Post-Disaster Mental Health and Dietary Patterns among Older Survivors of an Earthquake and Tsunami.

OBJECTIVES: Research suggests that cardiometabolic disease risks are elevated among survivors of natural disasters, possibly mediated by changes in diet. Using the Brief Dietary History Questionnaire, we examined (1) dietary patterns among older survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, and (2) the contribution of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS)/depressive symptoms, as well as relocation to temporary housing on dietary patterns and (3) gender differences in the associations. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data came from a prospective cohort study of 1,375 survivors aged 65-89 years (44.6% male). MEASUREMENTS: PTSS/depression onset was evaluated in 2013, 2.5 years after the disaster. Dietary data was collected with a self-administered brief-type diet history questionnaire in 2020. A principal component analysis identified three posterior dietary patterns. RESULTS: Diet 1 consisted of high intake of vegetables, soy products, and fruits; Diet 2 consisted of carbohydrate-rich foods and snacks/sweets; Diet 3 consisted of high intake of alcoholic beverages, meat, and seafood. Least-squares linear regression revealed that individuals with PTSS/depression were less likely to exhibit Diet 1, while individuals with PTSS were more likely to exhibit Diet 2 and 3. Especially, males who had depression showed an unhealthy dietary pattern. Those who have lived in a trailer-style temporary housing reported less consumption of Diet 3. CONCLUSION: Survivors of disaster with symptoms of mental illness tended to exhibit less healthy dietary patterns after 9 years. Diet varied by type of post-disaster mental illness, gender, and current social circumstances. We lacked pre-disaster BDHQ data, which is a limitation.

Adverse childhood experiences, exposure to a natural disaster and posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami.

AIMS: To investigate whether adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) modify the impact of exposure to a natural disaster (the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami) on the occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among older people. METHODS: Data were collected as part of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES), which is an on-going epidemiological survey investigating social determinants of health among older people across Japan. Information on PTSD symptoms based on the Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health, traumatic exposure to the earthquake (i.e., house damage and loss of relatives/friends during the earthquake/tsunami) and ACEs was obtained from 580 participants aged 65 or older living in Iwanuma City, Miyagi Prefecture, which suffered severe damage as a result of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami in March 2011. Associations were examined using Poisson regression analysis with a robust variance estimator after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of PTSD was 9.7% in this population; compared to those with no traumatic experience, the prevalence of PTSD was approximately two times higher among those who experienced the loss of close friends/relatives (PR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.11-3.03, p = 0.018), or whose house was damaged (PR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.07-4.34, p = 0.032). ACE was not significantly associated with PTSD. Stratified analyses by the presence of ACE showed that damage due to the earthquake/tsunami was associated with PTSD only among those without ACEs; more specifically, among non-ACE respondents the PR of PTSD associated with house damage was 6.67 (95% CI = 1.66-26.80), while for the loss of a relative or a close friend it was 3.56 (95% CI = 1.18-10.75). In contrast, no statistically significant associations were observed among those with ACEs. CONCLUSION: Following the Great East Japan earthquake/tsunami in 2011 a higher risk of developing PTSD symptoms was observed in 2013 especially among older individuals without ACEs. This suggests that ACEs might affect how individuals respond to subsequent traumatic events later in life.

Sex and racial/ethnic differences in the association between childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom subtypes and body mass index in the transition from adolescence to adulthood in the United States.

BACKGROUND: While attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been associated with higher body mass index (BMI), little research has focused on how this association differs by sex or race/ethnicity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between ADHD and BMI by sex and race/ethnicity (ie, European [EA], African [AA], and Hispanic American [HA]). METHODS: Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health Waves II to IV (n = 13 332, age: 12-34 years). On the basis of self-reported childhood ADHD symptoms between the ages of 5 and 12 years, participants were categorized into: ADHD predominantly hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI); ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I); ADHD combined (ADHD-C; a combination of ADHD-HI and ADHD-I symptoms); and non-ADHD. RESULTS: The patterns of ADHD-BMI associations in the transition period between adolescence and young adulthood differed by sex and race/ethnicity. Compared with non-ADHD, ADHD-HI was associated with higher BMI among EA males and females, while ADHD-I was associated with higher BMI among EA females. ADHD-C was associated with higher BMI for HA females. We found no evidence of an association among AA males and females and HA males. CONCLUSION: These study results suggest that the association between ADHD subtypes and BMI might differ across population subgroups in the United States.

[Elimination of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) aeropollen by rainfall].

