[Expression of aquaporin 7 in perirenal adipose tissue of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty diabetic rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe perirenal adipose tissue aquaporin 7 (AQP7) mRNA and protein expression in the spontaneous type 2 diabetes animal model Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats in different stages of diabetes and explore the role of AQP7 in obesity development and diabetes. METHODS: OLETF rats (n=30) were studied, with the same strains of non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats (n=18) used as age-matched normal controls. After 8 weeks (baseline), 6 rats in each of the two groups were sacrificed. Then the rest of the OLETF rats were divided into untreated group (OLETF group, n=12) and metformin hydrochloride treated group (OLETF/M group, n=12). At the age of 8 , 18 and 28 weeks, their body weights were obtained, and biochemical items were measured including serum triglyceride, cholesterol, glycerol, glucose and insulin levels with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and the perirenal adipose tissue (PAT) was obtained to measure the AQP7 mRNA expression (by Real-time PCR) and AQP7 protein relative expression (by Western blotting). RESULTS: (1) OLETF group rats developed diabetes at week 18 [60 min glucose: (25.67 ± 6.78) mmol/L, 120 min glucose: (16.19 ± 2.98)mmol/L]. The body weights and biochemical items including serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, glucose and insulin levels of OGTT, were increased with the rats' age. The serum glycerol level was increased at week 18, but decreased at week 28. The serum glycerol level at weeks 8, 18, 28 were(52.61 ± 11.80)µmol/L, (156.03 ± 39.56)µmol/L and (130.84 ± 25.46)µmol/L , respectively. (2) OLETF/M group rats developed diabetes at week 18 [60 min glucose: (18.64 ± 6.67)mmol/L, 120 min glucose: (14.13 ± 5.21)mmol/L], but the glucose level at week 28 [60 min glucose: (11.72 ± 3.06)mmol/L, 120 min glucose: (12.42 ± 2.30)mmol/L] became lower than that at week 18. The body weights and Biochemical items including serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, serum glycerol and insulin levels of OGTT of the OLETF/M group rats, were of no significant difference from those of the OLETF group rats. The two groups were compared: in serum triglyceride [at week 18: (0.88 ± 0.14) vs. (1.09±0.44)mmol/L;at week 28 (1.06 ± 0.51) vs. (2.20 ± 1.51)mmol/L];serum cholesterol [at week 18 (2.18±0.14) vs. (2.30 ± 0.21)mmol/L,at week 28 (1.90 ± 0.19) vs. (2.36 ± 0.35) mmol/L,P<0.05];serum glycerol [at week 18 (77.28 ± .06) vs. (156.03 ± 39.56)µmol/L,P<0.05,at week 28 (58.44 ± 14.03) vs. (130.84 ± 25.46)µmol/L, P<0.01]. (3) Expression of perirenal adipose tissue AQP7 mRNA and protein levels: with rats age and obesity developed, compared with the same group rats at 8 week, the AQP7 mRNA expression of OLETF group increased 67.5% at 18 week and 41.7% at 28 week respectively, the AQP7 protein expression of OLETF group increased 21.9% at 18 week and 8.9% at 28 week respectively, the AQP7 mRNA expression of OLETF/M group increased 25% at 18 week and 8.3% at 28 week respectively, the AQP7 protein expression of OLETF/M group increased 14.6% at 18 week and 1.6% at 28 week respectively. AQP7 mRNA and protein expression were increased at 18 weeks and decreased at 28 weeks not only in OLETF groups but also in OLETF/M groups as it were consistent with serum glycerol. In the OLETF/M group, the expression of AQP7 mRNA and protein levels were lower than those in age-matched OLETF groups, though there was no statistic difference between the two groups. In the OLETF/M group, the expression of AQP7 mRNA and protein levels were lower than those in the age-matched OLETF group, though there was no statistic difference between the two groups. CONCLUSION: AQP7 of visceral adipose tissue may participate in glucose and lipid metabolism associated with diabetes and obesity. Metformin can improve OLETF rat glucose and lipid, but not contribute to AQP7 mRNA and AQP7 protein expression of perirenal adipose tissue.

