Effects of pure ethanol and alcopops on glucose, insulin, and the insulin-like growth factor system in healthy subjects.

INTRODUCTION: Alcohol induces disturbances in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) levels. The aim of the present study was to compare pure ethanol and alcopop effects on total and free IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGF-I:IGFBP-1 complex, insulin and plasma glucose levels in healthy subjects. METHODS: Five males and seven females (21-51 years) consumed pure ethanol and alcopops with identical alcohol content in a cross-over design after 6h fasting. Blood samples were obtained for determination of serum ethanol and plasma glucose at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min. Serum total and free IGF-I, IGFBP-1, IGF-I:IGFBP-1 complex, and insulin were measured at 0, 60 and 180 min. RESULTS: Area under the curve for serum ethanol concentration was significantly less following alcopop compared to pure ethanol (1124+/-201 vs. 1691+/-359 mmol/Lh, P<0.01). Serum insulin and glucose levels were unchanged by ethanol while alcopop intake was followed by a transient increase in glucose and insulin levels (P<0.05). Pure ethanol and alcopop reduced free IGF-I levels by the end of the study period (P=0.05). IGFBP-1 and the IGF-I:IGFBP-1 complex increased following ethanol intake (P<0.05) while only a small transient IGFBP-1 increase was observed following alcopop intake. No change in total IGF-I was observed. CONCLUSION: Both drinks resulted in reduced free IGF-I levels, however, only pure ethanol increased IGFBP-1 and the IGF-I:IGFBP-1 complex. Alcopop intake was associated with a transient increase in IGFBP-1 and unchanged IGF-I:IGFBP-1 complex levels probably due to marked changes in insulin and glucose levels.

The chicken B cell line DT40: a novel tool for gene disruption experiments.

The use of the chicken DT40 B cell line is increasing in popularity due to the ease with which it can be manipulated genetically. It offers a targeted to random DNA integration ratio of more than 1:2, by far exceeding that of any mammalian cell line. The facility with which knockout cell lines can be generated, combined with a short generation time, makes the DT40 cell line attractive for phenotype analysis of single and multiple gene disruptions. Advantage has been taken of this to investigate such diverse fields as B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, cell cycle regulation, gene conversion and apoptosis. In this review, we give a historical introduction and a practical guide to the use of the DT40 cell line, along with an overview of the main topics being researched using the DT40 cell line as a model system. These topics include B cell-specific subjects such as B cell signaling and Ig rearrangement, and subjects common to all cell types such as apoptosis, histones, mRNA modification, chromosomal maintenance and DNA repair. Attention is in each case brought to peculiarities of the DT40 cell line that are of relevance for the subject. Novel applications of the cell line, e.g., as a vector for gene targeting of human chromosomes, are also discussed in this review.