Different conformational dynamics of SNARE protein Ykt6 among yeast and mammals.

Ykt6 is one of the most conserved SNARE (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins involved in multiple intracellular membrane trafficking processes. The membrane-anchoring function of Ykt6 has been elucidated to result from its conformational transition from a closed state to an open state. Two ways of regulating the conformational transition were proposed: the C-terminal lipidation and the phosphorylation at the SNARE core. Despite many aspects of common properties, Ykt6 displays differential cellular localizations and functional behaviors in different species, such as yeast, mammals, and worms. The structure-function relationship underlying these differences remains elusive. Here, we combined biochemical characterization, single-molecule FRET measurement, and molecular dynamics simulation to compare the conformational dynamics of yeast and rat Ykt6. Compared to rat Ykt6 (rYkt6), yeast Ykt6 (yYkt6) has more open conformations and could not bind dodecylphosphocholine that inhibits rYkt6 in the closed state. A point mutation T46L/Q57A was shown to be able to convert yYkt6 to a more closed and dodecylphosphocholine-bound state, where Leu46 contributes key hydrophobic interactions for the closed state. We also demonstrated that the phospho-mutation S174D could shift the conformation of rYkt6 to a more open state, but the corresponding mutation S176D in yYkt6 leads to a slightly more closed conformation. These observations shed light on the regulatory mechanism underlying the variations of Ykt6 functions across species.

Optimization of aqueous extraction of antioxidants from Chrysanthemum (C. morifolium Ramat and C. indicum L.) flowers and evaluation of their protection from glycoxidation damage on human αA-crystallin.

Chrysanthemum tea is commonly consumed by Chinese consumers mainly due to the Chrysanthemum flower being a potential source of antioxidants. The current study investigates the effects of extraction time and temperature on Chrysanthemum flower aqueous extract (CFAE) antioxidant capacity, including Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferrous iron-chelating activity, and superoxide radical scavenging capacity (SRSC) using a two-factor, three-level factorial design of the response surface method (RSM). The TEAC and SRSC of CFAE are higher at higher temperatures and longer times up to a certain point, and the highest TEAC and SRSC are achieved at a 100 °C extraction temperature for 45 min. The fructose induced-αA-crystallin (Cry) glycation model system was used to evaluate the effects of the CFAE on anti-glycoxidation activities. The antioxidant ingredients obtained from CFAE significantly impede the production of advanced glycation end products from protein glycoxidation products (dityrosine, kynurenine, and N'-methylkynurenine) in the glycation process of αA-Cry and exhibit strong anti-glycating activity. The glycation inhibitory effects of CFAE are concentration-dependent. C. indicum L. exhibits greater potential for preventing cataracts compared to C. morifolium Ramat CFAE's antioxidant and anti-glycation properties suggest its potential application as a natural ingredient in the development of agents to combat glycation.

FoxO4 mediates macrophage M2 polarization by promoting LXA4R expression in an ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model in mice.

BACKGROUND: Asthma imposes a heavy burden due to its high prevalence. Forkhead box O4 (FoxO4) proteins participate in the modulation of cell progression. However, the role and mechanism of FoxO4 in asthma remains uncharted. METHODS: An allergic asthma model was constructed by the induction of ovalbumin and interleukin (IL)-4 in mice and monocyte/macrophage-like Raw264.7 cells, respectively. The role and mechanism of FoxO4 in asthma was determined by pathological staining, immunofluorescence assay, measurement of inflammatory cells in the blood, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Ovalbumin treatment triggered an obvious inflammatory cell infiltration with a prominent increase in F4/80+ cell numbers. The relative messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions of FoxO4 were increased in both ovalbumin-induced mice and interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced Raw264.7 cells. Inhibition of FoxO4 via AS1842856 reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, the number of Periodic Acid Schiff+ (PAS+) goblet cells, the numbers of inflammatory cells in the blood, and the airway resistance in ovalbumin-induced mice. Besides, interference of FoxO4 decreased the number of F4/80+CD206+ cells, and the relative protein expressions of CD163 and Arg1 in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, suppression of FoxO4 diminished the relative mRNA and protein expressions of LXA4R in both ovalbumin-induced mice and IL-4-induced Raw264.7 cells. Overexpression of LXA4R reversed the outcomes caused by repression of FoxO4, including airway resistance, the number of F4/80+ cells, the proportion of CD206+ cells in ovalbumin-induced mice, and the proportion of F4/80+CD206+ cells in IL-4-induced Raw264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: FoxO4/LXA4R axis mediated macrophage M2 polarization in allergic asthma.

