Assembly of a pangenome for global cattle reveals missing sequences and novel structural variations, providing new insights into their diversity and evolutionary history.

A cattle pangenome representation was created based on the genome sequences of 898 cattle representing 57 breeds. The pangenome identified 83 Mb of sequence not found in the cattle reference genome, representing 3.1% novel sequence compared with the 2.71-Gb reference. A catalog of structural variants developed from this cattle population identified 3.3 million deletions, 0.12 million inversions, and 0.18 million duplications. Estimates of breed ancestry and hybridization between cattle breeds using insertion/deletions as markers were similar to those produced by single nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis. Hundreds of deletions were observed to have stratification based on subspecies and breed. For example, an insertion of a Bov-tA1 repeat element was identified in the first intron of the APPL2 gene and correlated with cattle breed geographic distribution. This insertion falls within a segment overlapping predicted enhancer and promoter regions of the gene, and could affect important traits such as immune response, olfactory functions, cell proliferation, and glucose metabolism in muscle. The results indicate that pangenomes are a valuable resource for studying diversity and evolutionary history, and help to delineate how domestication, trait-based breeding, and adaptive introgression have shaped the cattle genome.

Optimizing noble gas pressure for enhanced self-compensation in spin-exchange relaxation-free comagnetometers.

The coupling of electron spin and nuclear spin through spin-exchange collisions compensates for external magnetic field interference in the spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) comagnetometer. However, the compensation ability for magnetic field interference along the detection axis is limited due to the presence of nuclear spin relaxation. This paper aims to enhance the self-compensation capability of the system by optimizing the pressure of the noble gas during cell filling. Models are established to describe the relationships between the nuclear spin polarization, the polarizing magnetic field of nuclei, the magnetic field suppression factors, and the pressure of the noble gas in the K-Rb-21Ne atomic ensemble. Experiments are conducted using five cells with different pressure. The results indicate that in the positive pressure area, the nuclear spin polarization decreases while the equivalent magnetic field experienced by the noble gas increases with increasing pressure. The magnetic field suppression factor for transverse fields increases as the pressure increases, leading to a decrease in the ability to suppress low-frequency magnetic field interference. Moreover, at the cell temperature of 180°C and a transverse residual field gradient of 4.012 nT/cm, the system exhibits its strongest capability to suppress transverse magnetic field interference when the pressure of 21Ne is around 0.7 atm.

Comparative analyses of copy number variations between swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes.

As an important source of genomic variation, copy number variation (CNV) contributes to environmental adaptation in worldwide buffaloes. Despite this importance, CNV divergence between swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes has not been studied previously. Here, we report 21 152 CNV regions (CNVRs) in 141 buffaloes of 20 breeds detected through multiple CNV calling strategies. Only 248 CNVRs were shared between river buffalo and swamp buffalo, reflecting great variation of CNVRs between the two subspecies. Population structure analysis based on CNVs successfully separated the two buffalo subspecies. We further assessed CNV divergence by calculating FST for genome-wide CNVs. Totally, we identified 110 significantly divergent CNV segments and 44 putatively selected genes between river buffaloes and swamp buffaloes. In particular, LALBA, a key gene controlling milk production in cattle, presented a highly differentiated CNV in the promoter region, which makes it a strong functional candidate gene for differences between swamp buffaloes and river buffaloes in traits related to milk production. Our study provides useful information of CNVs in buffaloes, which may help explain the genetic differences between the two subspecies.

Evolutionary analysis of buffalo sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF) family genes and their affection on milk traits.

The sterol regulatory element-binding factor (SREBF) genes are a vital group of proteins binding to the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) regulating the synthesis of fatty acid. Two potential candidate genes (SREBF1 and SREBF2) have been identified as affecting milk traits. This study aims to identify the SREBF family of genes and find candidate markers or SREBF genes influencing lactation production in buffalo. A genome-wide study was performed and identified seven SREBF genes randomly distributed on 7 chromosomes and 24 protein isoforms in buffalos. The SREBF family of genes were also characterized in cattle, goat, sheep and horse, and using these all-protein sequences, a phylogenetic tree was built. The SREBF family genes were homologous between each other in the five livestock. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or near the SREBF genes in the buffalo genome were identified and at least one milk production trait was associated with three of the SNP. The expression of SREBF genes at different lactation stages in buffalo and cattle from published data were compared and the SREBF genes retained a high expression throughout lactation with the trend being the same for buffalo and cattle. These results provide valuable information for clarifying the evolutionary relationship of the SREBF family genes and determining the role of SREBF genes in the regulation of milk production in buffalo.

