Adult-onset Still's disease-associated interstitial lung disease represents severe phenotype of the disease with higher rate of haemophagocytic syndrome and relapse.

OBJECTIVES: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is an inflammatory disorder characterised by sustained fevers, arthritis, and skin involvement. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a rare manifestation, and its clinical characteristics have yet to be determined. METHODS: We sought to examine the clinical characteristics of AOSD-associated ILD. We retrospectively investigated 78 patients diagnosed as AOSD. ILD was diagnosed based on chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without ILD. Relapse was defined as sustained fevers, re-emergence of arthritis, and skin involvement after remission. We further investigated the pathological features of ILD on available samples. RESULTS: Patients with ILD, found in 9 of 78 (11.5 %), had older age of onset (mean age 62.6) than those without ILD (mean age 38.8) (p<0.01). The 3-year survival rates were comparable between patients with ILD (92.5%) and those without ILD (88.9%) (p=0.23). Patients with ILD had a higher cumulative rate of haemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) and relapse than those without (p<0.0001 and p=0.009, respectively). Chest HRCT showed marked thickening of the interlobular septa, the bronchovascular bundles, or the visceral pleura in all cases. There was no honeycomb or volume loss. Pulmonary pathological findings revealed marked thickening of the visceral pleura and the interlobular septa. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ILD might have higher risks for HPS and relapse. Careful observation and appropriate therapeutic intervention might be needed.

Association of ETS1 polymorphism with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and proteinase 3-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis in a Japanese population.

ETS proto-oncogene 1, transcription factor (ETS1) is involved in various immune responses. Genome-wide association studies on systemic lupus erythematosus in Chinese populations identified the association of ETS1 polymorphism in 3' untranslated region, rs1128334A, which was associated with lower ETS1 expression. In view of substantial sharing of susceptibility genes across multiple autoimmune diseases, we examined whether ETS1 is associated with a rare autoimmune rheumatic disease, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). Association of rs1128334 was tested in 466 Japanese patients with AAV and 1099 healthy controls by logistic regression analysis under the additive model. AAV patients were classified into 285 microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), 92 granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), 56 eosinophilic GPA, and 33 unclassifiable AAV, according to the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) algorithm. Among the patients, 376 were positive for MPO-ANCA and 62 for PR3-ANCA. When the patients were classified according to the EMEA classification, rs1128334A allele was significantly increased in GPA (P = 0.0060, P c = 0.030, odds ratio (OR), 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13-2.10). With respect to the ANCA specificity, significant association was observed in PR3-ANCA positive AAV (P = 0.0042, P c = 0.021, OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.19-2.49). In conclusion, ETS1 polymorphism was suggested to be associated with GPA and PR3-ANCA positive AAV in a Japanese population.

Combined disease with pulmonary arterial hypertension and pulmonary venous hypertension revealed after treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a case with primary Sjögren syndrome.

A 49-year-old woman with primary Sjögren syndrome initially developed pulmonary venous hypertension (PVH) due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Endomyocardial biopsy specimens showed mild myocardial fibrosis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was revealed after the treatment with diuretics. During the treatment for PAH using upfront combination with pulmonary vasodilators and immunosuppressants, the patient developed combined disease with PAH and PVH. A careful hemodynamic assessment is necessary in such cases.

Efficacy and Safety of a Novel Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, Macitentan, in Japanese Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Macitentan is a novel, dual endothelin receptor antagonist with sustained receptor binding, used for the long-term treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In the present study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of macitentan in Japanese patients with PAH. METHODS AND RESULTS: Macitentan was administered at a once-daily dose of 10 mg in 30 patients. The primary endpoint was change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) from baseline to week 24. Change to week 24 in the other hemodynamic parameters, 6-min walk distance (6MWD), World Health Organization (WHO) functional class, and plasmaN-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), as well as time to clinical deterioration up to week 52 were also assessed as secondary endpoints. In the 28 patients on per-protocol analysis, PVR decreased from 667±293 to 417±214 dyn·sec·cm(-5)(P<0.0001). 6MWD increased from 427±128 to 494±116 m (P<0.0001). WHO functional class improved in 13 patients (46.4%) and was maintained in 15 patients (53.6%), and NT-pro-BNP was reduced by 18% (P<0.0001). The favorable treatment effect on PVR was apparent regardless of concomitant therapy for PAH. CONCLUSIONS: Macitentan was efficacious and well tolerated and improved the hemodynamic parameters, exercise capacity, symptoms, and clinical biomarkers in Japanese PAH patients. Macitentan can be a valuable therapeutic option for Japanese patients with PAH. ( TRIAL REGISTRATION: JAPIC Clinical Trials Information [JapicCTI-121986].) (Circ J 2016; 80: 1478-1483).

