Iron(II) Phthalocyanine-Catalyzed Homodimerization and Tandem Diamination of Diazo Compounds with Primary Amines: Access to Construct Substituted 2,3-Diaminosuccinonitriles in One-Pot.

We herein first report the homodimerization and tandem diamination of diazo compounds with primary amines catalyzed by the iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe(II)), which can construct one C-C bond and two C-N bonds within 20 min in one-pot. Compared to the traditional metal-catalyzed N-H insertion reaction between amines with diazo reagents, the developed reaction almost does not generate the N-H insertion product, but the homodimerization/tandem diamination product. The proposed mechanism studies indicate that primary amines play a crucial role in the homocoupling of diazo compounds via dimerization of iron(III)-acetonitrile radical generated from the reaction between diazoacetonitrile with PcFe(II) coordinated by bis(amines); the ß-hydride elimination is involved, and then, the attack of primary amines toward the carbon atoms on the formed C-C bond is followed. Moreover, this novel reaction can be used to effectively prepare substituted 2,3-diaminosuccinonitriles with high yields and even up to >99:1 d.r., encouragingly these products contain both 1,2-diamines and succinonitrile motifs, which are two classes of important organic compounds with significant applications in many yields. This reaction is also suitable for the gram-scale preparation of 2,3-bis(phenylamino)succinonitrile (2a) with a yield of 84%. Therefore, the developed reaction represents a new type of transformation.

EZH2 as an Epigenetic Regulator of Cardiovascular Development and Diseases.

ABSTRACT: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2) is an enzymatic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is responsible for catalyzing mono-, di-, and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine-27(H3K27me1/2/3). Many noncoding RNAs or signaling pathways are involved in EZH2 functional alterations. This new epigenetic regulation of target genes is able to silence downstream gene expression and modify physiological and pathological processes in heart development, cardiomyocyte regeneration, and cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertrophy, ischemic heart diseases, atherosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. Targeting the function of EZH2 could be a potential therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases.

Combined Therapy of Catheter Ablation and Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Case-Control Study.

AIM: The feasibility and safety of performing the combined procedure of catheter ablation (CA) and left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) for atrial fibrillation (AF) have been reported by observational studies without controls. The aim of this study was to compare the procedural and long-term outcomes of combined procedures with isolated CA or LAAC. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included patients who underwent combined CA and LAAC (combined group), CA alone (CA-only group), or LAAC alone (LAAC-only group). Propensity score matching was used to select controls from the CA-only and LAAC-only groups. Each group contained 76 subjects. The procedures were successfully performed in all the patients. Procedure-related complications of the combined group included one pericardial effusion and two groin haematomas, which did not differ significantly with those of the CA-only group (3.9% vs. 2.6%, P=0.650) or the LAAC-only group (3.9% vs. 2.6%, P=0.650), respectively. The AF-free rate of the combined group was comparable with that of the CA-only group after a mean of 2 years follow-up (67.1% vs. 69.7%, P=0.727). Compared with the LAAC-only group, the combined group achieved similar complete occlusion rate at implant (94.7% vs. 93.4%) and at 45 days (82.9% vs. 85.5%). At the end of follow-up, ischemic stroke and bleeding events of the combined group were low (3.9%) and were comparable with those of the CA-only group (5.3%) and the LAAC-only group (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of AF-CA and LAAC is safe and efficacious compared with single procedures alone.

Access to Vinyl gem-Difluorinated Cyclopropanes via Photopromoted Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reaction.

A photopromoted Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction of gem-difluorocyclopropyl bromides (DFCBs) with styrenes to deliver vinyl gem-difluorinated cyclopropanes (VDFCs) under mild conditions has been developed. The reaction demonstrates good functional group compatibility while providing high E/Z ratio of the products. Furthermore, the desired VDFCs can be easily transformed into fluorinated cyclic/acyclic architectures, which may broaden its applications in organic synthesis.

