[Epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus among acute respiratory infection cases in 16 provinces of China from 2009 to 2023].

Objective: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) among acute respiratory infection (ARI) cases in 16 provinces of China from 2009 to 2023. Methods: The data of this study were collected from the ARI surveillance data from 16 provinces in China from 2009 to 2023, with a total of 28 278 ARI cases included in the study. The clinical specimens from ARI cases were screened for HRSV nucleic acid from 2009 to 2023, and differences in virus detection rates among cases of different age groups, regions, and months were analyzed. Results: A total of 28 278 ARI cases were enrolled from January 2009 to September 2023. The age of the cases ranged from<1 month to 112 years, and the age M (Q1, Q3) was 3 years (1 year, 9 years). Among them, 3 062 cases were positive for HRSV nucleic acid, with a total detection rate of 10.83%. From 2009 to 2019, the detection rate of HRSV was 9.33%, and the virus was mainly prevalent in winter and spring. During the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the detection rate of HRSV fluctuated between 6.32% and 18.67%. There was no traditional winter epidemic peak of HRSV from the end of 2022 to the beginning of 2023, and an anti-seasonal epidemic of HRSV occurred from April to May 2023. About 87.95% (2 693/3 062) of positive cases were children under 5 years old, and the difference in the detection rate of HRSV among different age groups was statistically significant (P<0.001), showing a decreasing trend of HRSV detection rate with the increase of age (P<0.001). Among them, the HRSV detection rate (25.69%) was highest in children under 6 months. Compared with 2009-2019, the ranking of HRSV detection rates in different age groups changed from high to low between 2020 and 2023, with the age M (Q1, Q3) of HRSV positive cases increasing from 1 year (6 months, 3 years) to 2 years (11 months, 3 years). Conclusion: Through 15 years of continuous HRSV surveillance analysis, children under 5 years old, especially infants under 6 months old, are the main high-risk population for HRSV infection. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence and patterns of HRSV in China have changed.

[Clinicopathological and genetic characteristics of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung and its associated lung cancer in adults].

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features and genetic characteristics of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) of lung and CCAM associated lung cancer in adults. Methods: A total of 13 cases of CCAM of lung in adults, diagnosed from June 2015 to May 2023, were collected from the Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China. Their histopathological features were correlated with probable development into lung cancer. Next-generation sequencing was performed on the benign and malignant areas of all cases. Results: The pathological classification of all cases were of CCAM of lung type 1. There were 4 male and 9 female cases, age ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 41 years. Six cases were accompanied by lung cancer, all of them were mucinous adenocarcinoma. Next-generation sequencing showed no gene mutation in 2 of the 13 cases; KRAS mutations in exon 2 were detected in 7 cases, in which there were 6 cases complicated with lung mucinous adenocarcinoma and no matter in the malignant or benign regions, the same case exhibited the same mutation sites in KRAS gene. Conclusions: CCAM of the lung is a congenital disease, and in adults, type 1 is most commonly found in the pathological classification, and it is often accompanied by cancer. Gene mutations are frequently detected in CCAM of the lung, KRAS being the most recurrent mutation which may play an important role in the carcinogenesis.

The subfamily Xerocomoideae (Boletaceae, Boletales) in China.