Inhibition of CREB promotes glucocorticoids action on airway inflammation in pediatric asthma by promoting ferroptosis of eosinophils.

BACKGROUND: Pediatric asthma is a common chronic disease of childhood with airway inflammation. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) plays a significant role in the transcription of proinflammatory genes, but its role in pediatric asthma has remained unclear. Herein, we investigated the functions of CREB in pediatric asthma. METHODS: Eosinophils were purified from the peripheral blood of interleukin 5 (IL5) transgenic (IL5T) neonatal mice. The contents of CREB, long-chain fatty-acid-CoA ligase 4, transferrin receptor protein 1, ferritin heavy chain 1, and glutathione peroxidase 4 in eosinophils were examined by Western blot analysis. The viability of eosinophils, and the mean fluorescence intensity of Siglec F, C-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3), and reactive oxygen species were examined by flow cytometry. The concentration of iron in eosinophils was assessed by a commercial kit. The contents of malondialdehyde, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, IL-5, and IL-4 were discovered by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay. The C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: sham, ovalbumin (OVA), OVA+Ad-shNC, and OVA+Ad-shCREB. The bronchial and alveolar structures were evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Leukocytes and eosinophils in the blood were measured using a HEMAVET 950. RESULTS: The abundance of CREB in eosinophils was enhanced by CREB overexpression vector transfection, but reduced by short hairpin (sh)CREB transfection. Downregulation of CREB triggered the cell death of eosinophils. Knockdown of CREB could obviously contribute to ferroptosis of eosinophils. In addition, downregulation of CREB facilitated dexamethasone (DXMS, a type of glucocorticoid)-induced eosinophils death. Moreover, we established an asthma mouse model by OVA treatment. The CREB was upregulated in OVA group mice, but Ad-shCREB treatment obviously downregulated CREB level. Downregulation of CREB diminished OVA-induced asthmatic airway inflammation by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of proinflammatory factors. Downregulated CREB enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of DXMS in OVA-induced mice. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of CREB promoted the effect of glucocorticoids on airway inflammation in pediatric asthma through promoting ferroptosis of eosinophils.

Placensin is a glucogenic hormone secreted by human placenta.

FBN1 encodes asprosin, a glucogenic hormone, following furin cleavage of the C-terminus of profibrillin 1. Based on evolutionary conservation between FBN1 and FBN2, together with conserved furin cleavage sites, we identified a peptide hormone placensin encoded by FBN2 based on its high expression in trophoblasts of human placenta. In primary and immortalized murine hepatocytes, placensin stimulates cAMP production, protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and glucose secretion, accompanied by increased expression of gluconeogenesis enzymes. In situ perfusion of liver and in vivo injection with placensin also stimulate glucose secretion. Placensin is secreted by immortalized human trophoblastic HTR-8/SVneo cells, whereas placensin treatment stimulates cAMP-PKA signaling in these cells, accompanied by increases in MMP9 transcripts and activities, thereby promoting cell invasion. In pregnant women, levels of serum placensin increase in a stage-dependent manner. During third trimester, serum placensin levels of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus are increased to a bigger extent compared to healthy pregnant women. Thus, placensin represents a placenta-derived hormone, capable of stimulating glucose secretion and trophoblast invasion.

Patient Blood Management: Single Center Evidence and Practice at Fuwai Hospital.

Blood loss and blood transfusion requirement are important quality control indicators of cardiovascular surgery and cardiovascular anesthesia. Patient blood management (PBM) is an evidence-based, multidisciplinary approach to optimizing the care of patients who may need transfusion, which encompasses anemia management, hemodilution, cell salvage, hemostatic treatment, and other approaches to reducing bleeding and minimizing blood transfusion. PBM in cardiovascular surgery is a "team sport" that involves cardiac and vascular surgeons, anesthesiologists, perfusionist, intensivists, and other health care providers. The current work provides an overview of evidence and practice of PBM at Fuwai Hospital. Implementation of PBM should also take local resource availability and cost-effectiveness of different devices, drugs, technologies, and techniques into consideration.

