Important Predictive Factors for the Prognosis of Patients With Peritoneal Metastasis of Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated predictive factors for patients with peritoneal metastases of gastric cancer (PMGC) who underwent conversion cytoreductive surgery (C-CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal intraoperative chemotherapy (HIPEC) after responding to induction chemotherapy (laparoscopic HIPEC [LHIPEC]) followed by concomitant systemic and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (bidirectional intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy [BIC]). METHODS: Diagnostic laparoscopy was performed for 62 patients with PMGC between January 2017 and December 2022. The patients underwent LHIPEC and BIC induction chemotherapy using intraperitoneal docetaxel (30 mg/m2) and cisplatin (30 mg/m2), and intravenous chemotherapy for three cycles. The predictive parameters for progression-free and overall survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. The optimal cutoff values for Ki-67 parameters were assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. RESULTS: The study retrospectively examined 36 (58 %) of 62 patients who responded to induction therapy and underwent C-CRS or HIPEC. A Ki-67 index lower than 10 (p = 0.000), lymph node involvement (LNI) less than 2 (p = 0.039), and an omental lesion size score lower than 0.5 cm (p = 0.002) were predictive of recurrence-free and overall survival in addition to completeness of cytoreduction and the peritoneal cancer index. Cox regression analysis showed that the independent factors associated with recurrence-free survival were decreased Ki-67 expression (≥10 % vs <10 %) (hazard ratio [HR] 4.7; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.6-5.210; p = 0.020) and LNI higher than 2 (HR 1.92; 95% CIS 0.923-4.0; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node involvement and decreased Ki-67 expression are independent predictive factors of recurrence-free survival for patients with PMGC after induction chemotherapy.

[Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Caused by Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm-A Three Case Series].

Pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP)is a rare condition caused by intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm(IPMN). At our institution, 3 cases, along with literature review, of PMP caused by IPMN were treated with cytoreductive surgery. In case 1, a 70-year-old man was pathologically diagnosed with low-grade PMP with intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma. Recurrence was discovered 68 months after surgery, and the patient died after 78 months. In case 2, a 69-year-old man was pathologically diagnosed with high-grade PMP with signet-ring cell carcinoma caused by intraductal papillary mucinous carcinoma. The patient died 8 months post-surgery. In case 3, a 77-year-old woman was pathologically diagnosed with low- grade(partially high-grade)PMP with intraductal papillary mucinous adenoma. There was a recurrence 14 months post- surgery. The patient is still alive because of systemic chemotherapy 32 months after surgery.

[Pancreatic Acinar Cell Carcinoma with Peritoneal Recurrence Treated with Peritonectomy and Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy-A Case Report].

A 31-year-old man with a big epigastric mass from pancreas body was completely removed by distal pancreatectomy and segmental gastrectomy. Two years after oral administration of S-1 for 4 courses, peritoneal dissemination on the right subdiaphragmatic space was detected. Laparotomy revealed white colored round nodules were found scattered on the peritoneal surface, and the peritoneal cancer index(PCI)was 18. To achieve complete resection of peritoneal nodules, peritonectomy was performed. After complete removal of macroscopic peritoneal metastasis(PM), intraoperative hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy using 1 gr of gemcitabine and 60 mg of docetaxel was performed for 40 min with thermal dose of 41.5 min. Postoperative course was uneventful. Drug sensitivity test(HDRA method)showed that gemcitabine that gemcitabine showed the highest inhibition rate. The patient was treated with systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy. He is still alive without recurrence 18 months after peritonectomy plus intraoperative HIPEC. Pathological examination showed pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma(PACC)demonstrating positive for chymotrypsin. In conclusion, we present a PACC-case with PM successfully treated by a comprehensive treatment. Intraoperative HIPEC using gemcitabine may be effective for PACC patients with PM in treating residual micrometastasis after peritonectomy.

