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BACKGROUND: Cancer is a leading global cause of death. Conventional cancer treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have associated side effects. Ferroptosis, a nonapoptotic and iron-dependent cell death, has been identified and differs from other cell death types. Research has shown that ferroptosis can promote and inhibit tumor growth, which may have prognostic value. Given the unclear role of ferroptosis in cancer biology, this meta-analysis aims to investigate its impact on cancer prognosis. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis conducted searches on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases. Eight retrospective studies were included to compare the impact of ferroptosis inhibition and promotion on cancer patient prognosis. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Studies lacking clear descriptions of hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for OS and PFS were excluded. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed on the included study data to assess prognosis differences between the experimental and control groups. Meta-analysis results included HR and 95% confidence intervals. This study has been registered with PROSPERO, CRD 42023463720 on September 27, 2023. RESULTS: A total of 2,446 articles were screened, resulting in the inclusion of 5 articles with 938 eligible subjects. Eight studies were included in the meta-analysis after bias exclusion. The meta-analysis, after bias exclusion, demonstrated that promoting ferroptosis could increase cancer patients' overall survival (HR 0.31, 95% CI 0.21-0.44) and progression-free survival (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16-0.44) compared to ferroptosis inhibition. The results showed moderate heterogeneity, suggesting that biological activities promoting cancer cell ferroptosis are beneficial for cancer patient's prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that the promotion of ferroptosis yields substantial benefits for cancer prognosis. These findings underscore the untapped potential of ferroptosis as an innovative anti-tumor therapeutic strategy, capable of addressing challenges related to drug resistance, limited therapeutic efficacy, and unfavorable prognosis in cancer treatment. REGISTRATION: CRD42023463720.
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Ferroptose , Neoplasias , Humanos , Ferroptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Prognóstico , Fatores de Proteção , Intervalo Livre de ProgressãoRESUMO
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) suffer from sharp cycling deterioration due to serious interfacial side reactions and corrosion problems on the zinc anode. Herein, an efficacious approach to construct hydrophobic ZnMoO4 coatings on Zn (denoted as Zn@ZMO) is proposed to mitigate direct contact between the zinc anode and electrolyte and enhance its cycle life. The hydrophobic ZnMoO4 layer (contact angle = 128°) with a honeycomb-like structure is prepared by an in situ liquid phase deposition method. The as-prepared ZnMoO4 coating exhibits persistent corrosion protection for Zn through 30 days of immersion in a 2 M ZnSO4 electrolyte, indicating excellent stability of the ZnMoO4 layer and ensuring its available application in AZIBs. Unique microchannels in this kind of honeycomb-like structured coating favor Zn2+ ion diffusion and ease of ion transport, especially at high current cycling. Its robust surface exclusion can effectively counter other side reactions induced by water, simultaneously. As a result, the Zn@ZMO symmetrical cell shows a remarkable cycle lifespan exceeding 2700 h at 1 mA cm-2/1 mA h cm-2, surpassing that of the bare zinc cell by more than 100 folds. At a current density of 5 A g-1, the Zn@ZMO//V2O5 cell can still achieve a specific capacity of 167.0 mA h g-1 after 500 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 88%, which demonstrates its long-term cycling stability.
