Liver Cancer Risk Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and/or Alcohol: A Nationwide Study.

INTRODUCTION: New terminologies of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) have been developed. We assessed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk across MASLD and/or alcohol intake. METHODS: We included participants aged 40-79 years receiving a national health checkup from 2009 to 2010 in the Republic of Korea, classified as follows: non-MASLD, MASLD, MASLD with increased alcohol intake (MetALD; weekly alcohol 210-420 g for male and 140-350 g for female individuals), and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD; excessive alcohol intake with weekly alcohol ≥420 g for male or ≥350 g for female individuals). The primary outcome was HCC incidence. HCC risk was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: Among 6,412,209 participants, proportions of non-MASLD, MASLD, MetALD, and ALD cases were 59.5%, 32.4%, 4.8%, and 3.4%, respectively. During follow-up (median 13.3 years), 27,118 had newly developed HCC. Compared with non-MASLD, the HCC risk increased from MASLD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62-1.71) and MetALD (aHR 2.17, 95% CI 2.08-2.27) to ALD (aHR 2.34, 95% CI 2.24-2.45) in a stepwise manner. Furthermore, the older and non-cirrhosis subgroups were more vulnerable to detrimental effects of MASLD and/or alcohol intake, concerning HCC risk. Among the older, female, and cirrhosis subgroups, MetALD poses similar HCC risks as ALD. DISCUSSION: HCC risk increased from MASLD and MetALD to ALD in a stepwise manner, compared with non-MASLD. For an effective primary prevention of HCC, a comprehensive approach should be required to modify both metabolic dysfunction and alcohol intake habit.

Effect of long working hours on psychological distress among young workers in different types of occupation.

BACKGROUND: We investigated how the association between long working hours and psychological distress varies across different employment and occupation types in young workers. METHODS: Examining a nationally representative sample of 7246 Korean workers (3621 women) aged 15 to 40, we analyzed 23,492 observations spanning from 2016 to 2020. Psychological distress was measured using the Brief Encounter Psychosocial Instrument. We employed a generalized estimating equation to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Of the total observations, 5.2% worked <35 h/week, 52.9% worked 35-40 h/week, 23.5% worked 41-48 h/week, 10.3% worked 49-54 h/week, and 8.2% worked ≥55 h/week. The OR (95% CI) of the association between long working hours and psychological distress was 1.38 (1.11-1.72) for <35 h/week, 1.47 (1.32-1.65) for 41-48 h/week, 1.74 (1.49-2.04) for 49-54 h/week, and 2.11 (1.75-2.55) for ≥55 h/week compared to 35-40 h/week. The OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and psychological distress was significantly higher among wage workers (OR [95% CI]: 2.37 [1.94-2.89]) compared to self-employed workers (OR [95% CI]: 0.84 [0.52-1.36]). Additionally, the OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and psychological distress was significantly higher among white-collar workers (OR [95% CI]: 3.24 [2.54-4.13]) compared to service/sales workers (OR [95% CI]: 1.22 [0.86-1.72]) or blue-collar workers (OR [95% CI]: 1.71 [1.10-2.67]). No clear gender differences were observed. CONCLUSION: Psychological distress caused by long working hours can be pronounced among white-collar and wage workers.

Association between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and health checkup participation: A population-based longitudinal study in South Korea.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have shown that background sociodemographic factors are associated with health checkup participation. However, little is known about the psychological determinants of health checkup participation in longitudinal studies. This study explored the psychological determinants of health checkup participation based on a longitudinal study in South Korea. METHODS: Data were retrieved from a nationwide, longitudinal panel study in South Korea, which included community-dwelling general adults, conducted from 2005 to 2022. Established scales for assessing life satisfaction and self-esteem were employed, and life satisfaction and self-esteem levels were categorized into four groups based on quartile values (lowest, low, high, and highest). Respondents reported whether they had undergone a health checkup in the past year. Fixed effects logistic regressions were fitted to determine within-individual associations between life satisfaction, self-esteem, and health checkup participation (n = 15,771; 171,943 observations). Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) were determined. RESULTS: Compared with the lowest life satisfaction, the highest life satisfaction is associated with increased odds of health checkup participation (OR: 1.17, 95 % CI: 1.13-1.23). Compared to the lowest self-esteem level, the highest self-esteem level was positively associated with health checkup participation (OR, 1.14; 95 % CI: 1.10-1.18). The odds of participating in health checkups were also positively associated with age, income, and educational level. CONCLUSION: Although the effect sizes were modest, high life satisfaction and self-esteem were associated with an increased likelihood of participating in health checkups.

