Regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of diverse spirocyclic indenes by cyclization with indene-dienes as two carbon building blocks.

We report a base-promoted cyclization with indene-dienes as two carbon building blocks toward diverse spirocyclic indene scaffolds including hexacyclic spiroindenes bearing benzo pyran motifs and pentacyclic spiroindenes containing oxindole units in high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities.

A regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-benzylidene-1-indenones with functional olefins to access indanone-fused 2D/3D skeletons.

The regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of 2-benzylidene-1-indenones with functional olefins was established with DABCO as a base under mild conditions. Using this approach, a series of diversely substituted indanone-fused cyclopentane polycycles with highly crowded multiple substituents were synthesized in high yields.

The changing epidemiology of syndactyly in Chinese newborns: a nationwide surveillance-based study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the epidemiologic features of syndactyly (SD) in Chinese newborns. METHODS: Using 2007-2019 data from the Chinese Birth Defects Monitoring Network, we conducted a prevalence analysis on overall, isolated and associated syndactyly according to birth year, maternal age, maternal residence, geographic region and infant sex, with special interests in time trends, perinatal outcomes and clinical phenotypes. RESULTS: A total of 13,611 SD cases were identified among 24,157,719 births in the study period, yielding the prevalence of 5.63, 4.66 and 0.97 per 10,000 for overall, isolated, and associated SD, respectively. The prevalence of each type of SD exhibited an upward trend over the period. The prevalence of overall SD varied significantly by maternal residence (urban vs. rural, 6.69/10,000 vs. 4.35/10,000), maternal age (< 20 years, 5.43/10,000; 20-24 years, 5.03/10,000; 25-29 year, 5.65/10,000; 30-34 years, 6.07/10,000; ≥ 35 years, 5.76/10,000), geographic region (central, 5.07/10,000; east, 6.75/10,000; west, 5.12/10,000), and infant sex (male vs. female, 6.28/10,000 vs. 4.86/10,000). Newborns with associated SD were more likely to be born prematurely (29.2% vs. 10.6%) or with low birthweight (30.5% vs.9.8%) than those with isolated SD. The bilaterally, and unilaterally affected cases accounted for 18.4% and 76.7%, respectively. The feet were more frequently involved (64.3%) in those bilaterally affected cases, while right side preference (right vs left: 53.8% vs 46.2%) and upper limbs preference (hand vs foot: 50.8% vs 48.0%) were found in unilateral cases. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of syndactyly in China is on the rise and notably higher than that in other Asian and European countries, highlighting the importance of investigating the etiology, epidemiology, and clinical implications of this condition in the Chinese population.

Clinical characteristics of patients with prenatal hydronephrosis in early postnatal period: a single center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics of early postnatal period in children with prenatal hydronephrosis (HN) in our single center for 8 years. STUDY DESIGN: The clinical data of 1137 children with prenatal HN from 2012 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed in our center. Variables of our study mainly included different malformations and urinary tract dilation (UTD) classification, and main outcomes were recurrent hospitalization, urinary tract infection (UTI), jaundice, and surgery. RESULTS: Among the 1137 children with prenatal HN in our center, 188 cases (16.5%) were followed-up in early postnatal period, and 110 cases (58.5%) were found malformations. The incidence of recurrent hospitalization (29.8%) and UTI (72.5%) were higher in malformation, but the incidence of jaundice (46.2%) was higher in non-malformation(P < 0.001). Furthermore, UTI and jaundice were higher in vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) than those in uretero-pelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, Children with UTD P2 and UTD P3 were prone to recurrent UTI, but UTD P0 was prone to jaundice (P < 0.001). In addition, 30 cases (16.0%) of surgery were all with malformations, and the surgical rates of UTD P2 and UTD P3 were higher than those of UTD P0 and UTD P1 (P < 0.001). Lastly, we concluded that the first follow-up should be less than 7 days, the first assessment should be 2 months, and the follow up should be at least once every 3 months. CONCLUSION: Children with prenatal HN have been found many malformations in early postnatal period, and with high-grade UTD were more prone to recurrent UTI, even to surgery. So, prenatal HN with malformations and high-grade UTD should be followed up in early postnatal period regularly.

Cyanotoxins, biosynthetic gene clusters, and factors modulating cyanotoxin biosynthesis.