Recurrence of initially localized appendiceal mucinous neoplasms after radical resection: survey analysis and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Appendiceal mucinous neoplasm (AMN) is a rare tumor that may be successfully treated by appendectomy. However, some patients develop recurrence as pseudomyxoma peritonei. The present study investigated the recurrence rate after radial resection for AMN. METHODS: A survey on AMN was sent to 171 institutions, and 286 cases were analyzed. The risk of recurrence was assessed according to clinical parameters. Recurrence rates were compared with data from the literature. RESULTS: There were 250 cases in the low-grade group and 36 in the high-grade group, with perforation being detected in 50 cases. After a median follow-up period of 30 months, recurrence was detected in 17 cases, including 12 with high-grade histology and 10 with perforation. Two patients with low-grade histology and no perforation developed recurrence. Independent prognostic factors for recurrence were high-grade histology (p = 0.0001, RR = 8.56) and perforation (p = 0.0168, RR = 3.45). Four groups were classified by histology and perforation: group A: high-grade, perforation ( +), group B: high-grade, perforation (-), group C: low-grade, perforation ( +), group D: low-grade, perforation (-). Five-year recurrence rates in groups A, B, C, and D were 46.7, 25.9, 13.3, and 1.5%, respectively. All cases of recurrence were detected within 3 years, except for two in group B. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence in cases with low-grade histology and no perforation was rare; however, a postoperative survey for at least 3 years is required. In contrast, cases with high-grade histology or perforation need to be monitored using a similar approach to colon cancer. Prophylactic CRS + HIPEC may be considered.

Rationale of Treatment for Peritoneal Metastasis.

In 1998, the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International(PSOGI)proposed a novel treatment referred to as comprehensive treatment(COMPT). COMPT involves the complete removal of macroscopic tumors(cytoreductive surgery: CRS) and eradication of micrometastasis(MM)with neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC)plus intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC). This article provides a rationale for curative COMPT. Additionally, based on our experience, the selection criteria for treatment will be clarified. RATIONALE: The residual cancer cell burden is lowest immediately following CRS, and intraoperative HIPEC plays a crucial role in the treatment of patients with peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM). COMPT will fail if the number of the MM remaining after CRS exceeds the limit of complete eradication by intraoperative HIPEC(threshold). However, if the residual number of MM is less than the threshold, patients will respond positively to treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: To validate the direct effect of HIPEC, laparoscopic HIPEC(LHIPEC)was performed, and changes in the peritoneal cancer index(PCI)were then evaluated. Complete cytoreduction and HIPEC carried out based on the concept of COMPT was performed in 171 gastric cancer(GC)patients with PCI≤12, 183 colorectal cancer(CRC)with PCI≤21 and 460 pseudomyxoma peritonei(PMP)patients with PCI≤28. The postoperative survivals rates were then analyzed. RESULTS: After 1 cycle of LHIPEC, PCIs in GC and PMP were significantly reduced by 1.85 and 2.7 1 month after LHIPEC. However, PCI of CRC increased. Positive cytology at LHIPEC became negative in 57.6%, 42.9% and 60.9% of patients with GC, CRC and PMP, respectively. Median survival time(MST)for GC and CRC was 21.2 and 71.5 months, respectively MST of PMP was not reached. MST of PMP was not reached. Ten-year survival rates were 12.6%, 21.7% and 81.6%, respectively. Grade 5 complications for each disease were 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Complete cytoreductive surgery combined with intraoperative HIPEC may improve the long-term survival of patients with PSM who have PCIs less than the threshold levels, by keeping the mortality rates after CRS plus intraoperative HIPEC within acceptable levels.