Association between long working hours and engagement in preventive healthcare services in Korean workers: Findings from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

BACKGROUND: Engagement in preventive healthcare services is crucial for preventing diseases. We explored how working hours are associated with engagement in preventive healthcare services, with a focus on gender differences. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2007-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The dependent variable was engagement in each of the five preventive healthcare services (health check-ups, influenza vaccination, and stomach, breast, and cervical cancer screenings). We estimated the prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using robust Poisson regression. RESULTS: The study analyzed 19,819 workers (9119 women). The adjusted PRs (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h per week and engagement in preventive healthcare services among men were 0.95 (0.90-1.00) for health check-ups, 0.86 (0.77-0.96) for influenza vaccination, and 0.95 (0.87-1.03) for stomach cancer screening compared to working 35-40 h per week. Among women, the adjusted PRs (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h per week and engagement in preventive healthcare services were 0.84 (0.78-0.91) for health check-ups, 0.82 (0.73-0.92) for influenza vaccination, and 0.88 (0.80-0.97) for stomach, 0.85 (0.78-0.94) for breast, and 0.82 (0.74-0.91) for cervical cancer screenings. CONCLUSION: Long working hours were negatively associated with engagement in preventive healthcare services, and the association was pronounced among female workers. Efforts to promote preventive healthcare participation among individuals with long working hours are necessary, and it is essential to consider the unique vulnerabilities of women when developing such policies.

Association between long working hours and diet quality and patterns: A latent profile analysis of a nationally representative sample of Korean workers.

BACKGROUND: Long working hours are associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This study investigated the relationship between the working hours and dietary qualities and patterns in Korean workers. METHODS: Data from 24,523 workers were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013-2021. The Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), which ranges from 0 to 100, with a higher score indicating greater adherence to Korean dietary guidelines and superior dietary quality, was used for dietary assessment. We identified dietary patterns and classified workers using latent profile analysis. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Five distinct dietary patterns emerged: healthy diet (24.8%), low-vegetable diet (14.0%), average diet (7.8%), low-fruit diet (31.4%), and poor diet (22.0%). The mean KHEI score was 60.8, with the highest score observed in the healthy diet pattern (71.3) and the lowest, in the poor diet pattern (50.0). Compared with working 35-40 h/week, working ≥55 h/week was negatively associated with KHEI scores (ß: -1.08; 95% CI: -1.67, -0.49). Those working ≥55 h/week were less likely to have a healthy diet pattern (OR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.91) and more likely to have a low-fruit diet (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.55) or poor diet pattern (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.43) compared with those working 35-40 h/week. CONCLUSION: Long working hours are associated with undesirable dietary quality and patterns. Policy interventions aimed at enhancing dietary quality are needed to alleviate the health burdens associated with long working hours.

Impact of early economic activity loss on all-cause mortality in gastric cancer survivors following curative treatment: a nationwide study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: The impact of economic engagement on the health of cancer survivors is notable. Our study aims to explore the association between early loss of economic activity (EA) and the risk of all-cause mortality among gastric cancer survivors. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study utilized data from Korea's National Health Insurance Service, focusing on 30-59-year-old gastric cancer patients who received either surgery or endoscopic procedures from January 2009 to December 2013. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality. Early loss of EA was identified when a patient's insurance status shifted to dependent within one year following treatment. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality were estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, conducting separate analyses for surgical and endoscopic groups. RESULTS: Among 24,159 patients (median follow-up, 9.9 years), 2976 (12.3%) experienced all-cause mortality. Specifically, 2835 of these deaths occurred in patients who underwent surgery, while 141 were in the endoscopic procedure group. Early loss of EA was recorded in 14.4% of the surgery group and 7.7% of the endoscopic procedure group. Adjusted HRs (95% CI) for all-cause mortality associated with early loss of EA were 1.39 (1.27-1.54) for the surgery group and 2.27 (1.46-3.52) for the endoscopic procedure group. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant association between the early loss of EA and an increased risk of all-cause mortality in those who have undergone curative treatments for gastric cancer. It underscores the crucial role of sustaining EA in enhancing the health outcomes of these survivors.