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism of Gibberellic acid Regulates the Growth and Flavonoid Synthesis in Phellodendron chinense Schneid Seedlings.

The phytohormone gibberellic acids (GAs) play a crucial role in the processes of growth, organ development, and secondary metabolism. However, the mechanism of exogenous GA3 regulating the growth and flavonoid synthesis in Phellodendron chinense Schneid (P. chinense Schneid) seedlings remains unclear. In this study, the physicochemical properties, gene expression level, and secondary metabolite of P. chinense Schneid seedlings under GA3 treatment were investigated. The results showed that GA3 significantly improved the plant height, ground diameter, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, soluble substance content, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase activities. This was accompanied by elevated relative expression levels of Pc(S)-GA2ox, Pc(S)-DELLA, Pc(S)-SAUR50, Pc(S)-PsaD, Pc(S)-Psb 27, Pc(S)-PGK, Pc(S)-CER3, and Pc(S)-FBA unigenes. Conversely, a notable reduction was observed in the carotenoid content, catalase activity and the relative expression abundances of Pc(S)-KAO, Pc(S)-GID1/2, and Pc(S)-GH 3.6 unigenes in leaves of P. chinense Schneid seedlings (p < 0.05). Furthermore, GA3 evidently decreased the contents of pinocembrin, pinobanksin, isosakuranetin, naringin, naringenin, (-)-epicatechin, tricetin, luteolin, and vitexin belonged to flavonoid in stem bark of P. chinense Schneid seedlings (p < 0.05). These results indicated that exogenous GA3 promoted growth through improving chlorophyll content and gene expression in photosynthesis and phytohormone signal pathway and inhibited flavonoid synthesis in P. chinense Schneid seedlings.

Towards the detection of copy number variation from single sperm sequencing in cattle.

BACKGROUND: Copy number variation (CNV) has been routinely studied using bulk-cell sequencing. However, CNV is not well studied on the single-cell level except for humans and a few model organisms. RESULTS: We sequenced 143 single sperms of two Holstein bulls, from which we predicted CNV events using 14 single sperms with deep sequencing. We then compared the CNV results derived from single sperms with the bulk-cell sequencing of one bull's family trio of diploid genomes. As a known CNV hotspot, segmental duplications were also predicted using the bovine ARS-UCD1.2 genome. Although the trio CNVs validated only some single sperm CNVs, they still showed a distal chromosomal distribution pattern and significant associations with segmental duplications and satellite repeats. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary results pointed out future research directions and highlighted the importance of uniform whole genome amplification, deep sequence coverage, and dedicated software pipelines for CNV detection using single cell sequencing data.

Genome-wide recombination map construction from single sperm sequencing in cattle.

BACKGROUND: Meiotic recombination is one of the important phenomena contributing to gamete genome diversity. However, except for human and a few model organisms, it is not well studied in livestock, including cattle. RESULTS: To investigate their distributions in the cattle sperm genome, we sequenced 143 single sperms from two Holstein bulls. We mapped meiotic recombination events at high resolution based on phased heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In the absence of evolutionary selection pressure in fertilization and survival, recombination events in sperm are enriched near distal chromosomal ends, revealing that such a pattern is intrinsic to the molecular mechanism of meiosis. Furthermore, we further validated these findings in single sperms with results derived from sequencing its family trio of diploid genomes and our previous studies of recombination in cattle. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale single sperm whole-genome sequencing effort in livestock, which provided useful information for future studies of recombination, genome instability, and male infertility.