[Levels of interlukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in saliva of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and oral lichen planus].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and oral lichen planus (OLP) by detecting the level of salivary tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interlukin-6 (IL-6). METHODS: Subjects were divided into 4 groups: T2DM/OLP group 29 patients, T2DM group 39 patients, OLP group 21 patients, and control group 43 individuals. The salivary interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: (1) The level of salivary IL-6 in patients with T2DM/OLP [(12.30 ± 16.03) ng/L] was significantly higher than those in T2DM [(6.29 ± 5.91) ng/L] and OLP groups [(3.64 ± 4.47) ng/L], P<0.05. The level of salivary IL-6 was significantly lower in OLP group [(3.64 ± 4.47) ng/L] than in control group [(7.91 ± 4.05) ng/L], P<0.001. The level of salivary TNF-α in T2DM group [(8.80 ± 8.41) ng/L] was significantly lower than those in OLP [(14.02 ± 9.65) ng/L] and control groups [(15.02 ± 6.13) ng/L], P<0.05. (2) The level of salivary TNF-α is significantly negative correlated with pH value of saliva in T2DM/OLP group(r=-0.593, P<0.01);The level of salivary TNF-α and IL-6 are significantly positive correlated with waistline in control group(r=0.312,P=0.05).(3) The levels of salivary IL-6 and TNF-α were positively related to OLP clinical type, P<0.05. (4)When OLP played an overlying role on T2DM, the level of TNF-α was weakened and that of IL-6 was strengthened. CONCLUSION: When T2DM and OLP are in concurrence,there is a synergistic effect,and the secretion of IL-6 increases markedly; The level of salivary TNF-α is associated with local oral environment.

[Nesidioblastosis in an adult with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a case report].

Adults-onset nesidioblastosis, as a differential diagnosis of organic hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, is very rare and has been recognised as "noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycaemia syndrome (NIPHS)". Here we described an extremely rare case of NIPHS in an elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus with insulin therapy. A 84-year old male was diagnosed as type 2 diabetes six years ago and switched from an oral hypoglycemic drug to pro-mixed insulin treatment 3 years ago. According to medical records, he had good-glucose control over few hypoglycemia. He was admitted to hospital due to frequent fasting hypoglycaemic episodes and comas despite withdrawal of any anti-diabetes drugs and continuous infusion of homogenate meal at night. Lab test showed low fasting glucose level and inappropriate high insulin/C-peptide level, and anti-insulin antibody was negative. A characteristic of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia with high C-peptide level was consistent with the possible diagnosis of insulinoma, but localizing studies including computed tomography of the abdomen and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy were negative. Surgical exploration by the palpation and intraoperative ultrasonography failed to detect any mass in the pancreas and 70% distal pancreatectomy was performed. Histological examination of the resected pancrease revealed an increased number and size of islets consistent with nesidioblastosis. After transient decline, his serum insulin travelled back to the level before pancreaectomy, but recurrent fasting hypoglycemia was mild and controlled by regular night eating postpancreaectomy.

Prevalence of dyslipidemia and its control in type 2 diabetes: A multicenter study in endocrinology clinics of China.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the levels of serum lipid and awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients from top-ranked endocrinology clinics in large cities of China. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 4807 Chinese adults 40 to 75 years of age was conducted during 2010 to 2011 at 20 endocrinology clinics in top-ranked hospitals covering most of the major cities of China. Serum lipid levels were measured, and treatment of dyslipidemia was recorded and assessed. RESULTS: In the present study, the prevalence of dyslipidemia was 67.1% in T2DM subjects. Among those with dyslipidemia, the proportion of awareness and treatment was 68.7% and 55.9%. Among participants with lipid-lowering therapy, 686 subjects achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) control less than 2.60 mmol/L, with the rate being 39.4%. In those patients with previous cardiovascular disease, the percentage of participants who achieved LDL-C goal (1.80 mmol/L) was 15.3%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dyslipidemia is high, and the awareness, treatment, and control of dyslipidemia are relatively low in Chinese T2DM patients. This calls for the awareness and intervention of dyslipidemia in these patients.