Decision-Making Analysis for Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: A Survey by the Executive Committee of the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the individual treatment strategies among international experts in peritoneal carcinosis, specifically their decision-making in the process of patient selection for hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in women suffering from ovarian cancer, to identify relevant decision-making criteria, and to quantify the level of consensus for or against HIPEC. METHODS: The members of the executive committee of the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI) were asked to describe the clinical conditions under which they would recommend HIPEC in patients with ovarian cancer and to describe any disease or patient characteristics relevant to their decision. All answers were then merged and converted into decision trees. The decision trees were then analyzed by applying the objective consensus methodology. RESULTS: Nine experts in surgical oncology provided information on their multidisciplinary treatment strategy including HIPEC for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Three of the total of 12 experts did not perform HIPEC. Five criteria relevant to the decision on whether HIPEC is performed were applied. In patients with resectable disease, a peritoneal cancer index (PCI) <21, and epithelial ovarian cancer without distant metastasis, consent was received by 75% to perform HIPEC for women suffering from recurrent disease. Furthermore, in the primary disease setting, consent was received by 67% to perform HIPEC according to the same criteria. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Among surgical oncology experts in peritoneal surface malignancy and HIPEC, HIPEC plays an important role in primary and recurrent ovarian cancer, and the PCI is the most important criterion in this decision.

Thirty-three long-term survivors after cytoreductive surgery in patients with peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: a retrospective descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improves survival in selected patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) from colorectal cancer (CRC). However, little has been reported on characteristics and clinical course of long-term survivors with CRC-PM beyond 5 years. The objective of this study was to identify the clinical and oncological features affecting long-term survival of CRC-PM after comprehensive treatment. METHODS: Between January 1990 and April 2015, CRC-PM patients who underwent CRS with or without HIPEC in two Japanese tertiary hospitals were analyzed. Clinicopathological parameters and therapeutic details for long-term survivors (patients surviving ≥ 5 years after CRS) were described and compared with those for non-survivors (patients surviving < 5 years). RESULTS: The study identified 236 patients with CRC-PM who underwent CRS, with a median follow-up period of 2.5 years. Thirty-three patients (14.0%) were considered as long-term survivors. Compared with non-survivors, long-term survivors had a lower median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) [4 (1-27) vs 9 (0-39), p < 0.001]. Complete cytoreduction (CCR-0) was achieved in all long-term survivors, with a significantly higher rate [33/33 (100%) vs 141/203 (69.8%), p < 0.001]. Metachronous onsets of PM were more frequently observed in the long-term survivor group [26/33 (78.8%) vs 103/203 (50.3%), p = 0.018]. Regarding histopathology, long-term survivors more frequently had mucinous adenocarcinoma than non-survivors [8/33 (24.2%) vs 27/203 (13.3%)] and less likely exhibited poorly differentiated or signet ring cell carcinoma [2/33 (6.1%) vs 48/203 (23.7%)] (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: One in seven patients with CRC-PM achieved the long-term milestone after CRS. A long-term survival was associated with the presence of low PCI, CCR-0, metachronous onset, and mucinous histology.

The Pathologic Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) Strongly Differs From the Surgical PCI in Peritoneal Metastases Arising From Various Primary Tumors.

BACKGROUND: The surgical peritoneal cancer index (sPCI) is calculated based on a subjective evaluation of the extent of peritoneal disease during surgery. The pathologic PCI (pPCI) may be a more accurate and objective method for determining the PCI. This study aimed to compare the sPCI and pPCI and to study the potential pitfalls and clinical implications of using the pPCI. METHODS: This prospective study (July to December 2018) included all patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery (CRS). The pPCI was calculated for each patient and compared with the sPCI. The impact of potential confounding factors on the difference between pPCI and sPCI was evaluated. RESULTS: Among 191 patients undergoing CRS at four centers, the pPCI and sPCI were concordant for 37 patients (19.3%). The pPCI was lower than the sPCI for 125 patients (65.4%) and higher for 29 patients (15.1%). The concordance between the two groups was maximum for gastric cancer (38.8%) and colorectal cancer (27.6%) and least for mesothelioma (6.7%) and rare primary tumors (5.6%) (p = 0.04). The difference was 0 to 3 points for 119 patients (62.3%), 4 to 5 points for 27 patients (14.1%), and more than 5 points for 45 patients (23.5%). The rate of concordance was not influenced by the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) (p = 0.4), but the difference was greater when NACT was used (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The pPCI strongly differs from the sPCI for patients undergoing CRS for peritoneal disease and may provide a more accurate evaluation of the peritoneal disease extent. Further studies are needed to determine its prognostic value compared with sPCI, and consensus guidelines are needed for calculating it.