Characterization of extrachromosomal circular DNA in cattle using 676 whole genome sequencing datasets.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) is an important fraction of the genome. Recent studies proved that eccDNA plays important roles in genetic variation, aging and environmental adaptation, which have drawn wide attention. However, the characteristics of eccDNA in cattle remain unclear. Here, we studied eccDNAs from 676 cattle of 58 breeds using whole genome sequencing datasets. In total, 47 355 high-confidence eccDNAs were identified and covered 4.6% of the cattle autosomes in length. Similarly to other species, the cattle eccDNA preferentially located in the genic and repeat sequences. Cattle eccDNAs contained complete sequences of 661 genes, which were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in immunity-related functions. The eccDNA was further proved to have inverted repeats on the boundaries, which contained a high proportion of A/T and ranged from 4 to 17 bp. Interestingly, we successfully separated animals according to their geographical distributions and their tissues where DNA was isolated. This implied possible roles for eccDNA in cattle selection and tissue development. Our study supplies basic knowledges on eccDNAs in cattle, which will promote understanding of extrachromosomal DNA.

Recognition and Segmentation of Individual Bone Fragments with a Deep Learning Approach in CT Scans of Complex Intertrochanteric Fractures: A Retrospective Study.

The characteristics of bone fragments are the main influencing factors for the choice of treatment in intertrochanteric fractures. This study aimed to develop a deep learning algorithm for recognizing and segmenting individual fragments in CT images of complex intertrochanteric fractures for orthopedic surgeons. This study was based on 160 hip CT scans (43,510 images) of complex fractures of three types based on the Evans-Jensen classification (40 cases of type 3 (IIA) fractures, 80 cases of type 4 (IIB)fractures, and 40 cases of type 5 (III)fractures) retrospectively. The images were randomly split into two groups to construct a training set of 120 CT scans (32,045 images) and a testing set of 40 CT scans (11,465 images). A deep learning model was built into a cascaded architecture composed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) for location of the fracture ROI and another CNN for recognition and segmentation of individual fragments within the ROI. The accuracy of object detection and dice coefficient of segmentation of individual fragments were used to evaluate model performance. The model yielded an average accuracy of 89.4% for individual fragment recognition and an average dice coefficient of 90.5% for segmentation in CT images. The results demonstrated the feasibility of recognition and segmentation of individual fragments in complex intertrochanteric fractures with a deep learning approach. Altogether, these promising results suggest the potential of our model to be applied to many clinical scenarios.

Propensity score-matched analysis of clinical outcome after enucleation versus regular pancreatectomy in patients with small non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of enucleation in treatment for low-grade (G1, G2) small (≤2 cm) non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (sNF-pNETs) remains controversial. This study investigated short- and long-term outcome of enucleation comparing with regular pancreatectomy in patients with sNF-pNETs. METHODS: The clinical data of patients with sNF-pNETs who underwent surgery in our hospital from January 2000 to December 2017 were retrospectively collected. Short- and long-term outcomes of two operations were analyzed. The propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to reduce potential selection bias. RESULTS: A total of 123 patients with sNF-pNETs were enrolled with 62 males, 69 G1, and median age was 56.91 ± 10.04 years old. During the follow-up period (mean 87 ± 58.1 months), 9(7.32%) disease progressed (recurrence or metastasis) and 2 died (1.62%), 5-years OS was 100%, 5-years DFS was 91.4%. Both lymph node metastasis (p = 0.117) and pathological grade (p = 0.050) were not prognostic factors for sNF-pNETs. The propensity score-matched cohort comprised 27 patients with enucleation and 44 patients with regular pancreatectomy. Enucleation was noninferior to regular pancreatectomy in terms of DFS, before or after PSM. The surgical duration (P < 0.01) and blood loss (P < 0.01) significantly decreased in enucleation compared with regular pancreatectomy. The other postoperative complications tended to occur in regular pancreatectomy than in enucleation, but no statistically significant difference (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Enucleation seems to be an effective option for the treatment of sNF-pNETs with a lower total rate of postoperative complications and similar long-term prognosis, compared with regular pancreatectomy.