The single-nucleotide polymorphism rs743572 of CYP17A1 shows significant association with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial reproductive and endocrine disease, believed to be caused by aberrant steroid biosynthesis pathways involving cytochrome P450, 17α-hydroxylase (CYP17A1). This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between CYP17A1 polymorphism rs743572 and PCOS risk. Studies on the CYP17A1 gene were retrieved by searching PubMed, Embase and Web of Science and statistical analyses were performed by STATA software. Fifteen eligible studies were included, dated from January 1994 to 19 November 2020, involving 2277 patients with PCOS and 1913 control individuals. Overall, the results showed that the rs743572 T>C mutation was most likely to be associated with PCOS risk under the recessive model, which was further confirmed by heterogeneity analysis and publication bias detection (CC versus CT + TT, odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.50, P = 0.028, I²â€¯= 35.9%). Moreover, subgroup analysis by ethnicity demonstrated that Caucasian but not Asian women carrying the CC genotype of rs743572 had an elevated risk of PCOS (CC versus CT + TT, OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03-2.06, P = 0.035, I²â€¯= 15.10%, six studies). In conclusion, rs743572 is highly likely to be a risk factor for PCOS, and the mutant genotype CC may increase susceptibility to PCOS in Caucasians rather than Asians.

Ambient air pollutant exposure and in vitro fertilization treatment outcomes in Zhengzhou, China.

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between ambient air pollutant exposure during the follicular phase and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. DESIGN: A single-center retrospective analysis. SETTING: Henan Province, China. PATIENTS: Patients (n = 6659) living in Zhengzhou, Henan Province in central China who underwent their first IVF cycle at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between 2013 and 2019 were included for analysis. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The relationships between PM2.5, PM10, and AQI (Air Quality Index) with IVF outcomes during the follicular phase (period I, 85 days before oocyte retrieval; period II, gonadotrophin start to oocyte retrieval). RESULTS: Compared with the bottom tertile, exposure to the top PM2.5 and PM10 tertiles during period I was associated with decreased clinical pregnancy (PM2.5: adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.838%, and 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.723 and 0.971; PM10: adjusted OR, 0.818%, and 95% CI, 0.705 and 0.950), and decreased live birth rate (PM2.5: adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.852%, and 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.736 and 0.987; PM10: adjusted OR, 0.850%, and 95% CI, 0.733 and 0.986), and exposure to the top PM2.5 tertile during period II adversely affected clinical pregnancy and the live birth rate (adjusted OR, 0.824%, and 95% CI, 0.711 and 0.955; adjusted OR, 0.817%, and 95% CI, 0.706 and 0.945). Compared with the bottom PM10 tertile, exposure to the middle PM10 tertile in period II showed decreased clinical pregnancies and live births (adjusted OR, 0.844; 95% CI, 0.729 and 0.978, adjusted OR, 0.846; 95% CI, 0.731 and 0.979). The PM10 level during period II of the follicular phase tend to adversely affect live birth rate, but the tendency did not reach significance (P = 0.051). CONCLUSION: Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 before oocyte retrieval has an adverse effect on IVF outcomes. CAPSULE: Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 before oocyte retrieval has an adverse effect on IVF outcomes.

High GDF-8 in follicular fluid is associated with a low pregnancy rate in IVF patients with PCOS.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of female infertility. Growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF-8) is expressed in the ovary and can be detected in human follicular fluid which provides an important microenvironment for maintaining physiological functions of the ovarian follicle. To date, the relationship between GDF-8 levels in follicular fluid and the risk of PCOS is completely unknown. In the present study, we show that during the process of the controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), serum GDF-8 levels are higher on the day of gonadotropin administration and 14 days after embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients with PCOS than they are in IVF patients without PCOS. Importantly, GDF-8 levels in follicular fluid at oocyte retrieval are also higher in PCOS patients than in non-PCOS patients. Treatment of primary human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells with GDF-8 downregulates StAR protein expression and the inhibition is more pronounced in hGL cells from PCOS patients than it is in cells from non-PCOS patients. Importantly, high GDF-8 levels and low progesterone (P4) levels were associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in PCOS patients. Our results provide the first evidence that aberrant expression of GDF-8 in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients results in abnormal P4 expression, which leads to poor pregnancy outcomes.