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are a global environmental concern that encompasses public health issues, water availability, and water quality owing to the production of various secondary metabolites (SMs), including cyanotoxins in freshwater, brackish water, and marine ecosystems. The frequency, extent, magnitude, and duration of CHABs are increasing globally. Cyanobacterial species traits and changing environmental conditions, including anthropogenic pressure, eutrophication, and global climate change, together allow cyanobacteria to thrive. The cyanotoxins include a diverse range of low molecular weight compounds with varying biochemical properties and modes of action. With the application of modern molecular biology techniques, many important aspects of cyanobacteria are being elucidated, including aspects of their diversity, gene-environment interactions, and genes that express cyanotoxins. The toxicological, environmental, and economic impacts of CHABs strongly advocate the need for continuing, extensive efforts to monitor cyanobacterial growth and to understand the mechanisms regulating species composition and cyanotoxin biosynthesis. In this review, we critically examined the genomic organization of some cyanobacterial species that lead to the production of cyanotoxins and their characteristic properties discovered to date.

IMM-H007 attenuates isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis through targeting TGFß1 signaling pathway.

Upon chronic stress, ß-adrenergic receptor activation induces cardiac fibrosis and leads to heart failure. The small molecule compound IMM-H007 has demonstrated protective effects in cardiovascular diseases via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This study aimed to investigate IMM-H007 effects on cardiac fibrosis induced by ß-adrenergic receptor activation. Because adenosine analogs also exert AMPK-independent effects, we assessed AMPK-dependent and -independent IMM-H007 effects in murine models of cardiac fibrosis. Continual subcutaneous injection of isoprenaline for 7 days caused cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction in mice in vivo. IMM-H007 attenuated isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, α-smooth muscle actin expression, and collagen I deposition in both wild-type and AMPKα2-/- mice. Moreover, IMM-H007 inhibited transforming growth factor ß1 (TGFß1) expression in wild-type, but not AMPKα2-/- mice. By contrast, IMM-H007 inhibited Smad2/3 signaling downstream of TGFß1 in both wild-type and AMPKα2-/- mice. Surface plasmon resonance and molecular docking experiments showed that IMM-H007 directly interacts with TGFß1, inhibits its binding to TGFß type II receptors, and downregulates the Smad2/3 signaling pathway downstream of TGFß1. These findings suggest that IMM-H007 inhibits isoprenaline-induced cardiac fibrosis via both AMPKα2-dependent and -independent mechanisms. IMM-H007 may be useful as a novel TGFß1 antagonist.

Glibenclamide alleviates ß adrenergic receptor activation-induced cardiac inflammation.

ß-Adrenergic receptor (ß-AR) overactivation is a major pathological factor associated with cardiac diseases and mediates cardiac inflammatory injury. Glibenclamide has shown anti-inflammatory effects in previous research. However, it is unclear whether and how glibenclamide can alleviate cardiac inflammatory injury induced by ß-AR overactivation. In the present study, male C57BL/6J mice were treated with or without the ß-AR agonist isoprenaline (ISO) with or without glibenclamide pretreatment. The results indicated that glibenclamide alleviated ISO-induced macrophage infiltration in the heart, as determined by Mac-3 staining. Consistent with this finding, glibenclamide also inhibited ISO-induced chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines expression in the heart. Moreover, glibenclamide inhibited ISO-induced cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction in mice. To reveal the protective mechanism of glibenclamide, the NLRP3 inflammasome was further analysed. ISO activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in both cardiomyocytes and mouse hearts, but this effect was alleviated by glibenclamide pretreatment. Furthermore, in cardiomyocytes, ISO increased the efflux of potassium and the generation of ROS, which are recognized as activators of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The ISO-induced increases in these processes were inhibited by glibenclamide pretreatment. Moreover, glibenclamide inhibited the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway, which is downstream of ß-AR, by increasing phosphodiesterase activity in mouse hearts and cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, glibenclamide alleviates ß-AR overactivation-induced cardiac inflammation by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. The underlying mechanism involves glibenclamide-mediated suppression of potassium efflux and ROS generation by inhibiting the cAMP/PKA pathway.