Iterative cytoreductive surgery with or without hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal peritoneal metastases: A multi-institutional experience.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aims of this multi-institutional study were to assess the feasibility of iterative cytoreductive surgery (iCRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, iCRS in colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis (CRPC), evaluate survival, recurrence, morbidity and mortality outcomes, and identify prognostic factors for overall survival. METHODS: Patients with CRPC that underwent an iCRS, with or without intraperitoneal chemotherapy, from June 1993 to July 2016 at 13 institutions were retrospectively analyzed from prospectively maintained databases. RESULTS: The study comprised of 231 patients, including 126 females (54.5%) with a mean age at iCRS of 51.3 years. The iterative high-grade (3/4) morbidity and mortality rates were 23.4% and 1.7%, respectively. The median recurrence-free survival was 15.0 and 10.1 months after initial and iCRS, respectively. The median and 5-year survivals were 49.1 months and 43% and 26.4 months and 26% from the initial and iCRS, respectively. Independent negative predictors of survival from the initial CRS included peritoneal carcinomatosis index (PCI) > 20 ( P = 0.02) and lymph node positivity ( P = 0.04), and from iCRS, PCI > 10 ( P = 0.03 for PCI 11-20; P < 0.001 for PCI > 20), high-grade complications ( P = 0.012), and incomplete cytoreduction ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: iCRS can provide long-term survival benefits to highly selected colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis patients with comparable mortality and morbidity rates to the initial CRS procedure. Careful patient selection is necessary to improve overall outcomes.

Prognostic Factors of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma Experienced in Japanese Peritoneal Metastasis Center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The current standard of treatment for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma(MPM)is cytoreductive surgery(CRS)plus perioperative intraperitoneal or systemic chemotherapy(comprehensive treatment), The present study was performed to clarify the prognostic factors of PMP after comprehensive treatment. METHODS: Among 63 patients with MPM, male and female patients were 34 and 29. CRSwas performed in 47 patients and complete cytoreduction(CC-0) was performed in 14(22%)patients. Mean numbers of resected peritoneal sectors and organs were 5.2(1-13), and 2.9(0- 9), respectively. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion(HIPEC)was performed in 27 patients. Grade 1/2, Grade 3, and Grade 4 complications were experienced in 5, 6, and 3 patients, respectively. One patient died of sepsis, and the mortality rate was 2.3%. Independent prognostic factors for favorable prognosis were performance of HIPEC, peritoneal cancer index (PCI)score C12, no distant metastasis and histologic epithelial type. Relative risk of no HIPEC, PCI score B13, presence of distant metastasis and non epithelial type were 7.69, 22.1, 3.6 and 3.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for death after comprehensive treatment were no HIPEC, PCI score B13, and non epithelial type. However, only 11(17%)patients showed PCI score C12. Accordingly, PCI score should be reducedC12 before CRSby neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Effects of Cytoreductive Surgery Combined with Perioperative Chemotherapy on Long-Term Survivals of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Peritoneal Metastasis, with Special Reference to the Involved Peritoneal Sectors and Organs.

Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International(PSOGI)proposed a novel treatment, named comprehensive treatment for peritoneal metastasis(PM)from colorectal cancer(CRC). The present study demonstrated the efficacies of the treatment regarding the peritoneal sectors and organs involved with PM from CRC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 365 patients received laparotomy, 278 CRC patients with PM underwent complete cytoreductive surgery(CC-0). RESULTS: After CC-0 resection Grade 3, Grade 4, and Grade 5 postoperative complication were found in 20(7.2%), 26(9.3%), and 6(2.2%). Five- and 10-year survival rate(YSR)of CC-0 resection were 24.5%, and 11.6% with median survival time(MST)of 42.0 months. Regarding the peritoneal cancer index(PCI)of small bowel(SB-PCI), all patients of PCI B3 died of the disease. In contrast, 10-YSR of patients with SB-PCI of 0, 1, and 2 were 26.1%, 19.5%, and 6.2%, respectively. Ten-YSR of patients with the number of involved peritoneal sectors C9 ranged from 6.9% to 29.8%. MST of patients with PM in each peritoneal sector(sector 0 to sector 8)ranged from 26.4 months to 49.2 months, and 10-YSR ranged from 4.2%to 17.2%. Ten-YSR of patients with involvement of rectum, stomach, liver capsule, seminal vesicle, ureter, uterus, or ovary ranged from 0% to 16.9%. CONCLUSIONS: From the present data, PM should be removed aggressively to achieve complete cytoreduction, when the patients with PCIC26, involved peritoneal sectorsC9 and SB-PCIC2 are supposed to receive complete cytoreduction of PM.