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Sulfate aerosol is one of the major components of secondary fine particulate matter in urban haze that has crucial impacts on the social economy and public health. Among the atmospheric sulfate sources, Mn(II)-catalyzed SO2 oxidation on aerosol surfaces has been regarded as a dominating one. In this work, we measured the reaction kinetics of Mn(II)-catalyzed SO2 oxidation in single droplets using an aerosol optical tweezer. We show that the SO2 oxidation occurs at the Mn(II)-active sites on the aerosol surface, per a piecewise kinetic formulation, one that is characterized by a threshold surface Mn(II) concentration and gaseous SO2 concentration. When the surface Mn(II) concentration is lower than the threshold value, the reaction rate is first order with respect to both Mn(II) and SO2, agreeing with our traditional knowledge. But when surface Mn(II) concentration is above the threshold, the reaction rate becomes independent of Mn(II) concentration, and the reaction order with respect to SO2 becomes greater than unity. The measured reaction rate can serve as a tool to estimate sulfate formation based on field observation, and our established parametrization corrects these calculations. This framework for reaction kinetics and parametrization holds promising potential for generalization to various heterogeneous reaction pathways.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Material Particulado , Material Particulado/análise , Óxidos de Enxofre , Sulfatos/análise , Aerossóis , CatáliseRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of pediatric sepsis in Southwest China PICUs. DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter, and observational study. SETTING: Twelve PICUs in Southwest China. PATIENTS: The patients admitted to the PICU from April 1, 2022, to March 31, 2023. The age ranged from 28 days to 18 years. All patients met the criteria of severe sepsis or septic shock. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Of the 31 PICUs invited to participate, 12 PICUs (capacity of 292 beds) enrolled patients in the study. During the study period, 11,238 children were admitted to the participating PICUs, 367 (3.3%) of whom met the diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock. The most prevalent sites of infection were the respiratory system (55%) and the digestive system (15%). The primary treatments administered to these patients included antibiotics (100%), albumin (61.3%), invasive mechanical ventilation (58.7%), glucocorticoids (55.6%), blood products (51%), gammaglobulin (51%), and vasoactive medications (46.6%). Sepsis-related mortality in the PICU was 11.2% (41/367). Nearly half of the sepsis deaths occurred within the first 3 days of PICU admission (22/41, 53.7%). The mortality rate of septic shock (32/167, 19.2%) was significantly higher than that of severe sepsis (9/200, 4.5%; p < 0.001). The outcomes of a multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that a higher pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and the use of invasive mechanical ventilation and vasoactive medications were independently associated with PICU mortality in children with sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: This report updates the epidemiological data of pediatric sepsis in PICUs in Southwest China. Sepsis is still a life-threatening disease in children.
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Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Sepse , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Pré-Escolar , China/epidemiologia , Criança , Lactente , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica/estatística & dados numéricos , Sepse/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Choque Séptico/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) usually co-existed in soils, especially in areas with Se-rich soils in China. The potential health consequences for the local populations consuming foods rich in Se and Cd are unknown. Cardamine hupingshanensis (HUP) is Se and Cd hyperaccumulator plant that could be an ideal natural product to assess the protective effects of endogenous Se against endogenous Cd-caused bone damage. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed 5.22â¯mg/kg cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (Cd 3.2â¯mg/kg body weight (BW)), or HUP solutions containing Cd 3.2â¯mg/kg BW and Se 0.15, 0.29 or 0.50â¯mg/kg BW (corresponding to the HUP0, HUP1 and HUP2 groups) interventions. Se-enriched HUP1 and HUP2 significantly decreased Cd-induced femur microstructure damage and regulated serum bone osteoclastic marker levels and osteogenesis-related genes. In addition, endogenous Se significantly decreased kidney fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) protein expression and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and raised serum calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3). Furthermore, Se also regulated gut microbiota involved in skeletal metabolism disorder. In conclusion, endogenous Se, especially with higher doses (the HUP2 group), positively affects bone formation and resorption by mitigating the damaging effects of endogenous Cd via the modulation of renal FGF23 expression, circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 and PTH and gut microbiota composition.
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Cardamine , Selênio , Camundongos , Animais , Selênio/farmacologia , Selênio/metabolismo , Cádmio , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , SoloRESUMO
Pomegranate peel-derived extracellular nanovesicles(PPENs) were isolated and purified by ultra-high speed centrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Their morphology and structure were characterized. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay and model test of insulin resistance(IR) in HepG2 cells showed that PPENs had good anti-diabetic activity. The IC_(50) value of α-glucosidase inhibition was(35.3±1.1) µg·mL~(-1), significantly better than the positive drug acarbose. At a concentration of 100 µg·mL~(-1), PPENs could increase the glucose absorption of IR cells significantly. Lipidome, proteome, and metabolite analysis of PPENs were performed using chromatography-mass spectrometry. MicroRNA(miRNA) sequences were identified, and target genes of miRNA were predicted. The analysis results indicated that PPENs contained abundant lipids and transport proteins, providing a material basis for the transportation and distribution of PPENs in tissue. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis suggested that lipids and miRNAs may be the key components of PPENs to exert anti-diabetic activity.