Association between vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and PCOS risk: a meta-analysis.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the VEGF gene have been identified and are associated with the aberrant secretion of VEGF protein. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of the VEGF +405G>C (rs2010963), -460C>T (rs833061) and -2578A>C (rs699947) polymorphisms on PCOS susceptibility. A systematic search of the Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and Wanfang databases was carried out to identify relevant studies published before 19 July 2019. Seven eligible studies were included in this meta-analysis involving 1100 patients with PCOS and 1141 control individuals. The pooled analysis revealed no significant association between PCOS risk and the +405G>C (rs2010963), -460C>T (rs833061) or -2578A>C (rs699947) polymorphisms in women. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated that Asian women carrying the VEGF +405C allele had a lower risk of PCOS (C versus G: odds ratio [OR] 0.731, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.544-0.982, P < 0.05, I2 = 46.4%; CG versus GG: OR 0.667, 95% CI 0.469-0.948, P < 0.05, I2 = 18.4%; CC versus GG: OR 0.611, 95% CI 0.390-0.958, P < 0.05, I2 = 24.3%). The study demonstrates that for all women regardless of ethnicity, no significant associations between VEGF SNP and PCOS were observed; however, +405G>C (rs2010963) may protect Asian women from PCOS.

Upregulation of AREG, EGFR, and HER2 contributes to increased VEGF expression in granulosa cells of patients with OHSS†.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious iatrogenic complication in women undergoing induction of ovulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for assisted reproductive techniques. Amphiregulin (AREG) is the most abundant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand expressed in human granulosa cells and follicular fluid and can be upregulated by luteinizing hormone (LH)/hCG. However, whether the expression levels of AREG, EGFR, and HER2 change in the granulosa cells of OHSS patients remains unknown. If it does, whether these molecules are involved in the development of OHSS requires investigation. In the present study, we showed that AREG, EGFR, and HER2 transcripts in granulosa cells as well as follicular fluid AREG proteins were elevated in OHSS patients. Increased AREG levels were associated with transcript levels and follicular content of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the marker for OHSS pathology. Treatment of cultured granulosa cells with AREG stimulated VEGF expression and secretion, with granulosa cells from OHSS patients showing more rapid and pronounced increases than the non-OHSS group. In addition, siRNA-mediated knockdown of EGFR and AREG attenuated the hCG-induced upregulation of VEGF. This study demonstrated that granulosa cell-secreted AREG plays an important role in the development of OHSS, suggesting that the EGFR/HER2-mediated signaling could be a novel drug target for the prevention and treatment of OHSS.

Human chorionic gonadotropin-induced amphiregulin stimulates aromatase expression in human granulosa-lutein cells: a mechanism for estradiol production in the luteal phase.

STUDY QUESTION: Does amphiregulin (AREG), the most abundant and important epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand in the follicular fluid, regulate aromatase expression in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells? SUMMARY ANSWER: AREG mediates the hCG-induced up-regulation of aromatase expression and estradiol (E2) production in hGL cells. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: AREG expression and secretion are rapidly induced by hCG in hGL cells and mediate physiological functions of LH/hCG in the ovary. EGFR protein is expressed in follicles not only in the pre-ovulatory phase but also throughout the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. After the LH surge, the human corpus luteum secretes high levels of E2, which regulates various luteal cell functions. Aromatase is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of E2. However, whether AREG regulates aromatase expression and E2 production in hGL cells remains unexplored. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study is an experimental study performed over a 1-year period. In vitro investigations examined the role of AREG in the regulation of aromatase expression and E2 production in primary hGL cells. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Primary hGL cells were obtained from women undergoing IVF treatment in an academic research center. Aromatase mRNA and protein levels were examined after exposure of hGL cells to recombinant human AREG, hCG or LH. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG1478, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and siRNAs targeting EGFR, LH receptor, StAR and AREG were used to verify the specificity of the effects and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were used to measure the specific mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Follicular fluid and serum were collected from 65 infertile women during IVF treatment. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation coefficient between two values. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Treatment of hGL cells with AREG-stimulated aromatase expression and E2 production. Using pharmacological inhibitors and specific siRNAs, we revealed that AREG-stimulated aromatase expression and E2 production via EGFR-mediated activation of the protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. In addition, inhibition of EGFR activity and AREG knockdown attenuated hCG-induced up-regulation of aromatase expression and E2 production. Importantly, the protein levels of AREG in the follicular fluid were positively correlated with the E2 levels in serum after 2 days of oocyte pick-up and in the follicular fluid of IVF patients. LARGE-SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The in vitro setting of this study is a limitation that may not reflect the real intra-ovarian microenvironment. Clinical data were obtained from a small sample size. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results provide the first evidence that hCG-induced AREG contributes to aromatase expression and E2 production in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. A better understanding of the hormonal regulation of female reproductive function may help to develop new strategies for the treatment of clinical infertility. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Young Scientists (81601253), the specific fund of clinical medical research of Chinese Medical Association (16020160632) and the Foundation from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University for Young Scientists to Lanlan Fang. This work was also supported by an operating grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81820108016) to Ying-Pu Sun. All authors declare no conflict of interest.