Analysis of Treatment Failure after Complete Cytoreductive Surgery for Peritoneal Metastasis from Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm at a Japanese High Volume Center for Peritoneal Surface Malignancy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment failure after complete cytoreduction for appendiceal mucinous carcinoma peritonei (AMCP)has not been fully investigated. The present study was performed to clarify the risk factor for recurrence after complete cytoreduction for AMCP. METHODS: A total of 400 patients with AMCP who underwent complete cytoreductive surgery combined with perioperative chemotherapy were investigated. RESULTS: Documented recurrence was developed in 135 (33.8%)patients. The 5- and 10-year progression-free survival was 51% and 49%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, histological subtype of peritoneal disease(high-grade AMCP[AMCP-H]and AMCP-H with signet ring cells), serum CA19- 9 level, and PCIB20 were significantly associated with reduced progression-free survival. In contrast, histologic subtype of mucin without epithelial cells(MWEC)showed the lowest risk for recurrence. Eighty-six patients had localized intra-abdominal recurrence, and 42 patients had diffuse peritoneal recurrence. Recurrence was found in the various peritoneal sectors. Eighty-one patients underwent complete cytoreduction for the recurrence, and the overall survival 5-year survival rate after secondary cytoreduction was 49%. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for recurrence were histologic subtype, PCI cutoff level, and serum CA19-9 levels. Aggressive second attempt of cytoreduction in patients with localized recurrence improved the survival.

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis of Urachus Origin Treated by Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): An International Registry of 36 Patients.

PURPOSE: Peritoneal carcinomatosis or pseudomyxoma peritonei from urachus is a rare form of presentation, often diagnosed at an advanced state of tumor burden. Because of its rarity, little is known about its natural history, prognosis, or optimal treatment. We searched a large international multicenter database of peritoneal surface disease to identify cases of peritoneal carcinomatosis of urachus that were treated with cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) at expert centers. The aim is to improve knowledge and understanding of the disease and standardize its treatment. METHODS: A prospective multicenter international database was retrospectively searched to identify all patients with urachus tumor and peritoneal metastases who underwent CRS and HIPEC through the Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International (PSOGI). Postoperative complications, long-term results, and principal prognostic factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The analysis included 36 patients. After median follow-up of 48 months, median overall survival (OS) was 58.5 months. Three- and 5-year OS was 55.4 and 46.2%, respectively. Patients who underwent complete macroscopic CRS had significantly better survival than those treated with incomplete CRS, with median OS not achieved and of 20.1 months, respectively [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.4-30.5, p < 0.001]. There were no postoperative deaths, and 37.9% of patients had major complications. CONCLUSION: CRS and HIPEC may increase long-term survival in selected patients with peritoneal metastases of urachus origin, especially when complete CRS is achieved.

Cytoreductive Surgery Plus Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastases From a Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma: Multi-Institutional Experience.