What influences the implementation of kangaroo mother care? An umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based intervention that reduces morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. However, it has not yet been fully integrated into health systems around the world. The aim of this study is to provide a cogent summary of the evidence base of the key barriers and facilitators to implementing KMC. METHODS: An umbrella review of existing reviews on KMC was adopted to identify systematic and scoping reviews that analysed data from primary studies. Electronic English databases, including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Library, and three Chinese databases were searched from inception to 1 July 2022. Studies were included if they performed a review of barriers and facilitators to KMC. Quality assessment of the retrieved reviews was performed by at least two reviewers independently using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist and risk of bias was assessed with the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool. This umbrella review protocol was documented in the PROSPERO registry (CRD42022327994). RESULTS: We generated 531 studies, and after the removal of duplicates and ineligible studies, six eligible reviews were included in the analysis. The five themes identified were environmental factors, professional factors, parent/family factors, access factors, and cultural factors, and the factors under each theme were divided into barriers or facilitators depending on the specific features of a given scenario. CONCLUSIONS: Support from facility management and leadership and well-trained medical staff are of great significance to the successful integration of KMC into daily medical practice, while the parents of preterm infants and other family members should be educated and encouraged in KMC practice. Further research is needed to propose strategies and develop models for implementing KMC.

A combination of the percentages of IFN-γ+CD4+T cells and granzyme B+CD19+B cells is associated with acute hepatic rejection: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: T cells and B cells play a key role in alloimmune responses. We aimed to characterize the shift of T cell subsets and B cell subsets during acute hepatic rejection, and further determine whether they could serve as a prognostic marker. METHODS: Blood samples together with the clinical data from liver transplant recipients with and without acute hepatic rejection were collected and analyzed as well as from a validation cohort. RESULTS: Upon activation the expression of TGF-ß and granzyme B in CD19+B cells, and the expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ in CD4+T cells were higher in acute hepatic rejection. However, only the frequencies of granzyme B+CD19+B cells and IFN-γ+CD4+T cells correlated with liver function in addition to with each other. A combination of the two cell subsets as a novel marker could classify rejection versus non-rejection (area under the curve 0.811, p = 0.001) with the cut-off value of 62.93%, which was more sensitive for worse histological changes (p = 0.027). Moreover, the occurrence rate of acute rejection was higher in the group with the novel marker > 62.93% (p = 0.000). The role of the novel marker was further confirmed in a validation cohort, which was identified to be the only significant independent risk factor for acute rejection (odds ratio: 0.923; 95% CI confidence interval: 0.885-0.964; p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: A combination of the percentages of IFN-γ+CD4+T cells and granzyme B+CD19+B cells can distinguish rejection from non-rejection, which can be used as a potential prognostic marker for acute rejection in liver transplant recipients.

α1-AR overactivation induces cardiac inflammation through NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

Acute sympathetic stress causes excessive secretion of catecholamines and induces cardiac injuries, which are mainly mediated by ß-adrenergic receptors (ß-ARs). However, α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-ARs) are also expressed in the heart and are activated upon acute sympathetic stress. In the present study, we investigated whether α1-AR activation induced cardiac inflammation and the underlying mechanisms. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with a single dose of α1-AR agonist phenylephrine (PE, 5 or 10 mg/kg, s.c.) with or without pretreatment with α-AR antagonist prazosin (5 mg/kg, s.c.). PE injection caused cardiac dysfunction and cardiac inflammation, evidenced by the increased expression of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and chemokines MCP-1 and MCP-5, as well as macrophage infiltration in myocardium. These effects were blocked by prazosin pretreatment. Furthermore, PE injection significantly increased the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and the cleavage of caspase-1 (p20) and interleukin-18 in the heart; similar results were observed in both Langendorff-perfused hearts and cultured cardiomyocytes following the treatment with PE (10 µM). Moreover, PE-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cardiac inflammation was blocked in Nlrp3-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. In conclusion, α1-AR overactivation induces cardiac inflammation by activating NLRP3 inflammasomes.

[Impacts of Different Nostril for Nasotracheal Intubation with Video Laryngoscopy].

Objective To compare the impacts of different nostril on nasotracheal intubation with video laryngoscopy.Methods Totally 120 ASA grade I maxillofacial surgery patients were equally randomized into two groups:group A(left nostril)and group B(right nostril).After rapid induction of anesthesia,the nasal intubation was completed by Tosight video laryngoscope,and the success rate of the first attempt of the tube passing through the nasal cavity was recorded and compared between these two groups.In addition,time of tube through nasal cavity,time of glottis exposure,total intubation time,intubation success rate,and nasal bleeding were recorded.Results The success rate of the first attempt of tube passing through the nasal cavity was not significantly different between groups A and B(84.7% vs. 81.7%;χ 2=0.202,P=0.653).The time of tube passing through nasal cavity [(7.3±4.6)s vs.(7.5±4.1)s;t=-0.223,P=0.824] and the time of glottic exposure [(6.6±1.4)s vs.(6.7±1.4)s;t=-0.348,P=0.728] had no significant differences between two groups.The success rates of first intubation attempt were 100% in both groups.The total intubation time was(35.1±9.2)s in group A and(34.0±7.8)s in group B(t=0.663,P=0.509).Intubation-related epistaxis was found in 16 cases(27.1%)in group A and in 17 cases(28.3%)in group B(χ 2 =0.022,P=0.882).Conclusion Different nasal approaches have no effect on nasal intubation.