Xerocomoideae is an ecologically and economically important Boletaceae subfamily (Boletales) comprising 10 genera. Although many studies have focused on Xerocomoideae in China, the diversity, taxonomy and molecular phylogeny still remained incompletely understood. In the present study, taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Chinese species of Xerocomoideae were carried out by morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Eight genera in Xerocomoideae, viz. Aureoboletus, Boletellus, Heimioporus, Hemileccinum, Hourangia, Phylloporus, Pulchroboletus, and Xerocomus were confirmed to be distributed in China; 97 species of the subfamily were accepted as being distributed in China; one ambiguous taxon was tentatively named Bol. aff. putuoensis; two synonyms, viz. A. marroninus and P. dimorphus were defined. Among the Chinese accepted species, 13 were newly described, viz. A. albipes, A. conicus, A. ornatipes, Bol. erythrolepis, Bol. rubidus, Bol. sinochrysenteroides, Bol. subglobosus, Bol. zenghuoxingii, H. squamipes, P. hainanensis, Pul. erubescens, X. albotomentosus, and X. fuscatus, 36 known species were redescribed, and the other 48 species were reviewed. Keys to accepted species of Aureoboletus, Boletellus, Heimioporus, Hemileccinum, Hourangia, Phylloporus, and Xerocomus in China were also provided. Taxonomic novelties: New species: Aureoboletus albipes N.K. Zeng, Xu Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, A. conicus N.K. Zeng, Xu Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, A. ornatipes N.K. Zeng, Xu Zhang & Zhi Q. Liang, Boletellus erythrolepis N.K. Zeng, R. Xue, S. Jiang & Zhi Q. Liang, Bol. rubidus N.K. Zeng, R. Xue, Y.J. Hao & Zhi Q. Liang, Bol. sinochrysenteroides N.K. Zeng, R. Xue & Kuan Zhao, Bol. subglobosus N.K. Zeng, R. Xue, S. Jiang & Zhi Q. Liang, Bol. zenghuoxingii N.K. Zeng, R. Xue, S. Jiang & Zhi Q. Liang, Hemileccinum squamipes N.K. Zeng, Chang Xu & Zhi Q. Liang, Phylloporus hainanensis N.K. Zeng, L.L. Wu, & Zhi Q. Liang, Pulchroboletus erubescens N.K. Zeng, Chang Xu & Zhi Q. Liang, Xerocomus albotomentosus N.K. Zeng, H.J. Xie, Chang Xu & Zhi Q. Liang, and X. fuscatus N.K. Zeng, H.J. Xie, Chang Xu & Zhi Q. Liang. Citation: Xue R, Zhang X, Xu C, Xie HJ, Wu LL, Wang Y, Tang LP, Hao YJ, Zhao K, Jiang S, Li Y, Yang YY, Li Z, Liang ZQ, Zeng NK (2023). The subfamily Xerocomoideae (Boletaceae, Boletales) in China. Studies in Mycology 106: 95-197. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.106.03.

[Myocardial protection of del Nido cardioplegia in adult cardiac and major vascular surgery with long aortic cross-clamp time].

Objective: To explore the safety and myocardial protection efficacy of del Nido cardioplegia in adult cardiac and major vascular surgery with long aortic cross-clamp (ACC) time. Methods: A total of 2 536 patients who underwent adult cardiac and major vascular surgery with ACC time>90 min at Beijing Anzhen Hospital from March 2018 to March 2023 were collected. The patients were divided into two groups according to the type of cardioplegia solution: the del Nido cardioplegia solution group (DC group) and the cold blood cardioplegia solution group (BC group). Preoperative baseline data of the patients (age, gender, comorbidities, ejection fraction, etc) were adjusted using propensity score matching (PSM). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, ACC time, total amount of cardioplegia solution, in-hospital mortality rate, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, mechanical ventilation time, postoperative complications, left ventricular ejection fraction, and troponin levels were compared between the two groups. Results: After PSM, a total of 306 patients were included, including 223 males and 83 females, with a mean age of (52.0±12.3) years. There were 153 cases in the DC group and 153 cases in the BC group. Compared with the DC group, the cross-clamp time was longer [109(100, 150) min vs 102(91, 133) min, P<0.001], the rate of return to spontaneous rhythm was lower [51.6% (79/153) vs 86.9%(133/153), P<0.001], and intraoperative peak glucose was higher [12.6 (6.5, 15.9) mmol/L vs 10.1 (8.5, 12.4) mmol/L, P=0.005] in the BC group. In addition, perioperative mortality [4.6% (7/153) vs 3.3% (5/153), P=0.132], stroke[3.9% (6/153) vs 3.3% (5/153), P=0.759], renal insufficiency [3.3% (5/153) vs 6.5% (10/153), P=0.186], atrial fibrillation [4.6% (7/153) vs 2.6% (4/153), P=0.652] and low cardiac output syndrome [3.9% (6/153) vs 4.6% (7/153), P=0.716] did not differ between the two groups. Compared with BC group, DC group had lower level of high sensitivity troponin (hsTnI) [1.2 (0.8, 1.8) µg/L vs 1.3 (0.9, 2.3) µg/L, P=0.030] and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) [31.0 (20.0, 48.9) µg/L vs 37.0 (24.0, 58.9) µg/L, P=0.011] at 24 h postoperatively, and shorter length of ICU stay [35.6 (19.8, 60.5) h vs 42.6 (21.9, 83.6) h, P=0.015] and mechanical ventilation time [20.5 (15.5, 41.0) h vs 31.5 (17.1, 56.0) h, P=0.012]. Subgroup analysis showed that in the 120-180 minute subgroup, patients in the DC group had a shorter cross-clamp time [132 (124, 135) min vs 136 (124, 138) min, P<0.001], while levels of hsTnI [1.6 (1.1, 2.0) µg/L vs 1.4 (1.0, 2.6) µg/L, P=0.030] and CK-MB [38.8 (23.5, 55.5) µg/L vs 37.0 (24.5, 62.3) µg/L, P=0.011] were higher than those in the BC group. Conclusions: In adult cardiac and major vascular surgery with ACC times>90 min, comparable myocardial protection is observed with the use of DC compared with BC. Additional advantages in glycemic control, return to spontaneous rhythm, and improved surgical procedures make DN an attractive alternative for myocardial protection in adult cardiac surgery.