BACKGROUND: The multi-institutional registry in this study evaluated the outcome after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for patients with peritoneal metastases (PM) from small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). METHODS: A multi-institutional data registry including 152 patients with PM from SBA was established. The primary end point was overall survival (OS) after CRS plus HIPEC. RESULTS: Between 1989 and 2016, 152 patients from 21 institutions received a treatment of CRS plus HIPEC. The median follow-up period was 20 months (range 1-100 months). Of the 152 patients, 70 (46.1%) were women with a median age of 54 years. The median peritoneal cancer index (PCI) was 10 (mean 12; range 1-33). Completeness of cytoreduction (CCR) 0 or 1 was achieved for 134 patients (88.2%). After CRS and HIPEC, the median OS was 32 months (range 1-100 months), with survival rates of 83.2% at 1 year, 46.4% at 3 years, and 30.8% at 5 years. The median disease-free survival after CCR 0/1 was 14 months (range 1-100 months). The treatment-related mortality rate was 2%, and 29 patients (19.1%) experienced grades 3 or 4 operative complications. The period between detection of PM and CRS plus HIPEC was 6 months or less (P = 0.008), and multivariate analysis identified absence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.037), well-differentiated tumor (P = 0.028), and PCI of 15 or lower (P = 0.003) as independently associated with improved OS. CONCLUSION: The combined treatment strategy of CRS plus HIPEC achieved prolonged survival for selected patients who had PM from SBA with acceptable morbidity and mortality.

Effects of Neoadjuvant Laparoscopic Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy and Neoadjuvant Intraperitoneal/Systemic Chemotherapy on Peritoneal Metastases from Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) is the most important prognostic factor following comprehensive treatment for peritoneal metastasis (PM) from gastric cancer (GCPM); however, 70 % of patients with GCPM showed a PCI score above the cut-off level at the time of diagnosis. Furthermore, neoadjuvant chemotherapy may reduce the PCI score to lower than the cut-off levels. In this study, the effects of neoadjuvant laparoscopic hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemoperfusion (NLHIPEC) and neoadjuvant intraperitoneal/systemic chemotherapy (NIPS) were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In group A, NLHIPEC was performed twice in 53 patients with GCPM, separated by a 1-month rest interval. Changes in the PCI were studied at the time of first and second laparoscopy. In group B, after NLHIPEC, a series of 3-week cycles of NIPS were performed over three courses in 52 patients. A laparotomy for cytoreductive surgery (CRS) was then carried out and the PCI changes were studied. RESULTS: In group A, the PCI score at the time of the second session (11.8 ± 11.0) was significantly lower than at the time of the first session (14.2 ± 10.7), while in group B, the PCI at the time of laparotomy (9.9 ± 11.3) was significantly lower than at the time of NLHIPEC (14.8 ± 11.4). After NLHIPEC plus NIPS, complete cytoreduction was achieved in 30 (57.6 %) patients. CONCLUSIONS: NLHIPEC and NIPS are effective methods of reducing PCI levels before CRS.

Treatment of peritoneal metastases from small bowel adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Peritoneal metastases (PM) affect approximately one third of patients with metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA). Treatment options are (1) systemic therapy ± palliative surgery and (2) cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + IPC). Due to scarce evidence, PM from SBA represents a therapeutic challenge. This narrative review summarised and discussed the evidence that investigated available treatment options. METHODS: Studies were discussed if they investigated first line systemic therapy for advanced SBA or CRS + IPC for PM from SBA. Extracted outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and grade III-V toxicity/morbidity. RESULTS: Eighteen studies (15 observational, 3 phase II) that investigated systemic therapy and six observational studies that investigated CRS + IPC were reviewed. In studies that investigated systemic therapy, ORR, DCR, median PFS, median OS, and grade III-V toxicity ranged from 6% to 50%, 50% to 90%, 3 to 11 months, 8 to 20 months, and 10% to 68%, respectively. Fluoropyrimidine-oxaliplatin revealed favourable survival outcomes compared to fluoropyrimidine-irinotecan, fluoropyrimidine-cisplatin, fluoropyrimidine monotherapy, and other regimens. In studies that investigated CRS + IPC, median DFS, median OS, and grade III-V morbidity ranged from 10 to 12 months, 16 to 47 months, and 12% to 35%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on available evidence, fluoropyrimidine-oxaliplatin should be regarded as optimal first line systemic treatment. In selected patients, CRS + IPC appears safe and may be more effective than systemic therapy as single treatment. Future studies should evaluate survival and morbidity of CRS + IPC in larger cohorts, as well as the value of chemotherapy with targeted agents in metastatic SBA with subgroup analysis for PM from SBA.

