Revealing the Loss Mechanism of Chemically-Induced Hot Electron Transport.

Hot electrons are crucial for unraveling the intrinsic relationship between chemical reactions and charge transfer in heterogeneous catalysis. Significant research focused on real-time detection of reaction-driven hot electron flow (chemicurrent) to elucidate the energy conversion mechanisms, but it remains elusive because carrier generation contributes to only part of the entire process. Here, a theoretical model for quantifying the chemicurrent yield is presented by clarifying the contributions of hot carrier losses from the internal emission and multiple reflections. The experimental chemicurrent yield verifies our model with a reliable mean free path of hot electrons, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive consideration of the transport process besides hot electron generation. Moreover, Pt nanoparticles (NPs)-decorated Au/TiO2 is examined, showing the role of NPs-induced carrier losses in the performance of catalytic nanodiodes. These findings are expected to contribute to understanding the hot electron detection efficiency and designing nanodiodes with enhanced hot carrier flow and catalytic activity.

Enhancing the external quantum efficiency of Schottky barrier photodetectors through thin copper films.

Silicon-based Schottky barrier photodetectors (SBPDs) are a cost-effective alternative to compound semiconductor-based photodetectors by extending the silicon's photodetection range to the near-infrared (NIR) region. However, SBPDs still suffer from low quantum yield due to poor absorption in a metal layer and low emission efficiency of hot electrons. This study investigates the use of thin copper (Cu) films as a means of improving the performance of SBPDs operating in the NIR region. Our results show that thin-film Cu SBPDs present a higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) compared to other metal SBPDs due to their low Schottky barrier height and long mean free path. Notably, at a bias of -3 V, the thinnest Cu SBPDs exhibit an EQE of the order of 1% at 1510 nm.

Fully reconfigurable MEMS-based second-order coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) with ultra-low tuning energy.

Integrated microring resonators are well suited for wavelength-filtering applications in optical signal processing, and cascaded microring resonators allow flexible filter design in coupled-resonator optical waveguide (CROW) configurations. However, the implementation of high-order cascaded microring resonators with high extinction ratios (ERs) remains challenging owing to stringent fabrication requirements and the need for precise resonator tunability. We present a fully integrated on-chip second-order CROW filter using silicon photonic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) to adjust tunable directional couplers and a phase shifter using nanoscale mechanical out-of-plane waveguide displacement. The filter can be fully reconfigured with regard to both the ER and center wavelength. We experimentally demonstrated an ER exceeding 25 dB and continuous wavelength tuning across the full free spectral range of 0.123 nm for single microring resonator, and showed reconfigurability in second-order CROW by tuning the ER and resonant wavelength. The tuning energy for an individual silicon photonic MEMS phase shifter or tunable coupler is less than 22 pJ with sub-microwatt static power consumption, which is far better than conventional integrated phase shifters based on other physical modulation mechanisms.

Programmable MZI based on a silicon photonic MEMS-tunable delay line.

We report on a scalable and programmable integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a tunable free spectral range (FSR) and extinction ratio (ER). For the tunable path of the MZI, we designed and utilized a tunable delay line having high flexibility based on silicon photonic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). By utilizing MEMS, the length of the delay line can be geometrically modified. In this way, there is no optical loss penalty other than the waveguide propagation loss as the number of tunable steps increases. Therefore, our device is more scalable in terms of optical loss than the previous approaches based on cascaded MZIs. In addition, the tuning energy required to reconfigure the length is only 8.46 pJ.

Low Power Coherent Ising Machine Based on Mechanical Kerr Nonlinearity.

Finding a reliable Ising machine for solving nondeterministic polynomial-class problems has attracted great attention in recent years, where an authentic system can be expanded with polynomial-scaled resources to find the ground state Ising Hamiltonian. In this Letter, we propose an extremely low power optomechanical coherent Ising machine based on a new enhanced symmetry breaking mechanism and highly nonlinear mechanical Kerr effect. The mechanical movement of an optomechanical actuator induced by the optical gradient force greatly increases the nonlinearity by a few orders and significantly reduces the power threshold using conventional structures capable of fabrication via photonic integrated circuit platforms. With the simple but strong bifurcation mechanism and remarkably low power requirement, our optomechanical spin model opens a path for chip-scale integration of large-size Ising machine implementations with great stability.