[Urolithin A alleviates respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung infection in neonatal mice by activating miR-136-mediated Sirt1 signaling].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the therapeutic effects of urolithin A (UA) on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced lung infection in neonatal mice and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Babl/c mice (5-7 days old) were subjected to nasal instillation of RSV and received intraperitoneal injection of saline or 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg UA 2 h after the infection and then once daily for 2 weeks. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was then collected for detection of inflammatory cells and mediators, and lung pathology was evaluated with HE staining. RSV-infected BEAS-2B cells were treated with 2.5, 5 or 10 µmol/ L UA. Inflammatory factors, cell viability, apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed using ELISA, CCK-8 assay, TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The cellular expressions of miR-136 and Sirt1 mRNAs were detected using qRT-PCR. A dual-luciferase reporter system was used to verify the binding between miR-136 and Sirt1. RESULTS: In neonatal Babl/c mice, RSV infection caused obvious lung pathologies, promoted pulmonary cell apoptosis and LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin-1 and miR-136 expressions, and increased the total cell number, inflammatory cells and factors in the BALF and decreased p62 and Sirt1 expressions. All these changes were alleviated dose-dependently by UA. In BEAS-2B cells, RSV infection significantly increased cell apoptosis, LC3B-positive cells and miR-136 expression and reduced Sirt1 expression (P<0.01), which were dose-dependently attenuated by UA. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the binding between miR-136 and Sirt1. In RSV-infected BEAS-2B cells with UA treatment, overexpression of miR-136 and Ex527 treatment both significantly increased the inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis but decreased LC3B expression, and these changes were further enhanced by their combined treatment. CONCLUSION: UA ameliorates RSV-induced lung infection in neonatal mice by activating miR-136-mediated Sirt1 signaling pathway.

The Application Methods of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signal Pathway Inhibitors SP600125 and SB203580 in Long-term in Vivo Experiments / Métodos de aplicación de los inhibidores SP600125 y SB203580 de la vía de señalización de la proteína quinasa activada por mitógeno en experimentos in vivo a largo plazo

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the application methods of mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway inhibitors SP600125 and SB203580 in long-term in vivo experiments. Methods: A total of 55 healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into blank control group, model control group, SP low dose group, SP high dose group, SP blank group, SB low dose group, SB high dose group, SB blank group, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) control group, DMSO blank group, and positive control group. Since the first day of the experiment, each group was administered the corresponding treatment for four weeks continuously. Then, the myocardial c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the total protein of p38, protein phosphorylation and its gene expression levels were detected. Results: After intravenous treatment with adriamycin, the myocardial phosphorylate-JNK (p-JNK) and phosphorylate-p38 (p-p38) levels in all groups were increased to varying degrees, of which the model control group increased the most significantly (p < 0.05). Compared with the model control group, the myocardial p-JNK and p-p38 increased more slowly in the SP low dose group, SP high dose group, SB low dose group, SB high dose group and positive control group (p < 0.05), of which the increase in the SP high dose group and the SB high dose group was the slowest (p < 0.05). After four weeks, the total protein and messenger ribonucleic acid of the myocardial JNK and p38 in all groups had no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The continuous intravenous injection of SP600125 and SB203580 for four weeks significantly reduced the protein phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38, which provides a practical avenue for the long-term study in vivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar los métodos de aplicación de los inhibidores SP600125 y SB203580 de la vía de señalización de la proteína quinasa activada por mitógeno en experimentos in vivo a largo plazo. Métodos: Un total de 55 conejos sanos de Nueva Zelandia fueron divididos aleatoriamente en los grupos siguientes: grupo de control en blanco, grupo de control modelo, grupo de dosis baja SP, grupo de dosis alta SP, grupo en blanco SP, grupo de dosis baja SB, grupo de dosis alta SB, grupo en blanco SB, grupo de control dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), grupo en blanco DMSO, y grupo de control positivo. Desde el primer día del experimento, a cada grupo se le administró el tratamiento correspondiente por cuatro semanas continuas. Entonces, se detectaron la quinasa c-Jun N-terminal (JNK) miocárdica y la proteína p38 total, así como la fosforilación proteica y sus niveles de expresión génica. Resultados: Después del tratamiento intravenoso con adriamicina, los niveles de fosfo-JNK (p-JNK) y fosfo-p38 (p-p38) del miocardio aumentaron en todos los grupos en diversos grados, siendo el aumento del grupo de control modelo el más significativo (p < 0.05). En comparación con el grupo de control modelo, p-JNK y p-p38 miocárdicos aumentaron más lentamente en el grupo de dosis baja SP, el grupo de dosis alta SP, el grupo de dosis baja SB, el grupo de dosis alta SB, y el grupo de control positivo (p < 0.05). De estos, el aumento en el grupo de dosis alta SP y el grupo de dosis alta SB fue el más lento (p < 0.05). Después de cuatro semanas, la proteína total y el ácido ribonucleico mensajero de JNK y p38 miocárdicos en todos los grupos, no tuvieron diferencias significativas (p > 0.05). Conclusión: La inyección intravenosa continua de SP600125 y SB203580 durante cuatro semanas redujo significativamente los niveles de fosforilación proteica de JNK y p38, lo que proporciona una vía práctica para el estudio a largo plazo in vivo.