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Hipoglicemiantes , Punica granatum , Punica granatum/química , Humanos , Células Hep G2 , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/química , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , alfa-Glucosidases/genética , alfa-Glucosidases/química , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Frutas/química , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/farmacologia , Medicamentos de Ervas Chinesas/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/química , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMO
Important forensic diagnostic indicators of sudden death in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, such as acute or chronic myocardial ischemic changes, sometimes make it difficult to locate the ischemic site due to the short death process, the lack of tissue reaction time. In some cases, the deceased died of sudden death on the first-episode, resulting in difficulty for medical examiners to make an accurate diagnosis. However, clinical studies on coronary instability plaque revealed the key role of coronary spasm and thrombosis caused by their lesions in sudden coronary death process. This paper mainly summarizes the pathological characteristics of unstable coronary plaque based on clinical medical research, including plaque rupture, plaque erosion and calcified nodules, as well as the influencing factors leading to plaque instability, and briefly describes the research progress and technique of the atherosclerotic plaques, in order to improve the study on the mechanism of sudden coronary death and improve the accuracy of the forensic diagnosis of sudden coronary death by diagnosing different pathologic states of coronary atherosclerotic plaques.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Trombose Coronária , Placa Aterosclerótica , Humanos , Placa Aterosclerótica/complicações , Placa Aterosclerótica/patologia , Trombose Coronária/complicações , Trombose Coronária/patologia , Fatores de Risco , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/complicações , Morte Súbita Cardíaca/etiologia , Morte Súbita Cardíaca/patologia , Vasos Coronários/diagnóstico por imagem , Vasos Coronários/patologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the efficacy and safety of nusinersen sodium in the treatment of children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 50 children with 5q SMA who received nusinersen sodium treatment and multidisciplinary treatment management in Shanxi Children's Hospital from February 2022 to February 2024. RESULTS: Compared with the baseline data, 67% (8/12), 74% (35/47), and 74% (35/47) of the SMA children had a clinically significant improvement in the scores of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders, Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded, and Revised Upper Limb Module, respectively, and the distance of 6-minute walking test increased from 207.00 (179.00, 281.50) meters to 233.00 (205.25, 287.50) meters (P<0.05) after nusinersen sodium treatment. Of all 50 children with SMA, 24 (48%) showed good tolerability after administration, with no significant or persistent abnormalities observed in 2 034 laboratory test results, and furthermore, there were no serious or immunological adverse events related to the treatment. After treatment, there was a significant change in forced vital capacity as a percentage of the predicted value in 27 children with restrictive ventilatory dysfunction, as well as a significant change in the level of 25-(OH) vitamin D in 15 children with vitamin D deficiency (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: For children with SMA, treatment with nusinersen sodium can continuously improve the response rates of motor function scales, with good tolerability and safety.