Mechanisms of action and applications of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide at the intestinal mucosa barrier: a review.

As a medicinal and edible homologous Chinese herb, Polygonatum sibiricum has been used as a primary ingredient in various functional and medicinal products. Damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier can lead to or worsen conditions such as type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and its bioactive components can help prevent and manage these conditions by restoring the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. This review delves into the mode of action of P. sibiricum polysaccharide in disease prevention and management through the restoration of the intestinal barrier. Polysaccharide from P. sibiricum effectively treats conditions by repairing the intestinal mucosal barrier, offering insights for treating complex diseases and supporting the application of P. sibiricum in clinical settings.

HMGA1 sensitizes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to mTOR inhibitors through the ETS1-FKBP12 axis.

Esophageal carcinoma is amongst the prevalent malignancies worldwide, characterized by unclear molecular classifications and varying clinical outcomes. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, one of the frequently perturbed dysregulated pathways in human malignancies, has instigated the development of various inhibitory agents targeting this pathway, but many ESCC patients exhibit intrinsic or adaptive resistance to these inhibitors. Here, we aim to explore the reasons for the insensitivity of ESCC patients to mTOR inhibitors. We assessed the sensitivity to rapamycin in various ESCC cell lines by determining their respective IC50 values and found that cells with a low level of HMGA1 were more tolerant to rapamycin. Subsequent experiments have supported this finding. Through a transcriptome sequencing, we identified a crucial downstream effector of HMGA1, FKBP12, and found that FKBP12 was necessary for HMGA1-induced cell sensitivity to rapamycin. HMGA1 interacted with ETS1, and facilitated the transcription of FKBP12. Finally, we validated this regulatory axis in in vivo experiments, where HMGA1 deficiency in transplanted tumors rendered them resistance to rapamycin. Therefore, we speculate that mTOR inhibitor therapy for individuals exhibiting a reduced level of HMGA1 or FKBP12 may not work. Conversely, individuals exhibiting an elevated level of HMGA1 or FKBP12 are more suitable candidates for mTOR inhibitor treatment.

A comprehensive genomic analysis provides insights on the high environmental adaptability of Acinetobacter strains.

Acinetobacter is ubiquitous, and it has a high species diversity and a complex evolutionary pattern. To elucidate the mechanism of its high ability to adapt to various environment, 312 genomes of Acinetobacter strains were analyzed using the phylogenomic and comparative genomics methods. It was revealed that the Acinetobacter genus has an open pan-genome and strong genome plasticity. The pan-genome consists of 47,500 genes, with 818 shared by all the genomes of Acinetobacter, while 22,291 are unique genes. Although Acinetobacter strains do not have a complete glycolytic pathway to directly utilize glucose as carbon source, most of them harbored the n-alkane-degrading genes alkB/alkM (97.1% of tested strains) and almA (96.7% of tested strains), which were responsible for medium-and long-chain n-alkane terminal oxidation reaction, respectively. Most Acinetobacter strains also have catA (93.3% of tested strains) and benAB (92.0% of tested strains) genes that can degrade the aromatic compounds catechol and benzoic acid, respectively. These abilities enable the Acinetobacter strains to easily obtain carbon and energy sources from their environment for survival. The Acinetobacter strains can manage osmotic pressure by accumulating potassium and compatible solutes, including betaine, mannitol, trehalose, glutamic acid, and proline. They respond to oxidative stress by synthesizing superoxide dismutase, catalase, disulfide isomerase, and methionine sulfoxide reductase that repair the damage caused by reactive oxygen species. In addition, most Acinetobacter strains contain many efflux pump genes and resistance genes to manage antibiotic stress and can synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites, including arylpolyene, ß-lactone and siderophores among others, to adapt to their environment. These genes enable Acinetobacter strains to survive extreme stresses. The genome of each Acinetobacter strain contained different numbers of prophages (0-12) and genomic islands (GIs) (6-70), and genes related to antibiotic resistance were found in the GIs. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the alkM and almA genes have a similar evolutionary position with the core genome, indicating that they may have been acquired by vertical gene transfer from their ancestor, while catA, benA, benB and the antibiotic resistance genes could have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer from the other organisms.