Higher melatonin in the follicle fluid and MT2 expression in the granulosa cells contribute to the OHSS occurrence.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a common and severe complication for patients undergoing IVF/ICSI-ET. Melatonin widely participates in the regulation of female reproductive endocrine activity. However, whether melatonin participates in the progression of OHSS is largely unknown. This study aims to identify the predictive value of follicular fluid (FF) melatonin for OHSS establishment and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: All participants of this case-control study were enrolled at the Reproductive Medicine Center located in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University in China from January to October in 2017. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were used to examine the mRNA and protein levels. Primary granulosa cells were extracted and cultured for in vitro studies. Melatonin concentration was measured by ELISA. Logistic analysis and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predicting value of melatonin on OHSS occurrence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The expression level of melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), P450 aromatase cytochrome (aromatase), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in human primary granulosa cells. The concentration of melatonin in FF. The predicting value of melatonin on OHSS and the cut-off value of the prediction. RESULTS: FF melatonin concentrations were significantly higher in patients with OHSS compared to non-OHSS group (35.94 ± 10.18 ng/mL vs 23.93 ± 10.94 ng/mL, p<0.001). The expression of MT2 mRNA (p = 0.0459) and protein in granulosa cells was also significantly higher in the OHSS group. When using a cut-off level of 27.52 ng/ml, the sensitivity and specificity of FF melatonin to predict OHSS was 84.6 and 74.0%, respectively (p < 0.0001). We also found that melatonin could up-regulates aromatase mRNA, VEGF mRNA expression and down-regulates iNOS mRNA expression in the granulosa cells. CONCLUSION: OHSS patients have higher melatonin in the FF as well as higher MT2 expression in the granulosa cells. The melatonin in FF might be used as an effective predictor for the occurrence of OHSS.

Progesterone elevation on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration adversely affects the outcome of IVF with transferred embryos at different developmental stages.

BACKGROUND: The effect of progesterone elevation (PE) on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration on the pregnancy outcomes of in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles is a matter of ongoing debate. The replacement of cleavage-stage embryos with blastocyst-stage embryos for transfer was proposed to avoid the possible impairment of PE in fresh cycles. This study aimed to assess the association between PE on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and clinical pregnancy rates (CPRs) in IVF/ICSI cycles with embryos transferred at different developmental stages (cleavage and blastocyst). Moreover, a secondary aim was to determine the thresholds at which PE has a detrimental effect on CPRs. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included more than 10,000 patients undergoing day 3 cleavage-stage embryo transfer (ET) and 1146 patients undergoing day 5 blastocyst-stage embryo transfer (ET) using gonadotropin and GnRH agonist for controlled ovarian stimulation. RESULTS: Serum PE was inversely associated with CPRs in both cleavage- and blastocyst-stage ET cycles. In the day 3 ET cycles, CPRs (progesterone levels < 0.5 ng/ml, 49.2 %) significantly declined when the progesterone concentration reached 1.0 ng/ml (45.5 %) and decreased further when the progesterone concentration increased to 1.5 ng/ml (36.2 %). In the day 5 blastocyst-stage ET cycles, patients with serum progesterone levels ≥1.75 ng/ml had significantly lower CPRs (31.3 % VS. 41.4 %, p < 0.001) compared to patients with serum progesterone levels <1.75 ng/ml. The negative association of PE with CPRs was noted in both ET groups, even after adjusting for confounders. Furthermore, the developmental stage of the transferred embryos was not linked to the effect of PE on CPRs because the interaction between the developmental stage of the transferred embryos and PE was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: PE on the day of hCG administration is associated with decreased CPRs in GnRH agonist IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles regardless of the developmental stage of the transferred embryos (cleavage versus blastocyst stage).

[Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of antipyretic and reducing plasma concentration of NO effects of Rheum palmatum in rat].

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling was used to characterize the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects in rats of Rhein, a major component in rhubarb. Twenty-four healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly into four groups, of 6 each. The rats in first group were injected intravenously with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 microg x kg(-1)). The second group rats were given rhubarb decoction (RD, 1.54 g x kg(-1)) by oral administration alone. The rats belonging to third group were administered orally RD 30 min after LPS injection. The rest rats were given normal saline only as control group. Orbital sinus blood sampling was collected at different time points. The Rhein and NO concentration in plasma and body temperature (BT) were measured. Relevant data of PK-PD modeling were performed with Kinetica 5. 0. 11. RD could suppress the rise in BT and plasma NO concentration. The antipyretic and anti-inflammatory responses were best described by a Sigmod-E(max) model. Delay between exposure and response was accounted for by a transit compartment model with two parallel transit compartment chains. The results showed that some parameters such as t1/2, C(max) and AUC were significantly increased in rats treated with LPS, compared to those in rats treated with normal saline. The EC50 for antipyretic effect and decrease of plasma NO concentration was respectively equal to 114.1, 90.80 microg x L(-1). The E(max) for antipyretic effect was about 111% of that for increase in BT after LPS injection. The E(max) for anti-inflammatory action was close to 8.399% of that for elevated NO level after modeling. Meanwhile, there was a difference in pharmacokinetic process of Rhein between the impact of normal saline and LPS. So, it can be concluded that the targets of regulating NO production and BT after RD administration may be at the same location. Not only do that, the antipyretic effect induced by RD maybe completely manifest through reducing the plasma concentration of NO.

Development and verification of a 7-lncRNA prognostic model based on tumor immunity for patients with ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Both immune-reaction and lncRNAs play significant roles in the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of ovarian cancer (OC). In this study, we aimed to construct an immune-related lncRNA risk model for patients with OC. METHOD: Single sample GSEA (ssGSEA) algorithm was used to analyze the proportion of immune cells in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the hclust algorithm was used to conduct immune typing according to the proportion of immune cells for OC patients. The stromal and immune scores were computed utilizing the ESTIMATE algorithm. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analyses were utilized to detect immune cluster-related lncRNAs. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was conducted for lncRNA selection. The selected lncRNAs were used to construct a prognosis-related risk model, which was then validated in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and in vitro validation. RESULTS: We identify two subtypes based on the ssGSEA analysis, high immunity cluster (immunity_H) and low immunity cluster (immunity_L). The proportion of patients in immunity_H cluster was significantly higher than that in immunity_L cluster. The ESTIMATE related scores are relative high in immunity_H group. Through WGCNA and LASSO analyses, we identified 141 immune cluster-related lncRNAs and found that these genes were mainly enriched in autophagy. A signature consisting of 7 lncRNAs, including AL391832.3, LINC00892, LINC02207, LINC02416, PSMB8.AS1, AC078788.1 and AC104971.3, were selected as the basis for classifying patients into high- and low-risk groups. Survival analysis and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the signature pointed out that this risk model had high accuracy in predicting the prognosis of patients with OC. We also conducted the drug sensitive prediction and found that rapamycin outperformed in patient with high risk score. In vitro experiments also confirmed our prediction. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 7 immune-related prognostic lncRNAs that effectively predicted survival in OC patients. These findings may offer a valuable indicator for clinical stratification management and personalized therapeutic options for these patients.

Chronicling the 3-year evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of disease management, characteristics of major variants, and impacts on pathogenicity.

Announced on December 31, 2019, the novel coronavirus arising in Wuhan City, Hubei Province resulted in millions of cases and lives lost. Following intense tracking, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2020. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of COVID-19 and the continuous evolution of the virus has given rise to several variants. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the response to the pandemic over the first three-year period is provided, focusing on disease management, development of vaccines and therapeutics, and identification of variants. The transmissibility and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron are compared. The binding characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and reproduction numbers are evaluated. The effects of major variants on disease severity, hospitalisation, and case-fatality rates are outlined. In addition to the spike protein, open reading frames mutations are investigated. We also compare the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Overall, this study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the global response to the pandemic, as well as the importance of prevention and preparedness. Monitoring the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 is critical in identifying and potentially predicting the health outcomes of concerning variants as they emerge. The ultimate goal would be a position in which existing vaccines and therapeutics could be adapted to suit new variants in as close to real-time as possible.

