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Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent primary tumor of bones, often diagnosed late with a poor prognosis. Currently, few effective biomarkers or diagnostic methods have been developed for early OS detection with high confidence, especially for metastatic OS. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis through liquid biopsy. Here, we report a plasmonic imaging-based biosensing technique, termed subpopulation protein analysis by single EV counting (SPASEC), for size-dependent EV subpopulation analysis. In our SPASEC platform, EVs are accurately sized and counted on plasmonic sensor chips coated with OS-specific antibodies. Subsequently, EVs are categorized into distinct subpopulations based on their sizes, and the membrane proteins of each size-dependent subpopulation are profiled. We measured the heterogeneous expression levels of the EV markers (CD63, BMP2, GD2, and N-cadherin) in each of the EV subsets from both OS cell lines and clinical plasma samples. Using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model, the combination of four markers is applied to classify the healthy donors (n = 37), nonmetastatic OS patients (n = 13), and metastatic patients (n = 12) with an area under the curve of 0.95, 0.92, and 0.99, respectively. SPASEC provides accurate EV sensing technology for early OS diagnosis.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias Ósseas , Vesículas Extracelulares , Osteossarcoma , Humanos , Osteossarcoma/patologia , Osteossarcoma/diagnóstico , Vesículas Extracelulares/química , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias Ósseas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Técnicas Biossensoriais , Análise DiscriminanteRESUMO
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) face challenges in achieving high energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The lower operating voltage and excessive Zn metal as anode pose constraints on the overall energy storage capacity of these batteries. An effective approach is to reduce the thickness of the Zn metal anode and control its mass appropriately. However, under the condition of using a thin Zn anode, the performance of AZIBs is often unsatisfactory. Through experiments and computational simulations, the electrode structural change and the formation of dead Zn as the primary reasons for the failure of batteries under a high Zn utilization rate are identified. Based on this understanding, a universal synergistic strategy that combines Cu foil current collectors and electrolyte additives to maintain the structural and thermodynamic stability of the Zn anode under a high Zn utilization rate (ZUR) is proposed. Specifically, the Cu current collectors can ensure that the Zn anode structure remains intact based on the spontaneous filling effect, while the additives can suppress parasitic side reactions at the interface. Ultimately, the symmetric cell demonstrates a cycling duration of 900 h at a 70% ZU, confirming the effectiveness of this strategy.
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Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have gained significant traction in recent years in the bioengineering community. With the potential for expansive applications for biomedical use, many individuals and research groups have furthered their studies on the topic, in order to gain an understanding of how TENGs can contribute to healthcare. More specifically, there have been a number of recent studies focusing on implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (I-TENGs) toward self-powered cardiac systems healthcare. In this review, the progression of implantable TENGs for self-powered cardiovascular healthcare, including self-powered cardiac monitoring devices, self-powered therapeutic devices, and power sources for cardiac pacemakers, will be systematically reviewed. Long-term expectations of these implantable TENG devices through their biocompatibility and other utilization strategies will also be discussed.
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Coração , Próteses e Implantes , Humanos , Bioengenharia , Engenharia Biomédica , Fontes de Energia ElétricaRESUMO
Polysaccharides are promising biomolecules with lowtoxicity and diverse bioactivities in food processing and clinical drug development. However, an essential prerequisite for their applications is the fine structure characterization. Due to the complexity of polysaccharide structure, partial degradation is a powerful tool for fine structure analysis, which can effectively provide valid information on the structure of backbone and branching glycosidic fragments of complex polysaccharides. This review aims to conclude current methods of partial degradation employed for polysaccharide structural characterization, discuss the molecular mechanisms, and describe the molecular structure and solution properties of degraded polysaccharides. In addition, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the conformational relationships between the molecular structure and bioactivities, such as antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities, are also discussed. Finally, we summarize the prospects and current challenges for the partial degradation of polysaccharides. This review will be of great value for the scientific elucidation of polysaccharide fine structures and potential applications.