Clinical subsets associated with different anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase antibodies and their association with coexisting anti-Ro52.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize clinical features of polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) patients with different anti-aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase (ARS) antibodies and their association with anti-Ro52. METHODS: Autoantibodies in sera from 97 Japanese patients (36 PM, 56 DM, and 5 clinically amyopathic DM), who satisfied Bohan and Peter or modified Sontheimer's criteria, were characterized by immunoprecipitation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical information was from medical records. Features associated with different anti-ARS and anti-Ro52 antibodies were analyzed. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-ARS was similar to other studies (Jo-1, 22%; EJ, 4%; OJ, 1%; PL-12, 1%), except for a high prevalence of anti-PL-7 (12%), which allowed us to characterize patients carrying this specificity. Serum creatine kinase >3000 IU/l was less common in anti-PL-7-positive patients (57%) than anti-Jo-1-positive patients (18%) (p = 0.0328) and was not found in anti-EJ-positive individuals. Interstitial lung disease was common in anti-ARS-positive patients (97%) (p < 0.0001 vs. 48% in anti-ARS-negative). Anti-Ro52 antibodies were frequently detected with anti-ARS (59%) (57% in anti-Jo-1, 67% in anti-PL-7) (vs. 21% in anti-ARS-negative, p < 0.0002). Anti-Ro52 was associated with overlap syndrome (26%) (vs. 7% in anti-Ro52-negative, p = 0.0119). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with different anti-ARS in combination with anti-Ro52 appear to be associated with distinctive clinical subsets.

Effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan on hemodynamics and exercise capacity in Japanese patients with mildly symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) trial has mostly enrolled patients with World Health Organization functional class (WHO FC) III or IV. However, PAH is rapidly progressive in nature even in patients with less severe forms at diagnosis. Following the recent studies in Western population, here we assessed the efficacy of bosentan in Japanese patients with WHO FCII PAH. In this open-label trial, bosentan 125 mg twice daily was administered for 12 weeks in 16 patients, and a hemodynamic evaluation was performed. Treatment was continued for a further 12 weeks, where the effect on exercise capacity was assessed in 13 patients. In 16 patients, mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased from 40.4 ± 10.4 to 35.6 ± 12.6 mmHg (p = 0.018) and cardiac index increased from 2.54 ± 0.73 to 2.96 ± 0.82 L/min/m(2) (p = 0.023). Thus, pulmonary vascular resistance decreased from 792 ± 565 to 598 ± 558 dyn·sec/cm(5) (p = 0.006). In 13 patients followed up for 24 weeks, 6-min walking distance increased from baseline at Week 12 (p = 0.003) and Week 24 (p = 0.011). All patients were mildly symptomatic at baseline with dyspnea index (Borg scale) of 2.50 ± 1.58 and the specific activity scale (SAS) of 5.0 ± 1.4 METs. These values remained unchanged throughout the study. These results suggest that bosentan treatment was beneficial for Japanese patients with WHO FC II PAH and treatment should be started in the early stage of the disease.

Influence of pulmonary vascular reserve on exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in patients with systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) is considered as an early preclinical functional phase of resting PH in systemic sclerosis (SSc). In this study, we investigated the prevalence of exercise-induced PH in patients with SSc and evaluated the influence of pulmonary vascular reserve on exercise-induced PH. METHODS: This prospective study included 568 SSc patients. The patients with interstitial lung disease and those with left ventricular dysfunction were excluded (n = 50); finally, 518 patients underwent simple exercise echocardiography using a Master's two-step. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), the ratio of early diastolic transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/e') and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were measured before and after exercise. ΔPVR (the difference between rest and post) was used for the assessment of pulmonary vascular reserve. All patients were stratified into the no exercise-induced PH (SPAP <50 mmHg) or exercise-induced PH (SPAP ≥50 mmHg, n = 133) group. RESULTS: Of the study patients, 27% patients were identified as having exercise-induced PH. ΔPVR was higher in the exercise-induced PH than no exercise-induced PH group (0.2 ± 0.3 vs. 0.4 ± 0.4WU, P < 0.0001). A weak correlation was found between postexercise SPAP and postexercise E/e' (r = 0.31, P < 0.0001), whereas a strong correlation was found between postexercise SPAP and postexercise PVR (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001). The analyzed data demonstrated that ΔPVR was independently associated with exercise-induced PH (odds ratio, 3.435; 95% CI, 1.013-11.650, P = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated that exercise-induced PH was common in patients with SSc. Exercise-induced PH might be closely associated with the factors affecting reduced pulmonary vascular reserve in patients with SSc.