Neighborhood Safety Concerns and the Onset of Depressive Symptoms Among Women: A Population-based Prospective Cohort Study in South Korea.

Neighborhood safety is crucial for the well-being of residents; however, longitudinal evidence is scarce. This study explored the association between neighborhood safety concerns and depressive symptoms among women. A nationally representative sample of 10,008 women was surveyed in 2016. Six dimensions of neighborhood safety concerns were assessed: crime, food, safety at night, traffic accidents, building and facility, and general safety. The total score for neighborhood safety concerns ranged from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater concerns. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 10-item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression. For cross-sectional analyses, we explored how neighborhood safety concerns were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at baseline. For the longitudinal analyses, we explored how they were associated with depressive symptom onset at the 2-year follow-up (2018) among women without depressive symptoms at baseline (n = 7,643). Logistic regressions were employed. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) of the neighborhood safety concern score was 12.7 (3.3). In the cross-sectional analysis, a 1-SD increase in neighborhood safety concern score was associated with 1.23-fold (95% CI: 1.13-1.35) increase in the odds of concurrent depressive symptoms at the baseline year. In the longitudinal analysis, a 1-SD increase in neighborhood safety concern score was associated with 1.15-fold (95% CI: 1.03-1.29) increase in the odds of experiencing the onset of depressive symptoms at the follow-up year. This study suggests that neighborhood safety concerns are risk factors for the development of depressive symptoms of female residents. Policy efforts are necessary to ensure community safety.

Interaction between old age and precarious employment on poor mental well-being in workers: Evidence from a nationally representative sample in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the relationship between precarious employment (PE) and mental well-being, focusing on age-specific interactions. METHODS: Nationally representative Korean workers (N = 29,961) were surveyed between 2020 and 2021 to collect data on multidimensional PE (categorized as low, moderate, or high) and the WHO-5 well-being index. Workers' ages were classified as young (<35 years), middle-aged (35-54 years), and older (≥55 years). Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The interaction between PE and age on well-being was examined by including interaction terms in the regression models. RESULTS: The prevalence of poor well-being was 25%, 29%, and 39% for low, moderate, and high precariousness, respectively, whereas it was 26%, 30%, and 39% for young, middle-aged, and older workers, respectively. In the overall sample, the OR (95% CI) of the association between PE and poor well-being was 1.24 (1.17-1.32) for moderate and 1.54 (1.43-1.65) for high precariousness, compared with low precariousness. There was a significant interaction between old age and PE on the odds of poor well-being. Compared with young workers with low PE, middle-aged workers with high PE (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.62-2.10) and older workers with high PE (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.83-2.40) exhibited increased odds of having poor mental well-being. CONCLUSION: PE serves as a social determinant of older workers' psychological well-being. Policy interventions are required to protect older workers' psychological well-being.

Long working hours, work-life imbalance, and poor mental health: a cross-sectional mediation analysis based on the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey, 2020-2021.

Background There has been growing concern about the negative mental health impact of long working hours and overwork. Our study examined how work-life imbalance (WLI) could be a mediator between working hours and poor mental well-being.Methods We included 34,968 individuals from a nationwide cross-sectional survey in Korea. Self-reported working hours per week was collected, and mental health was assessed by the WHO-5 Well-Being Index. Counterfactual-based mediation models were employed to disentangle the total effects into a direct effect (work hour - poor mental health) and an indirect effect (work hour - WLI - poor mental health).Results Out of 34,968 participants, 52.6% worked 35-40 h/week, 20.0% worked 41-48 h/week, 11.7% worked 49-54 h/week, and 15.6% worked ≥55 h/week. The odds ratios (ORs) of the total impact of working hours on poor mental health were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.01-1.16) for 41-48 h/week, 1.28 (1.17-1.39) for 49-54 h/week, and 1.60 (1.48-1.74) for ≥55 h/week in comparison to 35-40 h/week. The ORs of the indirect effects were 1.04 (1.03-1.05) for 41-48 h/week, 1.08 (1.07-1.09) for 49-54 h/week, and 1.14 (1.12-1.16) for ≥55 h/week, accounting for 51%, 31%, and 28% of the total effects.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that WLI can partially mediate the association of long working hours with mental health deterioration. Policy efforts are required to mitigate the adverse mental health effects of overwork.