Coherent terahertz wireless communication using dual-parallel MZM-based silicon photonic integrated circuits.

Coherent terahertz (THz) wireless communication using silicon photonics technology provides critical solutions for achieving high-capacity wireless transmission beyond 5G and 6G networks and seamless connectivity with fiber-based backbone networks. However, high-quality THz signal generation and noise-robust signal detection remain challenging owing to the presence of inter-channel crosstalk and additive noise in THz wireless environments. Here, we report coherent THz wireless communication using a silicon photonic integrated circuit that includes a dual-parallel Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and advanced digital signal processing (DSP). The structure and fabrication of the dual-parallel MZM-based silicon photonic integrated circuit are systematically optimized using the figure of merit (FOM) method to improve the modulation efficiency while reducing the overall optical loss. The advanced DSP compensates for in-phase and quadrature (IQ) imbalance as well as phase noise by orthogonally decoupling the IQ components in the frequency domain after adaptive signal equalization and carrier phase estimation. The experimental results show a reduction in phase noise that induces degradation of transmission performance, successfully demonstrating error-free 1-m THz wireless transmission with bit-error rates of 10-6 or less at a data rate of 50 Gbps.

Cascaded optical resonator-based programmable photonic integrated circuits.

Programmable photonic integrated circuits have mainly been developed based on the single wavelength channel operation of fundamental building blocks consisting of Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with tunable phase shifters. We propose and study optical circuit models consisting of cascaded optical resonators that enable the independent operation of multiple wavelength channels in a more compact footprint than the conventional MZIs. By adopting experimental values reported for silicon micro-ring resonators, the fidelities of different types of 2×2 unitary transformations and higher-dimensional unitary transformations are examined by employing the Reck algorithm and the Clements algorithm.

Broadband single-channel coherent perfect absorption with a perfect magnetic mirror.

Two-channel coherent perfect absorption (CPA) enables absorption modulation as well as perfect absorption in a very simple way. However, because of its narrow and discrete operable wavelength range, the CPA has been limited to specific applications. In this work, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate broadband single-channel CPA operable from the visible to near-infrared wavelengths, using an ultrathin absorbing material on a pseudo perfect magnetic mirror. Our simple yet effective method can be applied to various applications such as solar cells, thermophotovoltaics, and stealth technology.

Lateral silicon photonic grating-to-fiber coupling with angle-polished silica waveguide blocks.

We demonstrate a lateral, planar fiber-to-waveguide coupling strategy for photonic integrated circuits with diffraction grating couplers using angle-polished silica waveguide blocks fabricated with well-established planar lightwave circuit technologies. Compared to the conventional lateral coupling scheme with angle-polished fibers, the demonstrated scheme can significantly decrease the diverging distance between the reflective angle-polished facet and the grating couplers, and thereby maintains the overall coupling efficiency and alignment tolerances of the vertical coupling approach. The proposed method shows a small penalty in coupling efficiency (< 0.1 dB), and in-plane (out-of-plane) alignment tolerance for 1 dB excess loss is approximately 5 µm (9 µm).

Demonstration of photonics-aided terahertz wireless transmission system with using silicon photonics circuit: erratum.

We present an erratum for our recent paper [Opt. Express 28, 23397 (2020)] to include funding information in the funding section.

Demonstration of photonics-aided terahertz wireless transmission system with using silicon photonics circuit.

We experimentally demonstrate the use of silicon photonics circuit (SPC) in the simple and cost-effective photonics-aided Terahertz (THz) wireless transmission system. We perform theoretical investigation (with experimental confirmation) to understand that the system performance is more sensitive to the free space path loss (FSPL) at the THz wireless link than the SPC's insertion loss. The SPC, we design and fabricate, combines two incident optical carriers at different wavelengths and modulates one of two optical carriers with data to transfer, consequently reducing the system footprint that is indeed one of the key challenges that must be tackled for better practicability of the THz communication system. We perform experimental verification to show the feasibility of 40 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off-keying (OOK) signal transmission over 1.4 m wireless link for possibly its application in short-reach indoor wireless communication systems utilizing (sub-)THz frequency band such as, e.g., indoor WiFi, distributed antenna/radio systems, rack-to-rack data delivery, etc. The SPC could be further integrated with various photonic elements such as semiconductor optical amplifiers, laser diodes, and photo-mixers, which will enable the path towards all-photonic THz-wave synthesizers.