Left heart abnormalities in connective tissue disease patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension as well as borderline mean pulmonary arterial pressure.

OBJECTIVE: To describe co-existence of left heart abnormalities among case series of connective tissue disease (CTD) patients who showed pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension (PH) as well as borderline mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP). METHODS: From 2010 through 2012, 49 CTD patients suspected to have PH by exercise Doppler echocardiography underwent right heart catheterization. We retrospectively searched for left heart diseases from the available data on Doppler echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), scintigraphy, and endomyocardial biopsy. RESULTS: Among 49 patients, 11 and 2 had pre- and post-capillary PH, respectively, and another 10 had borderline mPAP. Six of 11 patients with pre-capillary PH showed low pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (≤ 240 dynes•sec•cm(- 5)) and low diastolic pulmonary gradient (< 7 mmHg). Seven of 10 patients with borderline mPAP had normal PVR (< 160) suggesting the presence of left heart abnormalities. Other abnormal findings included increased left atrial volume index and E/E' on Doppler echocardiography, delayed contrast enhancement by MRI, patchy area of hypoperfusion on thallium scintigraphy, and fibrosis in endomyocardial biopsy. CONCLUSION: The present case series suggested some contribution of left heart abnormalities to the increase in mPAP among CTD patients with pre-capillary PH as well as borderline mPAP.

Long-term safety and efficacy of rituximab in 7 Japanese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: The safety and efficacy of rituximab were examined in a multicenter open-label pilot study in patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) in Japan. METHODS: Patients with refractory AAV were administered a rituximab infusion at a weekly dose of 375 mg/m(2) for 4 weeks. All patients also received oral daily prednisolone. The primary outcome was complete remission, which was defined as a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) of 0 or 1. RESULTS: The mean age of the 7 patients was 57 (range, 34-71) years. The mean follow-up period after rituximab treatment was 62.9 (range, 4.8-81) months. The mean BVAS at entry was 16.7 (range, 2-34). Complete remission occurred in all cases, except in 1 case in which the patient died, with a significant decline in BVAS from baseline at 12 months after initiation of rituximab. Rituximab reduced granulomatous orbital involvement in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Relapse occurred in five patients. Adverse events included de novo hepatitis B in one patient, cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer) in two patients, and transient visual disturbance, atypical mycobacterial infection, urinary tract infection, sepsis, and cytomegalovirus infection. Two patients died due to recurrent infections and airway obstruction, caused by an AAV lesion. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab had a beneficial effect on refractory AAV in Japanese patients, but several adverse effects occurred during rituximab treatment.

Assessment of the Birmingham vasculitis activity score in patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis: sub-analysis from a study by the Japanese Study Group for MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: In the study cohort enrolled in a prospective open-label, multicenter trial conducted by the Japanese Study Group for MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis (JMAAV), we conducted this sub-analysis to establish the validity of the Birminghan vasculitis activity score (BVAS) for Japanese patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis. METHODS: We recorded the BVAS at the time of diagnosis, at 6 weeks after the diagnosis, and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after the diagnosis in this study. RESULTS: The most frequently involved organs in the patients were the lungs, kidneys and the nervous system. The kidney (BVAS; new/worse 69.2 %, persistent 40.4 %), general (BVAS; new/worse 67.3 %, persistent 53.8 %), chest (BVAS; new/worse 36.5 %, persistent 46.2 %) and nervous system (BVAS; new/worse 38.5 %, persistent 25.0 %) were the organ systems most frequently involved by the disease at the baseline. The BVAS for new/worse disease decreased immediately after induction therapy, while improvement of the BVAS for persistent disease after therapy differed among the organ systems. CONCLUSIONS: BVAS was demonstrated to be a valuable guide for selection of the optimal treatment. Thus, BVAS was also found to be a useful tool in Japanese patients for the assessment of disease activity and degree of organ damage in patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Successful treatment of lupus protein-losing enteropathy with belimumab: A case report.

Lupus protein-losing enteropathy (LUPLE) is a rare condition in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Since the causes and exact pathological mechanism have not been elucidated, appropriate treatment has not been determined. Here, we report the case of a 69-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus who developed LUPLE which was successfully treated with belimumab without an increase in glucocorticoid dose. This case suggests that belimumab monotherapy may be a treatment option for LUPLE.