Association between temporary employment and current smoking and change in smoking behaviors: A prospective cohort study from South Korea (2009-2018).

Background Previous studies have suggested that employment insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes. We explored the association between temporary employment and smoking behaviors.Methods We analyzed 11,795 workers (51,867 observations) from the Korea Health Panel Study (2009-2018). Employment types were categorized as regular, fixed-term, or daily, based on the duration of labor contract. The outcomes were current smoking status and changes in smoking behavior (initiation or cessation) in the following year. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results The proportions of fixed-term and daily workers were 41.2% and 16.4% for women and 23.6% and 12.4% for men, respectively. Temporary employment was associated with increased odds of current smoking, while also demonstrating prospective associations with changes in smoking behaviors. For instance, in prospective analyses, male workers with fixed-term and daily employments were associated with a decreased likelihood of smoking cessation (OR:0.77; 95% CI:0.65-0.91 for fixed-term employment and OR:0.66; 95% CI:0.52-0.83 for daily employment) in the following year compared to those with regular employment. Moreover, those experiencing consecutive temporary employment was most inversely associated with smoking cessation in both men (OR:0.56; 95% CI:0.44-0.71) and women (OR:0.37; 95% CI:0.16-0.85) compared to those experiencing consecutive regular employment. However, no clear association between temporary employment and smoking initiation was observed in both men and women.Conclusions Temporary employment is directly associated with current smoking and inversely associated with smoking cessation. Policies are needed to improve job insecurity among temporary employees.

Job dissatisfaction as a risk factor of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among female workers: evidence from a nationwide longitudinal study in South Korea.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between job dissatisfaction (JD) and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among female workers. Additionally, it examined how the cumulative exposure to JD over multiple years can exacerbate the effect. We conducted our analyses on a nationwide sample of 6111 female workers from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Family (Waves 5-7). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. JD was classified into quartiles (Q1-Q4), and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using generalised estimating equations. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among study participants was 13.9% and 2.4%, respectively. Our findings revealed that female workers with the highest level of JD (Q4) had a significantly greater risk of depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI]: 1.61 [1.37-1.89]) and suicidal ideation (OR [95% CI]: 2.08 [1.37-3.17]) after 2-year follow-up compared to those with the lowest level of JD (Q1). Consecutive exposure to JD over multiple years was also associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation after a 2-year follow-up. For instance, women exposed to JD for three consecutive waves exhibited a high risk of depressive symptoms (OR [95% CI]: 1.61 [1.33-1.95]) and suicidal ideation (OR [95% CI]: 1.67 [1.04-2.70]). JD was positively associated with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Our study suggests that JD is a risk factor for mental health problems in female workers.

Association between sickness presenteeism and depressive symptoms: a cross-sectional study using the 6th Korean working conditions survey.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to reveal the relationship of the days of experiencing sickness presentism and depressive symptoms among Korean workers. Sickness presenteeism which defined as the act of going to work despite being feeling unhealthy triggers various adverse effects on mental health, including increased risks of depression. Furthermore, Sickness presenteeism is a major social issue causing substantial socioeconomic costs. METHODS: The data of 25120 participants from sixth Korean Working Condition Survey was utilized in this cross-sectional study. Sickness presenteeism was defined using a self-reported questionnaire and depressive symptoms were assessed by WHO well-being index. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the odd ratios for depressive symptoms regarding the number of days experiencing sickness presenteeism. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for depressive symptoms after categorizing participants into three groups based on the duration of experiencing sickness presenteeism, using cut-off values of 3 and 5 days. RESULTS: Workers who have experienced sickness presenteeism for more than 5 days were at highest risk for depressive symptoms than referent group (OR 2.87; 95% CI 2.17-3.76 in male, OR 3.86; 95% CI 3.02-4.91 in female). Furthermore, there was a trend of increasing risk for depressive symptom as the duration of experiencing sickness presenteeism extended. CONCLUSION: This study presents the association between experiencing sickness presenteeism in the previous 12 months and depressive symptoms. Based on the results, we provide individual and organizational strategies of reducing sickness presenteeism. Also, screening for workers who have experienced sickness presenteeism are needed to ensure good mental health.