On-chip monitoring of far-field patterns using a planar diffractor in a silicon-based optical phased array.

We demonstrate the on-chip monitoring of far-field patterns in a silicon-based optical phased array (OPA) using a planar diffractor and traveling-wave photodetectors (PDs) integrated at the end of the radiator array. To reproduce the diffraction patterns within a silicon slab, the planar diffractor is designed with a diffraction region surrounded by an absorptive boundary and seven discrete outlet waveguides. Each outlet waveguide is linked to the photon-assisted tunneling PD which has a silicon p-n junction and is operated under a reverse bias to detect a sub-bandgap wavelength, 1.3 µm. With the 1×16 OPA and seven detectors, the positions of the main beams aligned to specific directions in the free space were clearly monitored.

Ultra-compact silicon waveguide-integrated Schottky photodetectors using perfect absorption from tapered metal nanobrick arrays.

We propose and numerically analyze an integrated metal-semiconductor Schottky photodetector consisting of a tapered metal nanoblock chain on a silicon ridge waveguide. The metal-semiconductor junctions allow broadband sub-bandgap photodetection through the internal photoemission effects. The tapered array structures with different block widths can gradually tailor the cut-off frequencies and group velocities of the tightly confined plasmonic modes for enhanced light absorption and suppressed reflection of the photonic mode in the silicon waveguide. As a result, according to our simulations, six metal nanobricks with a total device length of 830 nm can almost perfectly absorb the incident sub-bandgap light and subsequently generate photocurrents with a peak responsivity value of 0.125 A/W at 1550 nm. We believe that the proposed design can provide a simple and viable solution for broadband and compact photodetection in the integrated silicon photonics platform.

Optical analysis of the refractive index and birefringence of hexagonal boron nitride from the visible to near-infrared.

Two-dimensional materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), graphene, and transition metal dichalcogenides have drawn great attention in various fields of photonics and electronics. Among them, h-BN has recently emerged as a promising material platform to study integrated quantum photonics due to its ultrabright quantum light emission capabilities. However, the fundamental optical properties of h-BN have not yet been investigated in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum thoroughly. In this Letter, we report the refractive indices of h-BN thin films in the visible to NIR range. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental observation of h-BN birefringence. Accurate parameters of refractive indices enable more precise design of h-BN-based photonic devices in the integrated photonics platforms.

Thermo-optic control of the longitudinal radiation angle in a silicon-based optical phased array.

We demonstrate longitudinal beam-steering with a 1×16 silicon optical phased array (OPA) using a monochromatic light source and thermo-optic control of the refractive index in the grating radiator region. The refractive index is controlled by forming a series of n-i-n heaters, placing i-regions in each radiator of the OPA. When the biased voltage in the heaters is increased, the refractive index of the radiator region is increased by the thermo-optic effect, and the longitudinal radiation angle is changed according to the Bragg condition. The transversal beam-steering is accomplished by phase control with the phase shifters, which are devised with a p-i-n diode using the electro-optic effect. With these electro-optic p-i-n phase shifters and n-i-n thermo-optic radiators, we achieve a relatively wide 2D beam-steering in a range of 10.0°/45.4° in the longitudinal/transversal directions with a 1.55 µm light source. The tuning efficiency is 0.016°/mW in the longitudinal beam-steering.

Functional Circuitry on Commercial Fabric via Textile-Compatible Nanoscale Film Coating Process for Fibertronics.