Assessment of the Birmingham vasculitis activity score in patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis: sub-analysis from a study by the Japanese Study Group for MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis.

OBJECTIVES: In the study cohort enrolled in a prospective open-label, multicenter trial conducted by the Japanese Study Group for MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis (JMAAV), we conducted this sub-analysis to establish the validity of the Birminghan vasculitis activity score (BVAS) for Japanese patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis. METHODS: We recorded the BVAS at the time of diagnosis, at 6 weeks after the diagnosis, and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months after the diagnosis in this study. RESULTS: The most frequently involved organs in the patients were the lungs, kidneys and the nervous system. The kidney (BVAS; new/worse 69.2 %, persistent 40.4 %), general (BVAS; new/worse 67.3 %, persistent 53.8 %), chest (BVAS; new/worse 36.5 %, persistent 46.2 %) and nervous system (BVAS; new/worse 38.5 %, persistent 25.0 %) were the organ systems most frequently involved by the disease at the baseline. The BVAS for new/worse disease decreased immediately after induction therapy, while improvement of the BVAS for persistent disease after therapy differed among the organ systems. CONCLUSIONS: BVAS was demonstrated to be a valuable guide for selection of the optimal treatment. Thus, BVAS was also found to be a useful tool in Japanese patients for the assessment of disease activity and degree of organ damage in patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis.

Hypoxia-induced endogenous prostaglandin E2 negatively regulates hypoxia-enhanced aberrant overgrowth of rheumatoid synovial tissue.

OBJECTIVE: During isometric exercise, the synovial joint tissue is prone to hypoxia, which is further enhanced in the presence of synovial inflammation. Hypoxia is also known to induce inflammatory cascades, suggesting that periodic hypoxia perpetuates synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. We previously established an ex vivo cellular model of rheumatoid arthritis using the synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells, which reproduced aberrant synovial overgrowth and pannus-like tissue development in vitro. Using this model, we investigated the regulatory mechanism of synovial cells against hypoxia in rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Inflammatory cells that infiltrated synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were collected without enzyme digestion, and designated as synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells. Under normoxia or periodic hypoxia twice a week, their single-cell suspension was cultured in medium alone to observe an aberrant overgrowth of inflammatory tissue in vitro. Cytokines produced in the culture supernatants were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: Primary culture of the synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells under periodic hypoxia resulted in the attenuation of the spontaneous growth of inflammatory tissue in vitro compared to the culture under normoxia. Endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was enhanced under periodic hypoxia. When endogenous PGE2 was blocked by indomethacin, the aberrant tissue overgrowth was more enhanced under hypoxia than normoxia. Indomethacin also enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) under periodic hypoxia compared to normoxia. The EP4-specific antagonist reproduced the effect of indomethacin. Exogenous PGE1 and EP4-specific agonist effectively inhibited the aberrant overgrowth and the production of the inflammatory mediators under periodic hypoxia as well as normoxia. CONCLUSIONS: The enhancing effect of periodic hypoxia on the aberrant overgrowth of rheumatoid synovial tissue was effectively down-regulated by the simultaneously induced endogenous PGE2.

Endogenous prostaglandin E2 inhibits aberrant overgrowth of rheumatoid synovial tissue and the development of osteoclast activity through EP4 receptor.

OBJECTIVE: We recently developed an ex vivo cellular model of pannus, the aberrant overgrowth of human synovial tissue. This study was undertaken to use that model to investigate the role of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and its receptor subtypes in the development of pannus growth and osteoclast activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Inflammatory cells that infiltrated pannus from patients with RA were collected without enzyme digestion and designated synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells. Their single-cell suspensions were cultured in medium alone to observe an aberrant overgrowth of inflammatory tissue in vitro. Levels of cytokines produced in culture supernatants were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Osteoclast activity was assessed by the development of resorption pits in calcium phosphate-coated slides. RESULTS: Primary culture of the synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells resulted in spontaneous reconstruction of inflammatory tissue in vitro within 4 weeks, during which tumor necrosis factor α, PGE2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were produced in the supernatant. This aberrant overgrowth was inhibited by antirheumatic drugs including methotrexate and infliximab. On calcium phosphate-coated slides, synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells showed numerous resorption pits. In the presence of inhibitors of endogenous prostanoid production such as indomethacin and NS398, exogenous PGE1 and EP4-specific agonists significantly inhibited all these activities of synovial tissue-derived inflammatory cells in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of indomethacin, NS398, or EP4-specific antagonist resulted in the enhancement of these cells' activities. EP2-specific agonist had a partial effect, while EP1- and EP3-specific agonists had no significant effects. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that endogenous PGE2 produced in rheumatoid synovium negatively regulates aberrant synovial overgrowth and the development of osteoclast activity via EP4.