Association between constant connectivity to work during leisure time and insomnia: does work engagement matter?

PURPOSE: The influx of communication media to contemporary workplaces has exposed workers to be always connected to their work. Constant connectivity to work (CCW) refers to the condition in which workers are always connected to work, even during their non-work hours, and are not detached from the work situation. We investigated the association between CCW and insomnia and the moderating effect of work engagement. METHODS: A total of 29,512 nationally representative samples of workers in Korea were used. Insomnia was assessed by the Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The additive interaction between CCW and low work engagement was estimated by calculating Relative Excess Risk due to Interaction (RERI). RESULTS: Exposure to CCW was related to insomnia (OR [95% CI] 1.33 [1.22-1.46]). Additionally, a significant negative interaction between CCW and work engagement was observed. The effects of CCW were mitigated in those with high work engagement. The OR of the combined effect of CCW exposure and low work engagement was 2.52 (95% CI 2.22-2.87). RERI between exposure to CCW and low work engagement was 0.69 (95% CI 0.38-0.99), indicating that there is a supra-additive interaction. CONCLUSION: Our study found that CCW is related to an increased risk of insomnia and that high work engagement can mitigate the effect of CCW. Our study suggests that improving work engagement and disconnecting from work outside of work hours can help protect employees' sleep quality.

Long working hours and preventive oral health behaviors: a nationwide study in Korea (2007-2021).

BACKGROUND: This study explored the association between working hours and preventive oral health behaviors. METHODS: In total, 48,599 workers (22,992 females) were included from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2021). Weekly working hours were self-reported. The following three preventive oral health behaviors were set as outcomes: participation in annual dental check-ups; adherence to the recommended toothbrushing frequency (≥twice a day); and use of interdental cleaning devices. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression. RESULTS: In male workers, the adjusted OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and each outcome was 0.84 (0.77-0.92) for dental check-ups, 0.82 (0.72-0.94) for toothbrushing ≥twice a day, and 0.83 (0.76-0.92) for utilization of interdental cleaning device when compared to 35-40 h/week. In female workers, the adjusted OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and each outcome was 0.79 (0.70-0.89) for dental check-ups, 0.88 (0.70-1.11) for toothbrushing ≥twice a day, and 0.80 (0.71-0.90) for utilization of interdental cleaning device when compared to 35-40 h/week. Additionally, low socio-economic status, such as low educational attainment, low income level, and blue-collar occupations, were major risk factors associated with non-adherence to preventive oral health behaviors in both male and female workers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that individuals who work long hours are more likely to exhibit undesirable oral health behaviors.

Comparable Mortality Between Asian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Under Long-Term Antiviral Therapy vs Matched Control: A Population-Based Study.