Both endo-siRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNAs are involved in the differentiation of primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia.

Small RNAs (sRNAs), including microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), regulate most important biologic processes in eukaryotes, such as cell division and differentiation. Although sRNAs have been extensively studied in various eukaryotes, the role of sRNAs in the early emergence of eukaryotes is unclear. To address these questions, we deep sequenced the sRNA transcriptome of four different stages in the differentiation of Giardia lamblia, one of the most primitive eukaryotes. We identified a large number of endo-siRNAs in this fascinating parasitic protozoan and found that they were produced from live telomeric retrotransposons and three genomic regions (i.e., endo-siRNA generating regions [eSGRs]). eSGR-derived endo-siRNAs were proven to target mRNAs in trans. Gradual up-regulation of endo-siRNAs in the differentiation of Giardia suggested that they might be involved in the regulation of this process. This hypothesis was supported by the impairment of the differentiation ability of Giardia when GLDICER, essential for the biogenesis of endo-siRNAs, was knocked down. Endo-siRNAs are not the only sRNA regulators in Giardia differentiation, because a great number of tRNAs-derived sRNAs showed more dramatic expression changes than endo-siRNAs in this process. We totally identified five novel kinds of tRNAs-derived sRNAs and found that the biogenesis in four of them might be correlated with that of stress-induced tRNA-derived RNA (sitRNA), which was discovered in our previous studies. Our studies reveal an unexpected complex panorama of sRNA in G. lamblia and shed light on the origin and functional evolution of eukaryotic sRNAs.

[Tongjingling improves sperm DNA integrity and reduces oxidative stress in the testis of experimental varicocele rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of Tongjingling (TJL) against sperm DNA damage and oxidative stress in the rat model of experimental varicocele (EVC). METHODS: We randomly divided 75 Wistar male rats into five groups of equal number: sham operation, EVC model, high-dose TJL, mid-dose TJL, and low-dose TJL. The EVC model was established in the rats by partial ligation of the left renal vein, followed by 8 weeks of medication from the 4th week after modeling. Then we observed the general status of the rats, detected the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) in the epididymis by sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), and measured the content of hydroperoxide (H2O2) and the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the testis by colorimetry. RESULTS: Compared with the sham operation group, the EVC models showed significantly increased sperm DFI in the epididymis (P <0.01) and elevated level of H2O2 and activities of CAT and SOD in the testis (P <0.01). In comparison with the EVC models, the rats of the TJL groups exhibited remarkably reduced sperm DFI and H2O2 content, but increased activities of SOD and CAT. CONCLUSIONS: TJL can improve sperm DNA integrity by increasing the activities of SOD and CAT and reducing the H2O2 level and hence oxidative stress in the testis tissue.

[The Relationship of Polymorphisms in Interleukin 17A Gene, Interleukin 17F Gene and the Pulmonary Inflammation Risk in Dust Exposed Workers in a Chinese Population].

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the polymorphisms in interleukin 17A IL-17A) and interleukin 17F (IL-17F) and their relationship with pulmonary inflammation risk of dust exposed workers. METHODS: A case-control study among 193 subjects, including 67 subjects in case group and 126 in control group was conducted. PCR-RFLP was applied to genotype IL-17A (G-197A) and IL-17F (7488T/C). Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the effects of IL-17A (G-197A) and IL-17F (7488T/C) on the lung inflammation risk in dust exposed workers. RESULTS: The genotypes analysis showed that the proportions of IL-17A (G-197A) A/A, A/G and G/G were 42 (21.76%), 95 (49.22%), 56 (29.02%) in 193 cases, respectively, and the IL-17F (7488T/C) T/T, T/C and C/C genotypes were 128 (66.32%), 54 (28.98%), 11 (5.70%), respectively. The frequency distribution of each genotype was consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium fixed law. The ratio of IL-17A (G-197A) A/A in the case group was lower than that of control group ( P<0.05), while the G/G and A/G genotypes were higher than that of control group ( P<0.05). Furthermore, the genotypes of IL-17A (G-197A) A/G (OR=5.03, P<0.01) and G/G(OR=3.35, P<0.05) were associated with an increased risk of lung inflammation in workers exposed to dust. The frequency distribution difference of IL-17F (7488T/C) T/T, T/C and C/C genotypes in the cases and control group was unobvious ( P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Under the same dust concentration, the dust exposed workers carrying IL-17A (G-197A) A/G, G/G genotypes are more susceptible to pulmonary inflammation in the southwest of China.