AC13, a C-terminal fragment of apolipoprotein A-I, is a candidate biomarker for microscopic polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVE: Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is necrotizing vasculitis of unknown etiology. We analyzed the serum peptide profile of MPA to find a biomarker for this disease. METHODS: Serum peptides from 33 patients with MPA, 7 with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's), 7 with Churg-Strauss syndrome, 6 with giant cell arteritis, and 25 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were comprehensively analyzed by mass spectrometry. Peptide function on human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 102 serum peptides were detected from the 78 patients. One of the peptides, peptide 1,523, showed significantly higher ion intensity in MPA (mean ± SD 46.8 ± 39.3 arbitrary units [AU]) than in the other systemic vasculitides (14.1 ± 12.2 AU) (P < 0.05) or in SLE (17.0 ± 12.1 AU) (P < 0.05). In MPA, peptide 1,523 showed significantly higher ion intensity before treatment than 1 week (P < 0.05) and 6 weeks (P < 0.05) after the initiation of treatment. Peptide 1,523 was identified as 13 C-terminal amino acid residues of apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and was designated "AC13." Validation of AC13 ion intensity using another MPA cohort (n = 14) similarly showed significantly higher ion intensity (90.1 ± 167.9 AU) compared to 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (8.6 ± 5.4 AU) (P < 0.01) and 14 healthy subjects (11.8 ± 6.1 AU) (P < 0.01). Serum concentrations of Apo A-I and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were down-regulated in MPA before treatment and returned to their normal ranges 6 weeks after the initiation of treatment (both P < 0.01). Stimulation of HMVECs with AC13 significantly up-regulated secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (P < 0.05) and IL-8 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: AC13, a candidate biomarker for MPA, may be useful for monitoring disease activity and may exacerbate vascular inflammation through up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines.

Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with HLA-B39-positive undifferentiated spondyloarthritis in a Japanese patient.

We present the case of a 43-year-old man diagnosed with HLA-B39-positive spondyloarthritis who developed cutaneous lesions consistent with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (CPN). Previous studies indicated an elevated incidence of HLA-B39 in HLA-B27-negative Japanese patients with spondyloarthritis. This case suggested that CPN may also occur in association with forms of HLA-B39-positive spondyloarthritis. The rarity of this association is emphasized. Therapy with corticosteroid and methotrexate improved both the cutaneous lesions and the clinical symptoms of spondyloarthritis.

Severity-based treatment for Japanese patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis: the JMAAV study.

We (JMAAV [Japanese patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis] Study Group) performed a prospective, open-label, multi-center trial to evaluate the usefulness of severity-based treatment in Japanese patients with myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (MPO-ANCA)-associated vasculitis. Patients with MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis received a severity-based regimen according to the appropriate protocol: low-dose corticosteroid and, if necessary, cyclophosphamide or azathioprine in patients with mild form; high-dose corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide in those with severe form; and the severe-form regimen plus plasmapheresis in those with the most severe form. We followed up the patients for 18 months. The primary end points were the induction of remission, death, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Fifty-two patients were registered, and 48 patients were enrolled in this study (mild form, n = 23; severe form, n = 23; most severe form, n = 2). Among the 47 patients who received the predefined therapies, 42 achieved remission within 6 months, 5 died, and 1 developed ESRD. Disease flared up in 8 of the 42 patients with remission during the 18-month follow-up period. The JMAAV trial is the first prospective trial for MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis to be performed in Japan. The remission and death rates were comparable to those in several previous clinical trials performed in western counties. The regimen employed in this trial was tailor-made based on patients' disease severity and disease type, and it seems that standardization can be consistent with treatment choices made according to severity.

ANCA: associated lung fibrosis.

The possible link between pulmonary fibrosis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) positivity, and vasculitis is poorly understood. During the past 6 years, five retrospective case-control studies have been published. These studies suggest that pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is an underestimated manifestation of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Common clinical characteristics include older age (around 70 years), constant positivity of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and the poor prognosis of the pulmonary disease. The diagnosis of PF often predates the development of vasculitis. There are no significant differences of pulmonary function parameters, bronchoalveolar lavage analysis, or high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) findings between ANCA-associated PF and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The high mortality rate of ANCA-associated PF indicates that a search for ANCAs should be performed at diagnosis in every patient with PF because the presence of ANCAs increases the risk of development of vasculitis and should promote specific monitoring of patients with positive MPO-ANCA.