Fabric-based electronic textiles (e-textiles) are the fundamental components of wearable electronic systems, which can provide convenient hand-free access to computer and electronics applications. However, e-textile technologies presently face significant technical challenges. These challenges include difficulties of fabrication due to the delicate nature of the materials, and limited operating time, a consequence of the conventional normally on computing architecture, with volatile power-hungry electronic components, and modest battery storage. Here, we report a novel poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (pEGDMA)-textile memristive nonvolatile logic-in-memory circuit, enabling normally off computing, that can overcome those challenges. To form the metal electrode and resistive switching layer, strands of cotton yarn were coated with aluminum (Al) using a solution dip coating method, and the pEGDMA was conformally applied using an initiated chemical vapor deposition process. The intersection of two Al/pEGDMA coated yarns becomes a unit memristor in the lattice structure. The pEGDMA-Textile Memristor (ETM), a form of crossbar array, was interwoven using a grid of Al/pEGDMA coated yarns and untreated yarns. The former were employed in the active memristor and the latter suppressed cell-to-cell disturbance. We experimentally demonstrated for the first time that the basic Boolean functions, including a half adder as well as NOT, NOR, OR, AND, and NAND logic gates, are successfully implemented with the ETM crossbar array on a fabric substrate. This research may represent a breakthrough development for practical wearable and smart fibertronics.

Photon-assisted tunneling for sub-bandgap light detection in silicon PN-doped waveguides.

We demonstrate silicon ridge waveguide photo-detectors capable of sub-bandgap light absorption and avalanche multiplication. The proposed waveguide photo-detectors contain highly doped PN junction, where a strong electric field can generate the photon-assisted tunneling current for sub-bandgap light incidence and amplify the generated photo-current by the avalanche multiplication effect. The voltage-dependent sub-bandgap absorption coefficient and multiplication gain are experimentally evaluated for various doping configurations to find optimal photo-response with low dark currents. As a result, our representative silicon waveguide photo-detector gives sub-bandgap responsivities of ~10 and ~2 A/W under the applied reverse bias voltage of -8.3 V for near-infrared wavelengths of 1.31 and 1.52 µm, respectively. The voltage-dependent frequency photo-response is also demonstrated with theoretical verification.

Free-carrier electro-refraction modulation based on a silicon slot waveguide with ITO.

Recently, silicon-waveguide-based hybrid modulators with high-performance electro-optic materials have been proposed to overcome the intrinsic limitations of silicon materials. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) is one of the important candidates for such applications due to its unique features including the ENZ effect and electrically tunable permittivity. In this paper, we propose an ultra-compact integrated phase modulator which consists of a silicon slot waveguide with a thin ITO film in the slot region. In the near-infrared regime, bias-voltage-dependent free-carrier accumulation at the dielectric-ITO interface induces an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) effect, and contributes to the strong phase modulation of the guided electromagnetic wave. With a voltage swing of 2 V, the device experiences a large variation of the effective modal index, resulting in a π radian phase shift within the device length of <5 µm at 210 THz according to our computer simulations. A high modulation efficiency of V(π)L(π)~0.0071 V·cm and a large device bandwidth of ~70 GHz suggest a potential for an ultra-compact optoelectronic component in the integrated silicon photonics platform.

Multiband perfect absorbers using metal-dielectric films with optically dense medium for angle and polarization insensitive operation.

The cavity resonant properties of planar metal-dielectric layered structures with optically dense dielectric media are studied with the aim of realizing omnidirectional and polarization-insensitive operation. The angle-dependent coupling between free-space and cavity modes are revealed to be a key leverage factor in realizing nearly perfect absorbers well-matched to a wide range of incidence angles. We establish comprehensive analyses of the relationship between the structural and optical properties by means of theoretical modeling with numerical simulation results. The presented work is expected to provide a simple and cost-effective solution for light absorption and detection applications that exploit planar metal-dielectric optical devices.

Partially directional microdisk laser with two Rayleigh scatterers.

We report a partially directional microdisk semiconductor laser with subwavelength-scale boundary perturbations for asymmetric backscattering of counterpropagating whispering gallery modes. Unlike the previous approaches based on optical bistability, the directionality and chirality of the laser modes can be fine-tuned and partially controlled by adjusting the dimension, shape, and relative positions of Rayleigh scatterers on the microdisk perimeter. The controlled directionality is investigated using numerical simulations and experiments for wavelength-scale microdisk resonators with an azimuthal mode number of 5.