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric [4+2] annulation of vinyl benzoxazinanones with pyrazolone 4,5-diones to access spirobenzoxazine frameworks.

Herein, a palladium-catalyzed general synthetic strategy to access an attractive and decorated set of chiral spiro derivatives of benzoxazine compounds is unveiled utilizing vinyl benzoxazinanones reacted with pyrazolone 4,5-diones, which extends the application of vinyl benzoxazinanones with ketones. This asymmetric catalytic [4+2] cycloaddition reaction demonstrates a broad substrate scope with functional group tolerance in yields of up to 76% and up to 96% ee. A facile scale-up and straightforward conversion to diversely substituted products verify the synthetic utility of this method.

Tang-Ping-San Decoction Remodel Intestinal Flora and Barrier to Ameliorate Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rodent Model.

Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex genetic disease associated with genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies have shown that changes in the gut microbiota may affect the development of host metabolic diseases and promote the progression of T2DM. Tang-ping-san (TPS) decoction can effectively treat T2DM. However, its specific mechanisms must be evaluated. Patients and Methods: In the present study, we established an animal model of T2DM using a high­fat diet (HFD) with intraperitoneal injection streptozotocin injection. Results: The therapeutic effect of TPS decoction on T2DM in mice was initially evaluated. TPS decoction was found to improve hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and pathological liver, pancreatic, and colon changes. Moreover, it reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Based on 16SrRNA sequencing, TPS decoction reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level. At the genus level, it increased the relative abundances of Akkermansia, Muribaculaceae, and the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and decreased the relative abundance of Fusobacterium, Escherichia coli, Dubosiella, and Helicobacter. Conclusion: TPS decoction improves T2DM and liver function and reduces the risk of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, pathological organ changes, and inflammatory reactions. The mechanism of TPS decoction in T2DM can be correlated with the reversal of gut microbiota dysfunction and repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.

Astragaloside trigger autophagy: Implication a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis is an abnormal wound-healing response to repeated alveolar injury, characterized by continuous inflammation and abnormal collagen deposition. Its treatment is problematic. Astragaloside (AST) is an active component of Astragalus membranaceus with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Although the underlying mechanisms are unknown, AST is also used to treat fibrotic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of AST in pulmonary fibrosis treatment. We found that AST significantly improved restrictive ventilatory impairment, compliance, total lung capacity, and functional residual capacity. In mice with pulmonary fibrosis, extracellular matrix deposition in the pulmonary parenchyma and intemperate inflammation were reversed. This therapeutic effect can be attributed to autophagy, activating the genes for autophagy flux and autophagic vacuoles. Impaired autophagy increased susceptibility to pulmonary fibrosis by exacerbating collagen deposition in vitro and in vivo. Using a combination of molecular docking and network pharmacology, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway was identified as a possible candidate for the pharmacologic target of AST. Functional dephosphorylation of MEK and ERK inhibited the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which converges at the rapamycin switch to initiate autophagy. Inhibitors of Ras and MEK regulated autophagy. These findings suggest that AST might treat pulmonary fibrosis by modulating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway mediated by depression.

Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation: A Pilot Study.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) for primary and secondary stroke prevention in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: This pilot study enrolled 36 patients with HCM and AF who underwent LAAC between April 2017 and December 2019, of whom 22 were for primary stroke prevention and 14 were for secondary prevention. Results: The patients enrolled in this study had non-obstructive (86.1%) or mild obstructive (13.9%) HCM. Patients in the Secondary Prevention Group had higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores (5.1 ± 1.4 vs. 2.6 ± 1.6, P < 0.001) and higher HAS-BLED scores (2.8 ± 1.0 vs. 1.5 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) compared with those in the Primary Prevention Group. Successful closure with satisfactory seals (residual leak ≤ 5 mm) was achieved in all patients, with complete occlusion in 86.4% of the Primary Prevention Group and 92.9% of the Secondary Prevention Group. Procedural-related complications included one pericardial effusion and one groin hematoma. One device-related thrombus was identified in the Secondary Prevention Group and resolved after anticoagulation. During a mean follow-up time of 28.4 months, one bleeding event was recorded. There were no thromboembolic events or deaths in either group, with 97.2% of the patients achieving freedom from anticoagulation therapy. Conclusions: Initial results suggest that LAAC can be a safe and feasible alternative for primary and secondary stroke prevention in selected patients with HCM and AF. Further studies with larger samples are required.

Gastrodia remodels intestinal microflora to suppress inflammation in mice with early atherosclerosis.

Atherosclsis is a critical actuator causing cardiac-cerebral vascular disease with a complicated pathogeneon, refered to the disorders of intestinal flora and persistent inflammation. Gastrodin (4-(hydroxymethyl) phenyl-ß-D- Glucopyranoside) is the most abundant glucoside extracted from the Gastrodiaelata, which is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for cardiac-cerebral vascular disease, yet its mechanisms remain little known. In the present study, the gastrodia extract and gastrodin attenuate the lipid deposition and foam cells on the inner membrane of the inner membrane of the thoracic aorta in the early atherosclerosis mice. Blood lipid detection tips that TC and LDL-C were reduced in peripheral blood after treatment with the gastrodia extract and gastrodin. Furthermore, unordered gut microbes are remodeled in terms of bacterial diversity and abundance at family and genus level. Also, the intestinal mucosa damage and permeability were reversed, accompaniedwith the reducing of inflammatory cytokines. Our findings revealed that the functions of gastrodia extract and gastrodin in cardiac-cerebral vascular disease involved to rescued gut microbes and anti-inflammation may be the mechanismof remission lipid accumulation.

Bioinformatics analysis of endophytic bacteria related to berberine in the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis teeta Wall.

Endophytic microorganisms absorb nutrients and prevent pathogen damage, supporting healthy plant growth. However, the relationship between endophytic bacteria and berberine synthesis in the medicinal plant Coptis teeta Wall. remains unclear. Herein, we explored the community composition of endophytic bacteria related to berberine in roots, stems, and leaves of wild-type and cultivated C. teeta. Endophytic bacterial communities were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, and berberine content in roots was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the major phyla, and Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Nocardioides, Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, and Rhizobium were the dominant genera in root, stem, and leaf tissues. Root berberine content was positively correlated with total N, total P, total K, and available K in rhizosphere soil. In addition, root berberine content was positively correlated with Microbacterium and norank_f_7B-8, whereas soil total K was positively correlated with Microbacterium and Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia in roots. Our results demonstrated a clear correlation between dominant endophytic bacteria and berberine synthesis in C. teeta. The findings are useful for the promotion of berberine production in C. teeta via manipulation of endophytic bacteria.

Bacterial association and comparison between lung and intestine in rats.

The association between lung and intestine has already been reported, but the differences in community structures or functions between lung and intestine bacteria yet need to explore. To explore the differences in community structures or functions, the lung tissues and fecal contents in rats were collected and analyzed through 16S rRNA sequencing. It was found that intestine bacteria was more abundant and diverse than lung bacteria. In intestine bacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroides were identified as major phyla while Lactobacillus was among the most abundant genus. However, in lung the major identified phylum was Proteobacteria and genus Pseudomonas was most prominent genus. On the other hand, in contrast the lung bacteria was more concentrated in cytoskeleton and function in energy production and conversion. While, intestine bacteria were enriched in RNA processing, modification chromatin structure, dynamics and amino acid metabolism. The study provides the basis for understanding the relationships between lung and intestine bacteria.

Curcumin and Curcumol Inhibit NF-κB and TGF-ß 1/Smads Signaling Pathways in CSE-Treated RAW246.7 Cells.