The efficacy and safety of intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Evidence from a single cardiovascular center.

BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to systemically review the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid (TXA) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery at a single large-volume cardiovascular center. METHODS: A computerized search of electronic databases was performed to identify all relevant studies using search terms till December 31st, 2021. The primary outcomes were postoperative blood loss and the composite incidence of mortality and morbidities during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes included postoperative massive bleeding and transfusion, postoperative recovery profiles, coagulation functions, inflammatory variables, and biomarkers of vital organ injury. RESULTS: Database search yielded 23 qualified studies including 27,729 patients in total. Among them, 14,136 were allocated into TXA group and 13,593 into Control group. The current study indicated that intravenous TXA significantly reduced total volume of postoperative bleeding in both adult and pediatric patients, and that medium- and high-dose TXA were more effective than low-dose TXA in adult patients (P < .05). The current study also demonstrated that intravenous TXA, as compared to Control, remarkably reduced postoperative transfusion incidences and volume of red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma, and reduced postoperative transfusion incidence of platelet concentrates (PC) (P < .05) without obvious dose-effects (P > .05), but TXA did not reduce PC transfusion volume postoperatively in adult patients (P > .05). For pediatrics, TXA did not significantly reduce postoperative transfusion incidence and volume of allogenic red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma and PC (P > .05). Additionally, the current study demonstrated that intravenous TXA did not influence the composite incidence of postoperative mortality and morbidities in either adults or pediatrics during hospitalization (P > .05), and that there was no obvious dose-effect of TXA in adult patients (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: This current study suggested that intravenous TXA significantly reduced total volume of postoperative bleeding in both adult and pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery at the single cardiovascular center without increasing the composite incidence of mortality and morbidities.

Age- and gender-specific prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and its association with metabolic syndrome in Hangzhou, China.

OBJECTIVE: Because of rapid alterations in lifestyle and the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis (CA) and carotid plaque (CP) may increase in China. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CA and CP as well as its relation to MetS in an East Chinese population. METHODS: The study included 6142 subjects who underwent general health screening including carotid ultrasonography in 2009. Diagnoses of MetS were made according to the revised Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. RESULTS: The prevalence of CA and CP increased gradually with age. These conditions were more prevalent in men than in women (CA: 22.1%vs 12.0%, P < 0.001; CP: 12.6%vs 7.2%, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that male gender, age, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were risk factors for CA and CP, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was protective for CA. Age ≥ 50 years has the largest impact on CA and CP, followed by elevated blood pressure and elevated blood glucose. Individuals with MetS had a higher prevalence of CA (27.7%vs 20.0% in men, 24.0%vs 10.3% in women; P < 0.001 in both) and CP (16.6%vs 11.2% in men, P < 0.001; 11.8%vs 6.5% in women, P < 0.005) than those without MetS. The prevalence and odds ratios of CA and CP aggregated with an increasing number of MetS components, even in individuals exhibiting only one component. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that CA and CP have become a major public health problem in China. MetS and its components were associated with an increased prevalence of CA and CP.

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Various Medicines in the Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Previous studies have described the effects of different drugs in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). However, the efficacies of those drugs in preventing OHSS remain inconclusive. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed up to August 2021. We investigated the following drugs in our study: aspirin, albumin, metformin, calcium, cabergoline, quinagolide, letrozole, hydroxyethyl starch (HES), and glucocorticoids. The primary outcome was the incidence rate of moderate-to-severe OHSS, with the results presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The incidence of moderate-to-severe OHSS was significantly reduced by calcium administration (risk ratios [RR] 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04, 0.46) (grade: high), HES (RR 0.25, 95% CI 0.07, 0.73) (grade: high), and cabergoline (RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.24, 0.71) (grade: moderate). The surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicated that calcium (SUCRA, 92.4%) was the most effective intervention for preventing moderate-to-severe OHSS. These drugs were safe and did not affect clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, or live birth rates. Conclusion: Calcium, HES, and cabergoline could effectively and safely prevent moderate-to-severe OHSS, with calcium as the most effective intervention.