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Antioxidantes , Polissacarídeos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/química , Polissacarídeos/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is one of the leading cancer-related death causes. Enormous efforts have been focused on this field in these years. However, clinical trial failure is becoming a massive obstacle for researchers to apply their research results for clinical use. This study aimed to analyze the reasons behind clinical failures and identify potential risk factors of clinical trial failures. METHODS: On December, 1, 2021, we queried ClinicalTrials.gov for gastric cancer listed in phase II/III. We included trials specifying their interests in "stomach cancer", "Stomach Neoplasms", "Gastric Cancer", "Gastric Neoplasms", "Gastric Carcinoma", "Stomach Carcinoma", "Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer". Exclude criteria are: (1) Trials that start prior to 01/01/2007 and start after 12/01/2020; (2) Trials with "not yet recruiting", "suspended", "withdrawn", or "unknown" status; (3) Trials do not provide an anticipated accrual number or a start date. RESULTS: A total of 567 trials are included. 10.2% of these trials are failed. 16 (2.82%) were terminated for good reasons, and 42 (7.41%) were terminated for bad reasons. Multi-centre (P-value = 0.088) and anticipated accrual (P-value = 0.099) are potential risk factors for clinical failures in the simple logistic regression model. After considering the interaction between multi-centre and anticipated accrual, the odds ratio of anticipated accrual is 0.60 (P-value = 0.009) in single centre trials. In multi-centre trials, the odds ratio of anticipated accrual is 0.72 (P-value = 0.025). The primary reason for gastric cancer trial terminations is recruitment failure. CONCLUSION: The rate that trials terminated in gastric cancer has decreased compared to previous studies. Comparing to other types of oncology trials, poor accrual continues to be the predominant reason, followed by business or sponsor reasons. Single-center trials with smaller anticipated accrual number are more likely to be terminated which may resulted by limited resources invested to the trial. Single-center design exacerbated the difficulty of participant recruitment. Future studies need to continue tracking the rate of trial termination across oncology and whether the reasons behind them have changed.
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Carcinoma , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapia , Junção EsofagogástricaRESUMO
Arabinoxylan (HBAX-60) was fractioned from alkaline-extracted arabinoxylan (HBAX) in the whole grain of hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum Hook. f. Poaceae) by 60% ethanol precipitation, which was studied for physicochemical properties and structure elucidation. Highly purified HBAX-60 mainly composed of arabinose (40.7%) and xylose (59.3%) was created. The methylation and NMR analysis of HBAX-60 indicated that a low-branched ß-(1â4)-linked xylan backbone possessed un-substituted (1,4-linked ß-Xylp, 36.2%), mono-substituted (ß-1,3,4-linked Xylp, 5.9%), and di-substituted (1,2,3,4-linked ß-Xylp, 12.1%) xylose units as the main chains, though other residues (α-Araf-(1â, ß-Xylp-(1â, α-Araf-(1â3)-α-Araf-(1â or ß-Xylp-(1â3)-α-Araf-(1â) were also determined. Additionally, HBAX-60 exhibited random coil conformation in a 0.1 M NaNO3 solution. This work provides the properties and structural basis of the hull-less barley-derived arabinoxylan, which facilitates further research for exploring the structure-function relationship and application of arabinoxylan from hull-less barley.
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Hordeum/química , Xilanos/química , Xilanos/isolamento & purificação , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Metilação , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier/métodosRESUMO
Hericium erinaceus (H. erinaceus), an edible mushroom with medicinal value, has a long history of usage in China and other oriental countries. Polysaccharide is supposed to be one of the major bioactive compounds in H. erinaceus, which possesses immunomodulating, anti-cancer, antioxidant, gastroprotection and intestinal health promotion, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antihpyerglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. In this review, the current advancements on extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of polysaccharide from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of H. erinaceus were summarized. Among these aspects, summaries of the structural characteristics focused on the purified polysaccharides. Meanwhile, comparisons on the structural characteristics among the purified polysaccharides obtained from above three sources were made. Moreover, their biological activities were introduced on the basis of in vivo and in vitro experiments, and some possible action mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of the polysaccharide was discussed. New perspectives for the future work of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide were also proposed. HIGHLIGHTS Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide (HEP) were summarized. Structural characteristics of the purified polysaccharides from different sources (fruiting body, mycelium and culture broth) of Hericium erinaceus were summarized and compared. Structure-activity relationship of HEP was discussed, and new perspectives for the future work of this polysaccharide were proposed.
