3D fluorescence imaging through scattering medium using transport of intensity equation and iterative phase retrieval.

In this paper, we have proposed a method of three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence imaging through a scattering medium. The proposed method combines the numerical digital phase conjugation propagation after measurement of the complex amplitude distribution of scattered light waves by the transport of intensity equation (TIE) with followed iterative phase retrieval to achieve 3D fluorescence imaging through a scattering medium. In the experiment, we present the quantitative evaluation of the depth position of fluorescent beads. In addition, for time-lapse measurement, cell division of tobacco-cultured cells was observed. Numerical results presented the effective range of the phase amount in the scattering medium. From these results, the proposed method is capable of recovering images degraded by a thin scattering phase object beyond a small phase change approximation.

Single-shot generalized Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments using a polarization camera for target intensity reconstruction in scattering media.

To see through a random light field in real-time, single-shot generalized Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiments using a polarization camera are proposed. The target intensity distribution is obtained from a complex coherence function which is calculated from auto-correlation and cross correlation functions of phase-shifted speckle intensity distributions. The phase-shifted speckle intensity distributions are simultaneously obtained through a strategy of parallel phase-shifting digital holography. Experimental results show that the proposed method can image a moving object in a random light field using a measured complex coherence function through the van Cittert-Zernike theorem.

Quantitative phase imaging based on motionless optical scanning holography.

Optical scanning holography (OSH) can be applied to 3D fluorescent imaging. However, the optical setup for OSH is complicated due to the requirement of a phase shifter, a 2D mechanical scanner, and an interferometer. Although motionless optical scanning holography (MOSH) can overcome the problem, quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has not yet been realized because MOSH can only obtain incoherent holograms. If QPI in MOSH is realized, MOSH can be applied to various applications. In this Letter, MOSH-based QPI (MOSH-QPI) is proposed. In addition, a simple description of a coherent mode of OSH is presented. In the proof-of-principle experiment, the spatially divided phase-shifting technique is applied to reduce the number of measurements. The feasibility of MOSH-QPI is confirmed by measuring a phase distribution of a microlens array. MOSH-QPI is also applied to measure practical samples, and its results are compared with the experimental results of the conventional one using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

Common-path off-axis single-pixel holographic imaging.

Common-path off-axis single-pixel holographic imaging (COSHI) is proposed to obtain complex amplitude information using an in-line interferometer and a single-pixel (point-like) detector. COSHI is more robust to disturbances such as vibration than the conventional single-pixel digital holography technique because of its common-path configuration. In addition, the number of measurements can be reduced due to COSHI's reconstruction process based on the Fourier fringe analysis. In COSHI, an off-axis digital hologram can be obtained using the structured patterns composed of Hadamard basis patterns and stationary tilted phase distribution. Interestingly, COSHI's space bandwidth is larger than of the conventional off-axis digital holography because COSHI does not reconstruct the self-correlation term of an object. The proposed method is theoretically confirmed and numerical and experimental results show its feasibility.

Single-shot higher-order transport-of-intensity quantitative phase imaging based on computer-generated holography.

The imaging quality of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) based on the transport of intensity equation (TIE) can be improved using a higher-order approximation for defocused intensity distributions. However, this requires mechanically scanning an image sensor or object along the optical axis, which in turn requires a precisely aligned optical setup. To overcome this problem, a computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique is introduced to TIE-based QPI. A CGH generating defocused point spread function is inserted in the Fourier plane of an object. The CGH acts as a lens and grating with various focal lengths and orientations, allowing multiple defocused intensity distributions to be simultaneously detected on an image sensor plane. The results of a numerical simulation and optical experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method.

Common-path angular-multiplexing holographic data storage based on computer-generated holography.

An unconventional angular-multiplexed recording technique is proposed for holographic data storage based on a computer-generated hologram (CGH) technique. While general angular-multiplexed recording techniques require a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to record data pages as volume holograms, the proposed method records ones with a common-path configuration with the help of a CGH technique, which prevents the optical setup from being bulky. In the proposed method, the CGH reconstructs signal and reference beams simultaneously, and these beams interfere in a recording medium. By changing the diffraction angle of the reference beam from the CGH, angular multiplexing is accomplished with a common-path optical setup without additional optical elements. Multiplexed recording of four data pages is demonstrated in a proof-of-principle experiment, which indicates the feasibility of the proposed method.

Fast and accurate phase-unwrapping algorithm based on the transport of intensity equation: comment.