Role of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel-mediated PKC-ε in delayed protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts of sevoflurane-preconditioned rats

This study aimed to determine the role of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channels and protein kinase C (PKC)-ε in the delayed protective effects of sevoflurane preconditioning using Langendorff isolated heart perfusion models. Fifty-four isolated perfused rat hearts were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=9). The rats were exposed for 60 min to 2.5% sevoflurane (the second window of protection group, SWOP group) or 33% oxygen inhalation (I/R group) 24 h before coronary occlusion. The control group (CON) and the sevoflurane group (SEVO) group were exposed to 33% oxygen and 2.5% sevoflurane for 60 min, respectively, without coronary occlusion. The mitoKATP channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) was given 30 min before sevoflurane preconditioning (5-HD+SWOP group). Cardiac function indices, infarct sizes, serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations, and the expression levels of phosphorylated PKC-ε (p-PKC-ε) and caspase-8 were measured. Cardiac function was unchanged, p-PKC-ε expression was upregulated, caspase-8 expression was downregulated, cTnI concentrations were decreased, and the infarcts were significantly smaller (P<0.05) in the SWOP group compared with the I/R group. Cardiac function was worse, p-PKC-ε expression was downregulated, caspase-8 expression was upregulated, cTnI concentration was increased and infarcts were larger in the 5-HD+SWOP group (P<0.05) compared with the SWOP group. The results suggest that mitoKATP channels are involved in the myocardial protective effects of sevoflurane in preconditioning against I/R injury, by regulating PKC-ε phosphorylation before ischemia, and by downregulating caspase-8 during reperfusion.

The survey of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviour among migrant peasant workers in Middle City in China / Encuesta de conocimientos, actitudes, y comportamientos en relación con el VIH/SIDA entre los trabajadores campesinos migratorios de la Ciudad Media en China

OBJECTIVES: To explore HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitude and behaviour among migrant peasant workers in Changsha, which is a inland city in central China, and to provide evidence that educating this population may help to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS in China. METHODS: A total of 1782 migrant peasant workers participated in the study. A questionnaire was used to determine their knowledge ofHIV/AIDS and related attitude and behaviour items. RESULTS: The majority of the respondents had a rather low level of overall HIV/AIDS knowledge and its prevention, had what constituted risky behaviour in this regard and a generally low acceptance of HIV-infected persons. Furthermore, their behaviour and attitude were analysed with respect to their educational level, occupational class and score ofHIV/AIDS related knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation will help healthcare professionals develop a sensitive and specific educational programme for migrant peasant workers. Educating this population will be a very important aspect ofHIV/AIDS prevention in China.

OBJETIVOS: Explorar los conocimientos, las actitudes, y el comportamiento en relación con el VIH/SIDA, entre los trabajadores campesinos migratorios en Changsha - una ciudad del interior en China central -y proporcionar evidencias en cuanto al hecho de que educar a esta población puede ayudar a prevenir la diseminación del VIH/SIDA en China. MÉTODOS: Un total de 1782 trabajadores campesinos migratorios participó en el estudio. Se usó un cuestionario a fin de determinar sus conocimientos sobre el VIH/SIDA, así como aspectos relacionados con la actitudy el comportamiento hacia este último. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los encuestados tenían un nivel bastante bajo de conocimientos generales sobre el VIH/SIDA y su prevención, poseían lo que pueden considerarse como una conducta riesgosa al respecto, y manifestaban una aceptación generalmente baja de las personas infectadas con el VIH. Además, se analizaron su comportamiento y actitud con respecto a su nivel educacional, clase ocupacional y puntuación en cuanto a conocimientos en relación con el VIH/SIDA. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de esta investigación ayudarán a los profesionales de la salud a desarrollar un programa educativo sensible y específico para los trabajadores campesinos migratorios. Educar a esta población será un aspecto muy importante para la prevención del VIH/SIDA en China.