and attenuates hepatic fibrosis. However, the role of HF in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of IPEC-J2 cells remains unclear. The current study explored the anti-EMT effect of HF in IPEC-J2 cells and illustrates its molecular mechanism. Transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1), as a recognized profibrogenic cytokine, decreased the level of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and increased the level of the mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin, fibronectin (FN), vimentin (Vim), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), in IPEC-J2 cells depending on the exposure time and dose. HF markedly prevented the EMT induced by TGF-ß1. Dissection of the mechanism revealed that HF inhibited IPEC-J2 cell EMT via modulating the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and the SMAD2/3-SMAD4 complex nuclear translocation. Furthermore, HF could promote the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2α (eIF2α), which modulates the SMAD signaling pathway. These results suggested that HF inhibits TGF-ß1-induced EMT in IPEC-J2 cells through the eIF2α/SMAD signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that HF can serve as a potential anti-EMT agent in intestinal fibrosis therapy.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Enterócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/genética , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Quinazolinonas/farmacologia , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/antagonistas & inibidores , Actinas/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Animais , Caderinas/genética , Caderinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular , Enterócitos/citologia , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Fator de Iniciação 2 em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Fibronectinas/genética , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Smad2/genética , Proteína Smad2/metabolismo , Proteína Smad3/genética , Proteína Smad3/metabolismo , Proteína Smad4/genética , Proteína Smad4/metabolismo , Suínos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/farmacologia , Vimentina/genética , Vimentina/metabolismoRESUMO
Spread of pathogens in pig farms not only causes transfection of diseases to other pigs or even farmers working in the farms, but also induces pollution to the living atmospheric environment of the residents around the farm. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a rapid and simple monitoring method. In this study, full genome sequences of common viruses were analyzed in pig farms, in combination with the design of primers, optimization of the reaction parameters, so as to establish a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the identification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus Type 2 (PCV-2), porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine parvovirus virus (PPV), which are common in pig farms. This method has a minimal detectable concentration of 10-3â¯ng/µL, which is highly specific. Furthermore, multiplex RT-PCR was applied to examine air samples from 4 pig farms located in different cities of China. The results were in line with those obtained by single PCR. Therefore, this study can be expected to provide essential technique support for the early warning mechanism as well as disease prevention and control system against the major viruses.
Assuntos
Microbiologia do Ar , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Vírus , Animais , China , Circovirus , Primers do DNA , Fazendas , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Vírus da Síndrome Respiratória e Reprodutiva Suína , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
Infectious bursa disease virus (IBDV) pathogenesis is characterized by increased numbers of T cells and decreased numbers of B cells in the bursa. Currently, little is about the key factor that affects T migration into bursa. In humans, CC chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) recruits monocytes and neutrophils and is usually involved in various inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the roles of CCL19 in driving peripheral blood cells infiltration into bursa of Fabricius of chickens infected with IBDV. Bursal samples were collected from chickens of the infection group and the control group on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 post infection (dpi) with IBDV. The mRNA or protein levels of ccl19 and ccr7 genes in bursae were determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods. Moreover, an in vitro chemotaxis assay was performed to evaluate the chemotaxis ability of CCL19 and bursal total protein. The results have displayed that the mRNA levels of ccl19 were significantly increased on 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi in the infection group. The highest value amounted to 73.4-fold of the control group. Also, the mRNA levels of CCR7, the receptor of CCL19, began to increase on 3 dpi and reached to the highest value of 206.3-fold on 5 dpi after IBDV infection. Then the gene expression of CCR7 in bursae of the infection group returned to the normal level. IHC results of CCL19 protein level accorded with the mRNA levels of CCL19, with the highest value on 5 dpi. Then, in vitro chemotaxis test demonstrated that the total bursal protein had the ability of recruiting peripheral white blood cells (PWBC) and the migration percentage was a little higher than that of the blank control with only basal medium (P < 0.05). Taken together, these data suggest that CCL19 acts as a chicken PWBC chemotactic factor and facilitate the infiltration of PWBC (especially T cells) into the bursae after IBDV infection.
Assuntos
Proteínas Aviárias/genética , Infecções por Birnaviridae/veterinária , Bolsa de Fabricius/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL19/genética , Fatores Quimiotáticos/fisiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Proteínas Aviárias/metabolismo , Infecções por Birnaviridae/metabolismo , Infecções por Birnaviridae/virologia , Quimiocina CCL19/metabolismo , Vírus da Doença Infecciosa da Bursa/fisiologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/virologiaRESUMO
A new type of cascade metallo-ene/Suzuki coupling reaction of allenamides catalyzed by palladium is described. A variety of polyfunctionalized 2,3-dihydropyrrole derivatives, which are important structural motifs for bioactive molecules, were furnished with excellent yields. Two new Csp3-Csp2 bonds were constructed in one pot efficiently. The reductive elimination from π-allyl palladium complex presented excellent regioselectivity to the terminal C1 position. The unique terminal alkene was one of the most easily functionalized groups, providing these molecules with a potential transformation to much more complicated molecules.