In [Appl. Opt.56, 7079 (2017)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.56.007079], an attractive phase unwrapping algorithm based on the transport of intensity equation is proposed. Although the effectiveness is experimentally evaluated, the derivation of the angular spectrum based expression is ambiguous. In this paper, the ambiguity is clarified with the Helmholtz equation.

Single-shot higher-order transport-of-intensity quantitative phase imaging using deep learning.

Single-shot higher-order transport-of-intensity quantitative phase imaging (SHOT-QPI) is proposed to realize simple, in-line, scanless, and single-shot QPI. However, the light-use efficiency of SHOT-QPI is low because of the use of an amplitude-type computer-generated hologram (CGH). Although a phase-type CGH overcomes the problem, the accuracy of the measured phase is degraded owing to distortion of the defocused intensity distributions, which is caused by a quantization error of the CGH. Alternative SHOT-QPI with the help of deep learning, termed Deep-SHOT, is proposed to solve a nonlinear problem between the distorted intensities and the phase. In Deep-SHOT, a neural network learns the relationship between a series of distorted intensity distributions and the ground truth phase distribution. Because the distortion of intensity distributions is intrinsic to an optical system, the neural network is optimized for the system, and the proposed method improves the accuracy of the measured phase. The results of a proof-of-principle experiment indicate that the use of multiple defocused intensities also improves accuracy, even the nonlinear problem.

Computer-generated-hologram-based holographic data storage using common-path off-axis digital holography.

A reconstruction method for multilevel complex encoded data-pages is proposed to increase the recording density of computer-generated-hologram-based holographic data storage by using off-axis digital holography. Although the detection process is based on off-axis digital holography, the proposed method keeps the optical setup a simple and common-path configuration owing to the computer-generated holography. Five-level complex encoded data-pages can be experimentally reconstructed.

Motionless optical scanning holography.

Optical scanning holography (OSH) is an attractive technique since 3D information can be obtained with a single pixel detector. However, OSH requires an interferometer, scanning architecture, and a frequency shifter to scan a time-varying Fresnel zone plate (FZP), which makes the optical setup complicated. To reduce the complexity, the polarization sensitivity of a spatial light modulator (SLM) is applied. The proposed method implements a time-varying FZP with an in-line optical setup by using only an SLM. Observing results for a USAF pattern and a fluorescent bead reveals the feasibility of the new motionless holographic 3D imaging technique.

Single-shot in-line Fresnel incoherent holography using a dual-focus checkerboard lens.

Fresnel incoherent correlation holography (FINCH) is a technology that can acquire three-dimensional information of incoherent objects such as fluorescence with an in-line optical system. However, it is difficult to apply FINCH to dynamic phenomena, since FINCH has to detect phase-shifted holograms sequentially to eliminate twin and zero-order images. In this paper, a method in which the phase-shifted holograms can be obtained simultaneously with an in-line setup by using an optimized simulated diffraction optical element (sDOE), realized by a phase-only spatial light modulator, is proposed. The optimized sDOE is an optical device with a dual-focus lens, 2D grating, and spatial phase shifter. Therefore, the sDOE is called a dual-focus checkerboard lens. The optical experiment confirms the feasibility of the proposed method.

Binary computer-generated-hologram-based holographic data storage.

Conventional computer-generated-hologram-based holographic data storage (CGH-HDS) needs to use a multilevel modulatable spatial light modulator (SLM). A binary SLM usually has a higher refresh rate than a multilevel one, and it enables HDS to increase the data transfer rate. To increase the data transfer rate by using a binary SLM, the introduction of a binary CGH is proposed. In general, a binary CGH degrades the image quality of reconstructed intensity distribution and emphasizes high spatial frequency components of datapages. In the proposed method, reconstructed intensity distributions that satisfy image quality as datapages can be obtained with low-pass filtering with an aperture at a plane of a recording medium. The optimum size of an aperture is numerically evaluated. The proposed method is experimentally verified. Moreover, the proposed method can achieve single and multiplexed recording of three datapages by a spherical reference beam with a binary CGH.

Transport-of-intensity holographic data storage based on a computer-generated hologram.

To increase the recording density of computer-generated-hologram (CGH)-based holographic data storage, a phase data page reconstruction method by the transport of intensity equation (TIE) is proposed. The TIE generally requires a scanning image sensor because the phase retrieval process needs at least two defocused intensity distributions. Although the TIE is applied, the proposed method enables detection of the distributions simultaneously by utilizing an extra conjugate component reconstructed from the CGH. Experimental results show that the proposed method allows reconstructing of a phase data page without any additional elements, which keeps the optical setup simple and low cost.