Comparison of the Ambu Aura-i with the Air-Q Intubating Laryngeal Airway as A Conduit for Fiberoptic-guided Tracheal Intubation in Children with Ear Deformity.

Objective To compare the Ambu Aura-i with the Air-Q intubating laryngeal airway for fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation in ear deformity children.Methods Totally 120 children who were scheduled for elective auricular reconstruction surgery requiring general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were enrolled in this prospective study. They were randomized to receive either the Ambu Aura-i (Aura-i group) or Air-Q (Air-Q group). The time for successful tracheal intubation was assessed. The attempts for successful device insertion, leak pressures, cuff pressures, fiberoptic grade of laryngeal view, time for removal of the device after endotracheal intubation, and complications were recorded. Results Device placement, endotracheal intubation, and removal after endotracheal intubation were successful in all patients. The Air-Q group required longer time than the Aura-i group in device placement[(14.1±7.2) s vs. (10.8±5.2) s, P<0.05], successful endotracheal intubation [(39.8±9.5) s vs. (24.1±8.2) s, P<0.05], and device removal [(18.2±5.1) s vs. (14.7±3.7) s, P<0.05]. There were no differences in fiberoptic grade of view between these devices, and the percentage of glottis seen was 80.0% (Air-Q group) vs. 86.7% (Aura-i group). The leak pressure was (20.5±4.8) cmH2O in the Air-Q group and (22.2±5.0) cmH2O in the Aura-i group (P<0.05), and the cuff pressure was (22.9±11.5)cmH2O in the Air-Q group and (33.9±15.9) cmH2O in the Aura-i group (P<0.05). Hemodynamic changes were not significantly different between two group. The incidence rate of sore throat two hours after operation was 6.5% (n=4) in the Air-Q group and 5% (n=3) in the Aura-i group. Conclusion Both Ambu Aura-i and Air-Q intubating laryngeal airway are effective conduits for beroptic-guided tracheal intubation, with advantages including simple operation, high success rate, and fewer complications, especially the Ambu Aura-i.

Comparison of Sedative Effects of Two Spray Administration of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine Doses for Premedication in Children.

Objective To compare two spray administration of intranasal dexmedetomidine (DEX) doses for premedication in children. Methods In this prospective,randomized,double-blind study,41 children aged 3-6 years were enrolled. Children were assigned to receive either spray administration of intranasal DEX 1 µg/kg (Group D1) or 2 µg/kg (Group D2). The Ramsay Sedation Scale scores were evaluated at 5 min intervals. Sedation status at separation from patient was also evaluated. Heart rate (HR) and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) were recorded before and every 15 min after drug administration. Results The median sedation onset time was 30 min and 20 min in group D1 and group D2,respectively. Compared with the children in group D1,those in group D2 were significantly more sedated when they were separated from their parents (61.9% vs. 95.0%,respectively)(χ2=5.549,P=0.010). In Group D2,the HR decreased by 15.8% (t=2.415,P=0.021) 30 min after the spray administration of intranasal DEX. Compared with the baseline values,there was no significant difference in both groups in terms of SpO2(t=-1.426,P=0.162;t=-1.096,P=0.280)and HR in group D1 (t=-0.299,P=0.767) 30 min after the spray administration of intranasal DEX. Conclusion Spray administration of intranasal DEX 2 µg/kg provides superior sedation in children.