INTRODUCTION: Antiviral therapy (AVT) substantially improved the prognosis for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Head-to-head comparisons of prognosis between treated patients with CHB and the general population are scarce. We directly compared the prognosis between Asian patients with CHB receiving AVT and the general population. METHODS: From the South Korean National Health Insurance Service database, patients with CHB receiving AVT ≥3 years, aged 40-64 years, who underwent health examinations between 2011 and 2012 (AVT-CHB group) were recruited. As a control, propensity score-matched general population was chosen among patients without CHB. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes were cardiovascular disease (CVD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and all types of non-HCC malignancies. RESULTS: During follow-up (median 7.2 years), 26,467 and 75,469 individuals in the AVT-CHB group and matched general population were analyzed. The 5- and 7-year cumulative all-cause mortality rates were 0.40% and 1.0% for the AVT-CHB group vs 0.50% and 1.0% for the matched general population (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-1.10; P = 0.51). The AVT-CHB group had a lower risk of CVD than the matched general population (aHR 0.70, 95% CI: 0.62-0.79; P < 0.001). Although the AVT-CHB group was more likely to develop HCC than the matched general population (aHR 13.16, 95% CI: 10.90-15.89; P < 0.001), the non-HCC malignancy risks in the AVT-CHB group were comparable to the matched general population (aHR 1.05, 95% CI 0.98-1.13; P = 0.137). DISCUSSION: The AVT-CHB group had a similar risk of all-cause mortality and non-HCC malignancies and a lower risk of CVD than the matched general population.

Statin use is associated with better post-operative prognosis among patients with hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The high postoperative recurrence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant challenge. Patient metabolic factors are potential disease modifiers and should be examined as risk factors for postoperative prognosis. Here, we assessed the association between long-term statin use and HCC recurrence after surgical resection of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC. METHODS: Patients who initially underwent curative resection for HBV-related HCC between 2005 and 2015 were recruited and followed up until December 2019. Patients were classified into statin user and non-statin user groups based on whether or not they had been prescribed statins for ≥2 years. The primary outcome was HCC recurrence, and the secondary outcome was liver-related mortality. The cumulative incidence by statin use was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. RESULTS: Among 5653 patients with a median 6.1 years of follow-up, HCC recurrence and liver-related mortality occurred in 1603 and 316 patients, respectively. The 5-year cumulative incidence of HCC recurrence in the statin user group (15.9%) was significantly lower than that in the non-user group (21.3%; p = .019). From multivariable Cox regression analysis, statin use was significantly associated with a reduced risk of HCC recurrence (aHR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61-0.98; p = .035) and liver-related mortality (aHR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.25-0.90; p = .023). CONCLUSION: Long-term statin use was significantly associated with reduced risk of HCC recurrence and liver-related mortality after curative resection of HBV-related HCC.

Association between long working hours and cigarette smoking, leisure-time physical activity, and risky alcohol use: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2021).

BACKGROUND: Long working hours cause adverse health outcomes; however, the precise mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unknown. We examined the association between long working hours and health behaviors, as well as gender differences in this association. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 26,385 Korean workers was analyzed. The exposure variable was self-reported weekly working hours. The outcomes examined were cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity (defined as engaging in ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity), and risky alcohol use (defined as consuming seven glasses for men or five glasses for women of alcohol in a single sitting, twice or more per week). Logistic regression models were utilized, and gender differences were examined by incorporating interaction terms into the regression models. RESULTS: Among 26,385 workers, 4,109 (16%) worked ≥55 h/week. The prevalence of cigarette smoking, high-level physical activity, and risky alcohol use was 19%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) of the association between working ≥55 h/week and outcomes was 1.26 (1.12-1.43) for cigarette smoking, 0.73 (0.65-0.83) for high-level physical activity, and 0.95 (0.83-1.08) for risky alcohol use compared to working 35-40 h/week. A moderating effect of gender on the association between long working hours and risky alcohol use was observed. The OR (95% CI) of the association between working ≥55 h/week was 0.88 (0.76-1.02) in men and 1.51 (1.12-2.05) in women. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the need for policy interventions aimed at reducing excessive working hours and fostering healthy lifestyle behaviors among individuals engaged in long working hours.

Multidimensional typologies of precarious employment and their relationships with mental well-being in Korean wageworkers: A latent class analysis based on the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020-2021).