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Basidiomycota/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Agaricales/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos , Antioxidantes , China , Carpóforos/química , Promoção da Saúde , Humanos , Imunomodulação , Intestinos , Peso Molecular , Fármacos NeuroprotetoresRESUMO
The local overheating fault of power transformer winding threatens the safe, stable operation of a power system. Conventional winding temperature detection methods are point-type temperature measurements, and the hotspot position and the temperature distribution on the winding cannot be accurately obtained. A distributed temperature measurement method of transformer winding based on Raman scattering was thus proposed, and a fiber composite winding model was designed. The influence of fiber on electric field distribution and temperature transfer in oil was simulated, and the insulation performance of fiber composite winding was studied. The distributed optical fiber temperature measurement platform was built, and a temperature sensing test was conducted. The results show that the distributed temperature detection system of transformer winding has high temperature sensing and positioning performance with temperature measurement error less than 1°C and positioning accuracy error within 1.2 m. This means that this method can satisfy the requirements of transformer winding temperature measurement and provide a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach for online monitoring of high-power equipment.
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Winding overheating is a common fault in a transformer. To detect the temperature, the most widely used method is a point-type measurement, but traditional measurement methods cannot obtain the whole temperature distribution in a transformer. Taking this into consideration, a new method with which to measure the temperature of transformer windings was proposed. Based on Raman scattering, a new fibre-optic composite winding model was developed. The feasibility of the model was verified by electrical as well as temperature, field simulation and power frequency resistance testing. To assess the practicality and accuracy of the new model, a distributed optical fibre temperature measurement platform was built, and a series of experiments were designed. According to the data collected, the temperature measurement error based on the method could be limited to 1 °C while the positioning accuracy error was within 1 m, which meant that the new approach can satisfy the requirements of transformer winding temperature measurement and locate hot spots in the winding.
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The temperature distribution and deformation of the transformer windings cannot be measured in a distributed manner by the traditional method and failure location cannot be performed. To solve these problems, we present a transformer winding temperature and strain based on a distributed optical fibre sensing detection method. The design of the optical fibre winding composite model is developed and simulated winding temperature rise test and local deformation test distinguish between measuring the winding temperature and the strain curve. The test results show that the distributed optical fibre can transmit wire strain efficiently. Optical fibres, in the process of winding, have a certain pre-stress. Using the Brillouinâ»Raman joint measuring method, one can effectively extract the optical fibre temperature and strain information and measure the length of the winding direction of the temperature and strain distribution curve to a temperature measurement precision of ±2 °C and strain detection accuracy of ±50 µÎµ. The system can carry out local hot spot and deformation localisation, providing new ideas for the transformer winding state monitoring technology.
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Resveratrol has long been known as an antioxidant and a chemopreventive agent. Similar to resveratrol, pterostilbene (PT) is also a phenolic compound extracted from the Vitis species. However, there are few studies on the antitumor effect of PT. Thus, we investigated the effects of PT on the endometrial cancer (EC) cells in vitro and the related molecular mechanisms. Treatment of EC cell lines HTB-111 and Ishikawa with PT (25-100 µmol/L) dose-dependently suppressed the cell viability and induced apoptosis. Using miR microarrays, we examined the miR expression profile in Ishikawa cells with or without PT, and revealed that miR-663b was the most decreased in PT-treated Ishikawa cells. Furthermore, we predicted and verified that the pro-apoptosis factor BCL2L14 is the direct target of miR-663b. Over-expression of miR-663b and knock-down of BCL2L14 counteracted the suppressing effects of PT on HTB-111 and Ishikawa cells. In addition, we evaluated the miR-663b levels in EC tissues of 51 patients using an in situ hybridization technique. With the median of the score of miR-663b as a cut-off value, these EC patients were divided into two groups, and the patients with high miR-663b expression had significantly poor prognosis.