E-Zhu (Curcuma zedoaria) is known as a classical traditional Chinese medicine and widely used in the treatment of cancers, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and other diseases. Its main components include curcumol and curcumin, which have anti-inflammatory and antifibrosis effects. Here we established an in vitro inflammatory injury model by stimulating RAW246.7 cells with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and detected the intervention effects of curcumin and curcumol on CSE-treated Raw246.7 macrophage cells to explore whether the two compounds inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. We detected the antifibrosis effects of curcumin and curcumol via TGF-ß 1/Smads signaling pathways. The model of macrophage damage group was established by CSE stimulation. Curcumol and curcumin were administered to Raw246.7 macrophage cells. The efficacy of curcumol and curcumin was evaluated by comparing the activation of proinflammatory factors, profibrotic factors, and NF-κB and TGF-ß 1/Smads signaling pathway. In addition, CSE-treated group was employed to detect whether the efficacy of curcumol and curcumin was dependent on the NF-κB signaling via the pretreatment with the inhibitor of NF-κB. Our findings demonstrated that curcumol and curcumin could reduce the release of intracellular ROS from macrophages, inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway, and downregulate the release of proinflammatory factor. Curcumol and curcumin inhibited the TGF-ß 1/Smads signaling pathway and downregulated the release of fibrotic factors. Curcumin showed no anti-inflammatory effect in CSE-treated cells after the inhibition of NF-κB. Curcumol and curcumin showed an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Antifibrotic action of Yifei Sanjie formula enhanced autophagy via PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a crippling disease characterized by progressive dyspnea and associated with a high mortality rate, but its origin is unknown and there is no effective treatment. Yifei Sanjie formula (YFSJF) is a Chinese medicine that is widely used for treatment of respiratory systems disease. However, the molecular basis for the function of YFSJF has not been determined. Here we investigate the contribution of YFSJF in BLM-induced PF mice. Administration with YFSJF significantly alleviated the degree of BLM-induced collagen I and III deposition and the inflammatory injuring in the lungs and suppressed hydroxyproline release in PF animals. The active components of YFSJF are comprised with flavonoid, amino acids, saponins, oligosaccharide, organic acid, vitamin, esters, purine nucleosides. Additionally, there was a significant increase in autophagosomes, after treatment with YFSJF in PF animals. Interestingly, autophagy dysfunction by the blocker chloroquine (CQ) resulted in collagen deposition and inducing the expression of fibrosis-related genes. In addition, YFSJF-induced autophagy is mediated by the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, and knockdown of PI3K by siRNA up-regulated the expression of autophagy-related genes and down-regulated the expression of collagen in human lung fibroblasts (HLF). Our findings provide a detailed understanding that YFSJF-antifibrotic effects are mainly mediated by triggering autophagy, and suppressing phosphorylation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway is required for YFSJF-curative effect.

Regulation Effect of a Chinese Herbal Formula on Flora and Mucosal Immune Secretory Immunoglobulin A in Rats.

Flora and mucosal immunity are considered to be the barrier, which is associated with multiple respiratory diseases, including recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI). Fei-Xi-Tiao-Zhi-Fang (FTF) is a traditional Chinese herbal formula used in the treatment of RRTI. However, the mechanism is little known. This study aims to identify the function of FTF in flora and mucosal immune secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the model of RRTI rats. The samples of intestine and lung were collected to detect sIgA, short chain fatty acids (SCFAS), and flora with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography, and 16S rDNA sequencing. The body weight and viscera index were increased dynamically in RRTI rats after the administration of FTF. Furthermore, the types and proportions of aboriginal flora were significantly changed in the model group, whereas the altered flora was rescued in the FTF administration group. Desulfovibrio increased in the intestinal microflora and Ralstonia and Blautia decreased in the pulmonary microflora at the genus level, similar to that in the normal group. In addition, the expressions of sIgA in pulmonary and intestinal tissues were significantly upregulated and the level of SCFAS was increased in FTF group compared to the RRTI model group. Our study suggests that FTF can alleviate the symptoms of RRTI by increasing sIgA and SCFAS, recovering flora, and improving the immunity.