The concentration of aeropollens of Japanese cedar decreases on rainy days, due to the rainfall removing pollens from the atmosphere. An analysis was performed of the concentration of pollen grains in rain water samples from Yokohama during the period February 10 to April 30, 1991. Sampling of rain water was performed using an automatic rain water collector, and an analysis performed on each mm of rainfall, from 1 mm to 5 mm. In this collector, 1 mm of rainfall corresponds to 100 ml of accumulated rain water. The pollens in rain water were concentrated by centrifugation to 1/200 volume, and pollen grain count was performed on a Fuchs. Rosenthal hemocytometer. Pollens of Japanese cedar were detected in the rain water during the period, 22 February to 19 April, and peaked on 22 March. The number of pollens at peak was 264,000 grains per 100 ml. The pollen count contained in the 2nd to 5th mm of rainfall compared to that in the first mm of rainwater was 19.4% in the 2nd mm of rainfall, 6.7% in the 3rd, 4.4% in the 4th and 2.3% in the 5th. From a log-log graph plot of this data, a regression line was obtained for a regression equation, y = 100.x-2.29. These data indicate that rainfall quickly clears pollens of Japanese cedar from the atmosphere. Examination of pollen obtained from the rain water, showed a few % of the pollen grains had ruptured, and on the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane of the ruptured pollen were attached suspended particulate matters from atmosphere.

[The rupture of cedar pollens in nasal secretions].

Allergic rhinitis caused by pollen of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) is found in Japan. These pollens, when inhaled into the nasal cavity, contact the nasal mucus membrane, and the allergens separate from the pollens, and pass through the nasal mucosa to interact with the mast cell-bound IgE. Patients with allergic rhinitis produce a great volume of nasal secretion from the mucosa. The morphological transformation of the cedar pollens when mixed with nasal secretion was studied. Nasal secretion was collected from two patients with allergic rhinitis. Cedar pollen gathered from a Japanese cedar tree was mixed with distilled water, and the cedar pollen suspension was mixed with a drop of nasal secretion on a slide glass at the room temperature (23 degrees C), and examined by phase-contrast microscopy. Of the pollen 20.6% were ruptured after 3 min, and 52.9% after 10 min, 84.9% after 40 min, and 81.3% after 60 min respectively. Further changes in shape of the ruptured pollens were observed with continued incubation. A hole opened in the cytoplasmic membrane through which the nucleus escaped, and crinkling of the residual cytoplasmic membrane was observed. The escaped nucleus separated into many small granules. In order to determine possible causes of the pollen rupture in nasal secretion, the relationship between pH of the nasal secretion and rupture rate was examined. The pH of the nasal secretion from two patients was 8.95 and 9.15 respectively. Salt solutions of 0.1 M NaCl, (NH4) 2SO4, NaNO3, CaCl2, Na2SO4, KCl, MgSO4, had pH range from 5.13 to 6.40.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Investigation of health effects associated with solvents used in dry cleaning workplace (report 1). Tetrachloroethylene concentration in working environment].

Tetrachloroethylene (TCE) level in the working environment was measured at five dry cleaning workplaces. Time weighted average (TWA) concentration of TCE collected using an activated charcoal badge were 2.3-19.1 ppm in summer and 1.3-56.9 ppm in winter. TCE level in the work place measured during the work process showed that when the dry cleaning machine was opened to remove clothes, TCE ranged from 63.2 to 85.6 ppm and while the machine was operating ranged from 50.8 to 143 ppm. TCE levels at the middle of the cleaning cycle ranged horizontally from 0.5 to 11.0 ppm (mean 3.0 ppm, 12 sampling points) in summer and from 7.7 to 85.3 ppm (mean 28.0 ppm. 12 sampling points) in winter. The values varied according to the location of the sampling point. In the living area adjacent to the workplace, TCE was found to be at the same level as the workplace. Therefore in order to prevent other family members from being affected it is recommended that the workplace be separated from the residence.

[Investigation of health effects associated with solvents used in dry cleaning workplace (report 2). Personal exposure to tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and TCE levels in man].

In order to understand the health effects of tetrachloroethylene (TCE) on dry cleaning workers, we surveyed personal exposure to TCE and TCE levels in man. Personal TCE exposure levels ranged from 0.6 to 100.8 ppm (time weighted average, TWA) and in winter the values were 1.1-11 times higher than that in summer. TCE levels in expired air ranged from 0.3 to 87 ppm, in blood from 0.01 to 0.73 micrograms/g, and total trichlorinated compounds (TTC) levels in urine ranged from 0.06 to 1.92 mg/dl. Correlation was highly significant between TCE concentration in blood and TTC concentration in urine (r = 0.927, p less than 0.01), and between concentration of personal exposure to TCE and TTC concentration in urine (r = 0.815, p less than 0.01). Following a three day holiday (non-exposure duration, 90 hr) TCE level in blood decreased from 0.05 to 0.006 micrograms/g, in expired air from 1.0 to 0.3 ppm and in TTC level in urine from 0.24 to 0.08 mg/dl respectively.