BACKGROUND: Precarious employment (PE) has been conceptualized as having a multidimensional nature, and research addressing this topic in Asian countries is scarce. This study examined the typologies of PE and their relationships with mental health among Korean workers. METHODS: From October 2020 to April 2021, the Korean Working Conditions Survey was conducted on Korean wageworkers (weighted N = 38,347), representative of the nation. With theory-based operationalization of PE, we identified typologies and classified workers through latent class analysis. Logistic regression was performed to explore the association between PE typologies and mental health among workers, represented as odds ratio (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Four distinct employment typologies emerged: (i) standard employment relationships (SER, 34.5%), (ii) moderate employment precariousness (MEP, 43.5%), (iii) underemployment (17.9%), and (iv) daily laborers (4.1%). Women were overrepresented in the MEP and underemployment types, while the SER type consisted of those with higher educational attainment and white-collar jobs. The OR (95% CI) of depression was 1.38 (1.27-1.50) for the MEP type, 1.48 (1.32-1.66) for the underemployment type, and 2.15 (1.85-2.51) for the daily laborers, compared to the SER type. For individual elements of PE, temporary employment, low wages, low-income predictability, and low involvement in work process were positively associated with depression, whereas part-time employment was negatively associated with depression. CONCLUSION: Employment insecurity, low material rewards, and a lack of rights and protection can contribute to the poor mental health of workers. Policy interventions are warranted to mitigate inequalities in employment quality among Korean workers.

Associations between precarious employment and smoking and regular exercise: Results from a Korean longitudinal panel study from 2005 to 2020.

We examined whether precarious employment (PE) is related to cigarette smoking and physical inactivity and whether a longer duration of PE intensifies the detrimental impact. Using Korean longitudinal panel data, 89,289 observations of 15,712 employees were analyzed. Mixed models were applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We adjusted for time-varying characteristics of the participants (age, education, marital status, income, occupation, and working hours). ORs of associations between PE and current smoking were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.95-1.25) in men and 1.77 (1.03-3.05) in women. Also, ORs of associations between PE and regular exercise were 0.52 (0.46-0.58) in men and 0.95 (0.85-1.07) in women. Next, the longer the duration of PE was related to the higher the risk of current smoking and physical inactivity. For instance, over 6 years of PE was related to the highest risk of current smoking in men (1.80 [1.38-2.34]) and women (3.94 [1.25-12.44]). Also, over 6 years of PE was related to the lowest likelihood of regular exercise in men (0.47 [0.37-0.59]), but not in women (0.83 [0.65-1.06]). A longer duration of PE is also related to a change in health behaviors among men. Over 6 years of PE was associated with the highest risk of smoking initiation (2.02 [1.28-3.19]) and the lowest likelihood of exercise initiation (0.42 [0.32-0.55]) in men. However, a longer duration of PE was not associated with a change in health behaviors in women. Our findings highlight that PE have a detrimental impact on health behaviors.

Self-Esteem Trajectories After Occupational Injuries and Diseases and Their Relation to Changes in Subjective Health: Result From the Panel Study of Workers' Compensation Insurance (PSWCI).

BACKGROUND: Occupational injuries and diseases are life events that significantly impact an individuals' identity. In this study, we examined the trajectories of self-esteem among victims of occupational injury and disease and their relation to health. METHODS: The Panel Study of Workers' Compensation Insurance conducted annual follow-ups on workers who had experienced occupational injury or disease. A total of 2,000 participants, who had completed medical care, were followed from 2013 to 2017. Growth mixture modeling was utilized to identify latent classes in the self-esteem trajectory. Additionally, logistic regressions were conducted to explore the association between trajectory membership, baseline predictors, and outcomes. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectory classes were identified. Total 65.8% of the samples (n = 1,316) followed an increasing self-esteem trajectory, while 31.1% (n = 623) exhibited a constant trajectory, and 3.1% (n = 61) showed a decreasing trajectory. Individuals with an increasing trajectory were more likely to have a higher educational attainment (odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-2.88), an absence of a moderate-to-severe disability rating (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.96), no difficulty in daily living activities (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.75-0.88), and were economically active (re-employed: OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.52-3.98; returned to original work: OR, 4.46; 9% CI, 2.65-7.50). Those with a decreasing self-esteem trajectory exhibited an increased risk of poor subjective health (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 0.85-4.85 in 2013 to OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 1.04-13.81 in 2017), whereas individuals with an increasing trajectory showed a decreased risk (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.43-0.68 in 2013 to OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.33-0.57 in 2017). CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the diversity of psychological responses to occupational injury or disease. Policymakers should implement interventions to enhance the self-esteem of victims.