Impact of gamma-ray radiation-induced photodarkening on mode instability degradation of an ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier.

The laser performance of a high-power ytterbium-doped fiber amplifier is mainly hindered by the onset of mode instability. In this work, the slope efficiency and mode instability threshold of the ytterbium-doped fiber under various gamma-ray radiation doses have been measured. Experimental results reveal that gamma-ray radiation-induced photodarkening degrades mode instability severely, and gamma-ray radiation-induced mode instability degradation can be partly bleached by hours of pump-light injection. It is shown that gamma-ray radiation-induced photodarkening results in a steep reduction of slope efficiency and mode instability threshold; moreover, the entire irradiated fiber can be partly bleached by hours of pump-light injection and exhibits both time and gamma-ray radiation-dose saturation properties. The experimental results indicate that mode instability mitigation can be partly realized by pump-light injection and implies photodarkening suppression is beneficial for TMI mitigation, which is very promising for the advancement of high-power fiber lasers.

Layered Crystal Structure, Color-Tunable Photoluminescence, and Excellent Thermal Stability of MgIn2P4O14 Phosphate-Based Phosphors.

Single-component white phosphors stand a good chance to serve in the next-generation high-power white light-emitting diodes. Because of low thermal stability and containing lanthanide ions with reduced valence state, most of reported phosphors usually suffer unstable color of lighting for practical packaging and comparably complex synthetic processes. In this work, we present a type of novel color-tunable blue-white-yellow-emitting MgIn2P4O14:Tm3+/Dy3+ phosphor with high thermal stability, which can be easily fabricated in air. Under UV excitation, the MgIn2P4O14:Tm0.02Dy0.03 white phosphor exhibits negligible thermal-quenching behavior, with a 99.5% intensity retention at 150 °C, relative to its initial value at room temperature. The phosphor host MgIn2P4O14 was synthesized and reported for the first time. MgIn2P4O14 crystallizes in the space group of C2/c (No. 15) with a novel layered structure built of alternate anionic and cationic layers. Its disordering structure, with Mg and In atoms co-occupying the same site, is believed to facilitate the energy transfer between rare-earth ions and benefit by sustaining the luminescence with increasing temperature. The measured absolute quantum yields of MgIn2P4O14:Dy0.04, MgIn2P4O14:Tm0.01Dy0.04, and MgIn2P4O14:Tm0.02Dy0.03 phosphors under the excitation of 351 nm ultraviolet radiation are 70.50%, 53.24%, and 52.31%, respectively. Present work indicates that the novel layered MgIn2P4O14 is a promising candidate as a single-component white phosphor host with an excellent thermal stability for near-UV-excited white-light-emitting diodes (wLEDs).

Active radiation hardening of Tm-doped silica fiber based on pump bleaching.

Tm-doped fiber laser or amplifier can be applied in varied adverse environments. In this work, we demonstrate the pump bleaching of Tm-doped silica fiber with 793nm pump source under gamma-ray irradiation in the range 50Gy-675Gy. The recovery time, the fiber slope efficiency and the fiber cladding absorption spectra after irradiation and bleaching have been measured. It is found that the recovery time and radiation induce absorption are positively associated with doses, however, the fiber slope efficiency of irradiated TDF and bleached TDF are both negatively correlated with doses. Based on the simulation of the fiber core temperature, the probable mechanism of pump bleaching is also discussed.

Faults locating of power distribution systems based on successive PSO-GA algorithm.

As the terminal of the power system, the distribution network is the main area where failures occur. In addition, with the integration of distributed generation, the traditional distribution network becomes more complex, rendering the conventional fault location algorithms based on a single power supply obsolete. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a new algorithm to locate the fault of the distributed power distribution network. In existing fault localization algorithms for distribution networks, since there are only two states of line faults, which can usually be represented by 0 and 1, most algorithms use discrete algorithms with this characteristic for iterative optimization. Therefore, this paper combines the advantages of the particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm and uses continuous real numbers for iteration to construct a successive particle swarm genetic algorithm (SPSO-GA) different from previous algorithms. The accuracy, speed, and fault tolerance of SPSO-GA, discrete particle swarm Genetic algorithm, and artificial fish swarm algorithm are compared in an IEEE33-node distribution network with the distributed power supply. The simulation results show that the SPSO-GA algorithm has high optimization accuracy and stability for single, double, or triple faults. Furthermore, SPSO-GA has a rapid convergence velocity, requires fewer particles, and can locate the fault segment accurately for the distribution network containing distorted information.