Portal vein clamping alone confers protection against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via preserving hepatocyte function in cirrhotic rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic liver diseases always increase the risk of liver failure after hepatectomy. We aimed to explore the protective effect of portal vein clamping without hepatic artery blood control (PVC) on a cirrhotic rat liver that underwent ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhotic rats were randomly assigned to four groups as follows: cirrhotic control, PVC, portal triad clamping (PTC), and intermittent portal triad clamping (IC). After 45 min of portal vascular clamping, hepatic injury and liver function were investigated by assessing the 7-d survival rate, liver blood loss, serum alanine aminotransferase, liver tissue malondialdehyde, liver tissue adenosine triphosphate, indocyanine green retention rate, and morphology changes of the rat liver. RESULTS: The 7-d survival rates in the PVC and IC groups were much higher than in the PTC group. The PVC group had more liver blood loss during the hepatectomy than the PTC group, but had much less than the cirrhotic control group (P < 0.01). In addition, there were no differences between the IC group and PVC group. The PVC rats had a significantly higher adenosine triphosphate level in the liver tissue and a markedly lower indocyanine green retention rate than the PTC and IC rats (P < 0.05). At 1, 6, and 24 h after reperfusion, the alanine aminotransferase and malondialdehyde levels in the PTC group were much higher than those in the PVC and IC groups (P < 0.05). Based on the histopathologic analysis, hepatic injury in the PVC and IC groups were similar but less prominent than in the PTC group. CONCLUSIONS: Although both PVC and IC can confer protection against hepatic ischemic-reperfusion injury in cirrhotic rats, the PVC method is more efficient in preserving the energy and function of hepatocytes than the IC method, suggesting better prognosis after hepatectomy.

[Transient hepatic venous occlusion induced liver hemodynamic change and reperfusion injury in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the hemodynamic change and reperfusion injury cause by transient hepatic venous occlusion and transient hepatic inflow occlusion in rats. METHODS: The rat liver was divided into 3 different areas: the ischemia reperfusion (IR) area: the inflow of the right superior lobe was clamped for half an hour; the non-isolated lobe congestive reperfusion (NIL-CR) area: the outflow of the right median lobe was clamped for half an hour; and the isolated lobe congestive reperfusion (IL-CR) area: the outflow of the left lobe was clamped for half an hour. The flux value and the oxygen saturation of microcirculation were monitored before at clamping for 30 minutes, and on 1 day, 3 days ,and 7 days after reperfusion. The hepatic damage and Suzuki's score were evaluated. RESULTS: After clamping for 30 minutes, the flux value in the IR area was significantly higher than in NIL-CR area (P<0.01) and IL-CR area (P<0.01), the oxygen saturation in the IR area was significantly higher than in NIL-CR area (P<0.01) and IL-CR area (P<0.05). Compared with IR area, both NIL-CR area and IL-CR area were found having more severe liver damage in terms of Suzuki's score in early postoperative period (at clamping for 30 minutes and on 1 day, P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference between NIL-CR area and IL-CR area in flux value, oxygen saturation, and Suzuki's score (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic venous occlusion can more effectively decrease the blood perfrusion and oxygen saturation; thus, compared to the IR, CR can result in more severe liver damage. The presence of normal liver tissue around the congestion area can not influence liver damage in transient hepatic venous occlusion.

[Huanghua pear soluble solids contents Vis/NIR spectroscopy by analysis of variables optimization and FICA].

The purpose of this study was to establish a mathematical model of the visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) diffuse transmission spectroscopy with fine stability and precise predictability for the non destructive testing of the soluble solids content of huanghua pear, through comparing the effects of various pretreatment methods, variable optimization method, fast independent principal component analysis (FICA) and least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) on mathematica model for SSC of huanghua pear, and the best combination of methods to establish model for SSC of huanghua pear was got. Vis/NIR diffuse transmission spectra of huanghua pear were acquired by a Quality Spec spectrometer, three methods including genetic algorithm, successive projections algorithm and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used firstly to select characteristic variables from spectral data of huanghua pears in the wavelength range of 550~950 nm, and then FICA was used to extract factors from the characteristic variables, finally, validation model for SSC in huanghua pears was built by LS-SVM on the basic of those parameters got above. The results showed that using LS-SVM on the foundation of the 21 variables screened by CARS and the 12 factors selected by FICA, the CARS-FICA-LS-SVM regression model for SSC in huanghua pears was built and performed best, the coefficient of determination and root mean square error of calibration and prediction sets were RC(2)=0.974, RMSEC=0.116%, RP(2)=0.918, and RMSEP=0.158% respectively, and compared with the mathematical model which uses PLS as modeling method, the number of variables was down from 401 to 21, the factors were also down from 14 to 12, the coefficient of determination of modeling and prediction sets were up to 0.023 and 0.019 respectively, while the root mean square errors of calibration and prediction sets were reduced by 0.042% and 0.010% respectively. These experimental results showed that using CARS-FICA-LS-SVM to build regression model for the forecast of SSC in huanghua pears can simplify the prediction model and improve the detection precision.