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Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/tratamento farmacológico , MicroRNAs/genética , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/isolamento & purificação , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Prognóstico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Estilbenos/administração & dosagem , Estilbenos/isolamento & purificação , Vitis/químicaRESUMO
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) could regulate physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of GABA on colon health in mice. The female Kunming mice were given GABA at doses of 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg/d for 14 days. Afterwards, the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations, pH values, colon index, colon length and weight of colonic and cecal contents were determined to evaluate the effects of GABA on colon health. The results showed that intake of GABA could increase the concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate and total SCFAs in colonic and cecal contents, as well as the weight of colonic and cecal contents. The colon index and length of the 40 mg/kg/d GABA-treated group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, decrease of pH values in colonic and cecal contents was also observed. These results suggest that GABA may improve colon health.
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Colo/efeitos dos fármacos , Colo/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/biossíntese , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacologia , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Ceco/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , CamundongosRESUMO
Polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L. has many bioactivities, but few papers report on the structural and rheological characteristics of the alkaline extract. The alkaline extracted polysaccharide was prepared from seeds of P. asiatica L. and named herein as alkaline extracted polysaccharide from seeds of P. asiatica L. (PLAP). Its structural and rheological properties were characterized by monosaccharide composition, methylation, GC-MS and rheometry. PLAP, as an acidic arabinoxylan, was mainly composed of 1,2,4-linked Xylp and 1,3,4-linked Xylp residues. PLAP solution showed pseudoplastic behavior, and weak gelling properties at high concentration. Sodium and especially calcium ions played a significant role in increasing the apparent viscosity and gel strength.
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Plantago/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Polissacarídeos/isolamento & purificação , Sementes/química , Configuração de Carboidratos , ViscosidadeRESUMO
PCI-24781 is a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor that inhibits tumor proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether PCI-24781 inhibits Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) expression in malignant gliomas. In this work, three glioma cell lines were incubated with various concentrations of PCI-24781 (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 µM) and analyzed for cell proliferation by the MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] assay and colony formation, and cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of EZH2 and apoptosis-related proteins was assessed by western blotting. Malignant glioma cells were also transfected with EZH2 siRNA to examine how PCI-24781 suppresses tumor cells. EZH2 was highly expressed in the three glioma cell lines. Incubation with PCI-24781 reduced cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis by down-regulating EZH2 in a concentration-dependent manner. These effects were simulated by EZH2 siRNA. In addition, PCI-24781 or EZH2 siRNA accelerated cell apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of AKT, mTOR, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70s6k), glycogen synthase kinase 3A and B (GSK3a/b) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). These data suggest that PCI-24781 may be a promising therapeutic agent for treating gliomas by down-regulating EZH2 which promotes cell apoptosis by suppressing the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is rich in starch and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), especially ß-glucan and arabinoxylan. Genotypes and isolation methods may affect their structural characteristics, properties and biological activities. The structure-activity relationships of NSPs in barley have not been paid much attention. This review summarizes the extraction methods, structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of barley polysaccharides. Moreover, the roles of barley ß-glucan and arabinoxylan in the immune system, glucose metabolism, regulation of lipid metabolism and absorption of mineral elements are summarized. This review may help in the development of functional products in barley.