A simulation of chip formation mechanism in elliptical vibration assisted cutting of nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718.

This article reveals the chip formation and the reducing of cutting force mechanisms of nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 under elliptical vibration cutting using finite element analysis software. The results are compared with traditional cutting methods. The elliptical motion trajectory of the tool in elliptical vibration cutting machining is analyzed, and a two-dimensional finite element elliptical vibration cutting model is established. The effects of dynamic impact on the elliptical vibration cutting of Inconel 718 were discussed in terms of the surface morphology, chip formation mechanism, and cutting force reduced mechanism. The simulation results show that (1) compared with traditional cutting, the surface morphology of the workpiece machined by elliptical vibration cutting is better, and the machined surface has obvious elliptic indentation; (2) in traditional cutting, sawtooth chips are formed through shear slip, while in elliptical vibration cutting, the faster relative cutting speed vc, higher tool-tip temperature, and smaller material removal cross-sectional area cause a more prominent thermal softening effect in the chip formation process than that in traditional cutting, which leads to the plastic flow to be dominant in the material removal process, resulting in the strip chips; and (3) compared with traditional cutting, the normal cutting force and the tangential cutting force in elliptical vibration cutting are separately reduced about 51.4% and 60.8%.

Integrative Analysis of miRNA and circRNA Expression Profiles and Interaction Network in HSV-1-Infected Primary Corneal Epithelial Cells.

PURPOSE: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are products of alternative splicing with roles as competitive endogenous RNAs or microRNA sponges, regulating gene expression and biological processes. However, the involvement of circRNAs in herpes simplex keratitis remains largely unexplored. METHODS: This study examines circRNA and miRNA expression profiles in primary human corneal epithelial cells infected with HSV-1, compared to uninfected controls, using microarray analysis. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the potential function of the dysregulated circRNAs and microRNA response elements (MREs) in these circRNAs, forming an interaction network between dysregulated circRNAs and miRNAs. RESULTS: A total of 332 circRNAs and 16 miRNAs were upregulated, while 80 circRNAs and six miRNAs were downregulated (fold change ≥2.0 and p < 0.05). Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses were performed on parental genes of dysregulated circRNAs to uncover potential functions in HSV-1 infection. Notably, miR-181b-5p, miR-338-3p, miR-635, and miR-222-3p emerged as pivotal miRNAs interacting with multiple dysregulated circRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive study offers insights into differentially expressed circRNAs and miRNAs during HSV-1 infection in corneal epithelial cells, shedding light on circRNA-miRNA interactions' potential role in herpes simplex keratitis pathogenesis.