Current status and future prospects of clinical trials on CRS + HIPEC for gastric cancer peritoneal metastases.

PURPOSE: There is no standard treatment for peritoneal metastases (PM) from gastric cancer (GC). The aim of this review is to evaluate the clinical trials on cytoreductive surgery (CRS) plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) for GC PM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The published clinical trials on CRS + HIPEC for GC PM are critically evaluated, and survival and safety are the primary endpoints. In addition, the registered ongoing clinical trials are summarised. RESULTS: The natural course of GC PM is <5 months. CRS + HIPEC could improve the overall survival (OS). In prospective studies, the median OS was 11.0 months in the CRS + HIPEC group vs. 5.4 months in the CRS alone group. In case-control studies, the median OS was 13.3 months in the CRS + HIPEC group vs. 7.9 months in the CRS alone group. In cohort studies, the median OS after CRS + HIPEC was 13.3. The median 1-, 2- and 5-year survival rates after CRS + HIPEC were 50.0%, 35.8% and 13.0%, respectively. There is no statistically significant increase in serious adverse events that are directly attributed to CRS + HIPEC. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of CRS and HIPEC is a promising integrated treatment strategy for GC PM that has encouraging initial results, calling for urgent further evaluation of this strategy in randomised control trials (RCTs).

[A Case of Colorectal Cancer with Peritoneal Dissemination and Liver Metastasis That Responded to Comprehensive Treatment by Chemotherapy and CRS plus HIPEC].

We report a case of colorectal cancer with peritoneal dissemination and liver metastasis that achieved R0 resection by preoperative chemotherapy and CRS plus HIPEC. A 33-year-old man presented with a complaint of abdominal bloating. After further examination, he was diagnosed with transverse colon cancer with peritoneal dissemination and liver metastasis. After 9 courses of preoperative XELOX plus cetuximab and 4 courses of preoperative XELIRI plus bevacizumab, he underwent transverse colon resection, peritoneal resection, and HIPEC(MMC 20mg/4,000mL physiological saline, 40mins). There was little histological evidence of peritoneal dissemination around the region of the primary tumor. Moreover, no tumor cells were found in other peritoneal disseminations or in the liver metastasis. As a result, he was able to undergo curative resection. Colorectal cancer with peritoneal dissemination still has a poor prognosis, but combination therapy with chemotherapy and CRS plus HIPEC is expected to improve prognosis.

Comprehensive Treatment Using Cytoreductive Surgery Combined with Perioperative Chemotherapy Improved Outcome of Colorectal Cancer Patients with Metachronous Peritoneal Metastasis.

To analyze the role of cytoreductive surgery(CRS)plus perioperative chemotherapy on the survival of colorectal cancer(CRC)patients with metachronous peritoneal metastasis(PM). A comprehensive treatment consisting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus CRS was performed in 291 CRC patients. Among the 291, 142 and 149 patients had synchronous and metachronous PM, respectively. The results showed no survival difference between the 2 groups. Median survival time(MST)of patients with metachronous PM with complete cytoreduction(CCR-0), small bowel(SB)-PCIC2, PCIC14 and differentiated histologic type ranged from 3.1 to 4.1 years. Five-year survival rates of metachronous group of the CCR-0, SB-PCIC2, PCI C14 and differentiated histologic type ranged from 25.8 to 38.9%. However, the 5-year survival rates of the incomplete cytoreduction(CCR-1), SB-PCIB3, PCIB15 and poorly differentiated type were significantly lower than those of the CCR-0, SB-PCIC2, PCIC14 and differentiated histologic type. Postoperative Grade 3, and Grade 4 morbidity were experienced in 11(5.8%)and 16(10.7%)in metachronous group. Mortalities of metachronous group were 1.3%(2/149). The comprehensive treatment can be performed safely and improves the survival of CRC patients with metachronous PM. After NAC, patients with SB-PCIC2, PCIC14 and differentiated type of histology are candidates for CRS, and CCR-0 resection combined with HIPEC is recommended.