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Hordeum , beta-Glucanas , Hordeum/química , Polissacarídeos/química , Amido/metabolismo , beta-Glucanas/químicaRESUMO
Lactobacilli fermentation possesses special nutritional and health values to food, especially in improving diseases related to the gut microbiota such as osteoporosis risk. Previous research indicates that lactobacilli-fermented foods have the potential to enhance the bone mineral density (BMD), as suggested by some clinical studies. Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of comprehensive summaries of the effects and potential mechanisms of lactobacilli-fermented foods on BMD. This review summarizes findings from preclinical and clinical studies, revealing that lactobacilli possess the potential to mitigate age-related and secondary factor-induced bone loss. Furthermore, these findings imply that lactobacilli are likely mediated through the modulation of bone remodeling via gut inflammation-related pathways. Additionally, lactobacilli fermentation may augment calcium accessibility through directly promoting calcium absorption or modifying food constituents. Considering the escalating global health challenge of bone-related issues among the elderly population, this review may offer a valuable reference for the development of food strategies aimed at preventing osteoporosis.
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Densidade Óssea , Fermentação , Alimentos Fermentados , Lactobacillus , Osteoporose , Humanos , Animais , Alimentos Fermentados/microbiologia , Alimentos Fermentados/análise , Osteoporose/prevenção & controle , Osteoporose/metabolismo , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , ProbióticosRESUMO
Recent years have witnessed tremendous advances in machine learning techniques for wearable sensors and bioelectronics, which play an essential role in real-time sensing data analysis to provide clinical-grade information for personalized healthcare. To this end, supervised learning and unsupervised learning algorithms have emerged as powerful tools, allowing for the detection of complex patterns and relationships in large, high-dimensional data sets. In this Review, we aim to delineate the latest advancements in machine learning for wearable sensors, focusing on key developments in algorithmic techniques, applications, and the challenges intrinsic to this evolving landscape. Additionally, we highlight the potential of machine-learning approaches to enhance the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of wearable sensor data and discuss the opportunities and limitations of this emerging field. Ultimately, our work aims to provide a roadmap for future research endeavors in this exciting and rapidly evolving area.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of the mixture of tremella polysaccharide (TP) and citrus pectin (CP) as an emulsifier by evaluating its emulsifying ability/stability. The results showed that the TP:CP ratio of 5:5 (w/w) could effectively act as an emulsifier. CP, owing its lower molecular weight and highly methyl esterification, facilitated the emulsification of oil droplets, thereby promoting the dispersion of droplets. Meanwhile, the presence of TP enhanced the viscosity of emulsion system and increased the electrostatic interactions and steric hindrance, therefore hindering the migration of emulsion droplets, reducing emulsion droplets coalesce, and enhancing emulsion stability. The emulsification and stabilization performances were influenced by the molecular weight, esterified carboxyl groups content, and electric charge of TP and CP, and the potential mechanism involved their impact on the buoyant force of droplet size, viscosity, and steric hindrance of emulsion system. The emulsions stabilized by TP-CP exhibited robust environmental tolerance, but demonstrated sensitivity to Ca2+. Conclusively, the study demonstrated the potential application of the mixture of TP and CP as a natural polysaccharide emulsifier.
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Acid hydrolysis serves as the primary method for determining the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides. However, inappropriate acid hydrolysis conditions may catalyze the breakdown of monosaccharides such as fructans (Fru), generating non-sugar by-products that affect the accuracy of monosaccharide composition analysis. In this study, we determined the monosaccharide recovery rate and non-sugar by-product formation of inulin-type fructan (ITF) and Fru under varied acid hydrolysis conditions using HPAEC-PAD and UPLC-Triple-TOF/MS, respectively. The results revealed significant variations in the recovery rate of Fru within ITF under different hydrolysis conditions, while glucose remained relatively stable. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for achieving a relatively high monosaccharide recovery rate for ITF entailed 80 °C, 2 h, and 1 M sulfuric acid. Furthermore, we validated the stability of Fru during acid hydrolysis. The results indicated that Fru experienced significant degradation with an increasing temperature and acid concentration, with a pronounced decrease observed when the temperature exceeds 100 °C or the H2SO4 concentration surpasses 2 M. Finally, three common by-products associated with Fru degradation, namely 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, and furfural, were identified in both Fru and ITF hydrolysis processes. These findings revealed that the degradation of Fru under acidic conditions was a vital factor leading to inaccuracies in determining the Fru content during ITF monosaccharide analysis.