Increased Macroautophagy in Interferon-Gamma-Producing T Cells from Patients with Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Imbalance of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17 producing by T cells is confirmed to contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Autophagy is now emerging as a core player in the development and the function of the immune system. Therefore, we investigated the autophagic behavior in IFN-γ-, IL-4-, and IL-17-producing T cells from patients with SLE. METHODS: Thirty patients with SLE and 25 healthy controls matched for gender and age were recruited between September 2016 and May 2017. The autophagic levels in IFN-γ+ T cells, IL-4+ T cells, and IL-17+ T cells from patients with newly diagnosed SLE and healthy controls were measured using flow cytometry. The plasma levels of IFN-γ were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in SLE patients and healthy controls. Unpaired t-tests and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test were used to compare data from patients with SLE and controls. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was applied for calculation of the correlation between parallel variables in single samples. RESULTS: Our results showed increased percentage of autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells from patients with SLE and healthy controls ([8.07 ± 2.72]% vs. [3.76 ± 1.67]%, t = 5.184, P < 0.001), but not in IL-4+ T cells or IL-17+ T cells (P > 0.05) as compared to healthy donors. Moreover, the plasma levels of IFN-γ in SLE patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls ([68.9 ± 29.1] pg/ml vs. [24.7 ± 17.6] pg/ml, t = 5.430, P < 0.001). Moreover, in SLE patients, the percentage of autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells was positively correlated with the plasma levels of IFN-γ (r = 0.344, P = 0.046), as well as the disease activity of patients with SLE (r = 0.379, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that autophagy in IFN-γ+ T cells from SLE patients is activated, which might contribute to the persistence of T cells producing IFN-γ, such as Th1 cells, and consequently result in the high plasma levels of IFN-γ, and then enhance the disease activity of SLE.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Yu-Ping-Feng-San via TGF-ß1 signaling suppression in rat model of COPD.

OBJECTIVES: Yu-Ping-Feng-San (YPFS) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used for treatment of the diseases in respiratory systems, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recognized as chronic inflammatory disease. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we detected the factors involved in transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1)/Smad2 signaling pathway and inflammatory cytokines, to clarify whether YPFS could attenuate inflammatory response dependent on TGF-ß1/Smad2 signaling in COPD rats or cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated human bronchial epithelial (Beas-2B) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The COPD rat model was established by exposure to cigarette smoke and intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide, YPFS was administered to the animals. The efficacy of YPFS was evaluated by comparing the severity of pulmonary pathological damage, pro-inflammation cytokines, collagen related genes and the activation of TGF-ß1/Smad2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, CSE-treated cells were employed to confirm whether the effect of YPFS was dependent on the TGF-ß1/Smad2 signaling via knockdown Smad2 (Si-RNA), or pretreatment with the inhibitor of TGF-ß1. RESULTS: Administration of YPFS effectively alleviated injury of lung, suppressed releasing of pro-inflammatory cytokines and collagen deposition in COPD animals (P<0.05), whereas exogenous TGF-ß1 promoted releasing of IL-1ß, IL-6, TNFα (P<0.05). Administration YPFS reduced inflammatory response significantly, also down-regulated TGF-ß1/Smad2 signaling in vivo and in vitro. Unexpectedly, knockdown Smad2 or inhibition of TGF-ß1 abolished anti-inflammatory effect of YPFS in CSE-treated cells. CONCLUSION: YPFS accomplished anti-inflammatory effects mainly by suppressing phosphorylation of Smad2, TGF-ß1/Smad2 signaling pathway was required for YPFS-mediated anti-inflammation in COPD rats or CSE-treated Beas-2B cells.