[Effect of ginseng polysaccharide-induced wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction pathway on apoptosis of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells CNE-2].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells CNE-2, and discuss the possible mechanism. METHOD: The effect of GPS on the growth of CNE-2 cells was observed by CCK8 assay. CNE-2 cells in the logarithmic phase were collected and processed respectively with different concentrations (0, 0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3. 0. 4 g L-1) of GPS for 48 h. The flow cytometry was used to detect its induction effect on CNE-2 cell apoptosis. Hoechst-33258 cell staining and electron microscope were used to observe the morphological changes of cells. The beta-catenin mRNA expression was detected by Real-time PCR. The protein localizations and expressions of beta-catenin and TCF4 were tested by the immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of beta-catenin, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were detected by Western blot. RESULT: CCK8 assay results showed that GPS could remarkably inhibit the proliferation of CNE-2 cells, with dose-time dependence. IC50 of cells induced with GPS for 48 h was 0. 39 g L-1. After being processed with GPS with concentrations of 0.1, 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4 g L-1 for 48 h, the cell apoptosis rates of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells CNE-2 were (5. 69 +/- 0. 29)% , (10. 3 +/- 0. 63)% , (15. 4 +/- 0. 74 ) % and (35. 7 +/- 1. 86)% , respectively. Significant difference was observed compared with the control group (2. 08 +/- 0. 11) % (P <0. 05). The results of Hoechst-33258 staining showed the characteristics of cell apoptosis. Under the electron microscope, apoptosis bodies could be observed among CNE-2 cells induced with GPS with the concentration of 0. 4 g L -1 for 48 h. The results of Real-time PCR showed a significant reduction in beta-catenin mRNA expression. The results of laser confocal microscopy revealed notable decrease of beta-catenin and TCF4 expression in nucleus and transfer from nucleus to cell membranes in beta-catenin expression areas after being processed with GPS for 48 h. Western blot showed significant decrease in the expressions of beta-catenin and anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2, with an increasing expression in apoptosis-promoting protein Bax (P <0. 05). CONCLUSION: GPS could significantly inhibit the proliferation of CNE-2 cells and promote thier apoptosis. The obstruction of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway may be an important mechanism for GPS to induce the apoptosis of human nasopharyngeal cancer cells CNE-2.

Preparation of water storage ceramsite via dredged silt and biomass waste: Pore formation, water purification and application.

Natural water pollution and eutrophication are environmental problems that urgently need to be solved. Porous ceramsite could be applied for both water storage and water purification. This research used biomass and dredged silt to prepare water storage ceramsite (WSC), and investigated the adsorption and removal effects of WSC on phosphorus (P), nitrogen ((NH4+)N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results showed that the biomass was mostly burned and partially carbonized during the high-temperature sintering process to form a rich pore structure inside the material. The rich pore structure effectively improved the water absorption to 105.58 %. The abundant specific surface area could provide many attachment sites, which is conducive to the adsorption of target ions by WSC. Further testing showed that WSC could adsorb ions with different charges in different pH solutions. Therefore, this study provides a sustainable solution for the co-utilization of biomass waste and dredged silt, and the application of WSC could reduce the damage caused by extreme rainfall and water pollution.

16p11.2 CNV gene Doc2α functions in neurodevelopment and social behaviors through interaction with Secretagogin.

Copy-number variations (CNVs) of the human 16p11.2 genetic locus are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia. However, it remains largely unclear how this locus is involved in the disease pathogenesis. Doc2α is localized within this locus. Here, using in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological and morphological approaches, we show that Doc2α-deficient mice have neuronal morphological abnormalities and defects in neural activity. Moreover, the Doc2α-deficient mice exhibit social and repetitive behavioral deficits. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Doc2α functions in behavioral and neural phenotypes through interaction with Secretagogin (SCGN). Finally, we demonstrate that SCGN functions in social/repetitive behaviors, glutamate release, and neuronal morphology of the mice through its Doc2α-interacting activity. Therefore, Doc2α likely contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders through its interaction with SCGN.

Evolutionary and Association Analysis of Buffalo FABP Family Genes Reveal Their Potential Role in Milk Performance.

The fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) family gene encode a group of proteins that affect long-chain fatty acid (LCFAs) trafficking and play a crucial function in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the identification of members, theevolutionary background, and functional characteristics of FABP genes in buffalo. In this study, in silico analysis was performed to identify the members of FABPs in buffalo. The results revealed that a total of 17 FABP genes were identified. Based on their phylogenetic relationships, these sequences clustered into five groups with similar motif patterns and gene structures. According to positive selection analyses, all duplicated gene pairs containing FABPs in buffalo had Ka/Ks (nonsynonymous/synonymous) ratios that were less than 1, suggesting that they were under purifying selection. Association analysis showed that one SNP in LOC102401361 was found significantly associated with buffalo milk yield. The expression levels of several FABPs in buffalo mammary epithelial cells were regulated by palmitic and stearic acid treatment. The findings of this study provide valuable information for further research on the role of FABPs in regulating buffalo milk synthesis.