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Oligonucleotídeos , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Oligonucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Oligonucleotídeos/efeitos adversos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Atrofia Muscular Espinal/tratamento farmacológico , Criança , Resultado do Tratamento , Atrofias Musculares Espinais da Infância/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Lung cancer accounts for the main proportion of malignancy-related deaths and most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy have great advances in application in clinics to treat lung cancer patients, yet the efficacy is unstable. The response rate of these therapies varies among patients. Some biomarkers have been proposed to predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy, including programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and oncogene mutations. Nevertheless, the detection tests are invasive, time-consuming, and have high demands on tumor tissue. The predictive performance of conventional biomarkers is also unsatisfactory. Therefore, novel biomarkers are needed to effectively predict the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) can be a possible solution, as it has several advantages. AI can help identify features that are unable to be used by humans and perform repetitive tasks. By combining AI methods with radiomics, pathology, genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and clinical data, the integrated model has shown predictive value in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, which significantly improves the precision treatment of lung cancer patients. Herein, we reviewed the application of AI in predicting the outcomes of immunotherapy and targeted therapy in lung cancer patients, and discussed the challenges and future directions in this field.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Antígeno B7-H1 , Inteligência Artificial , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Imunoterapia/métodosRESUMO
High-resolution membrane protein structures are essential for a fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of diverse cellular processes and for drug discovery. Detergents are widely used to extract membrane-spanning proteins from membranes and maintain them in a functional state for downstream characterization. Due to limited long-term stability of membrane proteins encapsulated in conventional detergents, development of novel agents is required to facilitate membrane protein structural study. In the current study, we designed and synthesized tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane linker-bearing triazine-based triglucosides (TTGs) for solubilization and stabilization of membrane proteins. When these glucoside detergents were evaluated for four membrane proteins including two G protein-coupled receptors, a few TTGs including TTG-C10 and TTG-C11 displayed markedly enhanced behaviors toward membrane protein stability relative to two maltoside detergents [DDM (n-dodecyl-ß-d-maltoside) and LMNG (lauryl maltose neopentyl glycol)]. This is a notable feature of the TTGs as glucoside detergents tend to be inferior to maltoside detergents at stabilizing membrane proteins. The favorable behavior of the TTGs for membrane protein stability is likely due to the high hydrophobicity of the lipophilic groups, an optimal range of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, and the absence of cis-trans isomerism.
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Detergentes , Proteínas de Membrana , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Detergentes/química , Trometamina , Triazinas , Glucosídeos/química , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The pantropical fern genus Didymochlaena (Didymochlaenaceae) has long been considered to contain one species only. Recent studies have resolved this genus/family as either sister to the rest of eupolypods I or as the second branching lineage of eupolypods I, and have shown that this genus is not monospecific, but the exact species diversity is unknown. In this study, a new phylogeny is reconstructed based on an expanded taxon sampling and six molecular markers. Our major results include: (i) Didymochlaena is moderately or weakly supported as sister to the rest of eupolypods I, highlighting the difficulty in resolving the relationships of this important fern lineage in the polypods; (ii) species in Didymochlaena are resolved into a New World clade and an Old World clade, and the latter further into an African clade and an Asian-Pacific clade; (iii) an unusual tripling of molecular, morphological and geographical differentiation in Didymochlaena is detected, suggesting single vicariance or dispersal events in individual regions and no evidence for reversals at all, followed by allopatric speciation at more or less homogeneous rates; (iv) evolution of 18 morphological characters is inferred and two morphological synapomorphies defining the family are recognized-the elliptical sori and fewer than 10 sori per pinnule, the latter never having been suggested before; (v) based on morphological and molecular variation, 22 species in the genus are recognized contrasting with earlier estimates of between one and a few; and (vi) our biogeographical analysis suggests an origin for Didymochlaena in the latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous and the initial diversification of the extant lineages in the Miocene-all but one species diverged from their sisters within the last 27 Myr, in most cases associated with allopatric speciation owing to geologic and climatic events, or dispersal.
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Gleiquênias , Magnoliopsida , Gleiquênias/genética , Evolução Molecular , Filogenia , GeografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We applied a fully automated pixel-wise post-processing framework to evaluate fully quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging (CMR-MPI). In addition, we aimed to evaluate the additive value of coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA) to the diagnostic performance of fully automated pixel-wise quantitative CMR-MPI for detecting hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: A total of 109 patients with suspected CAD were prospectively enrolled and underwent stress and rest CMR-MPI, CMRA, invasive coronary angiography (ICA), and fractional flow reserve (FFR). CMRA was acquired between stress and rest CMR-MPI acquisition, without any additional contrast agent. Finally, CMR-MPI quantification was analyzed by a fully automated pixel-wise post-processing framework. RESULTS: Of the 109 patients, 42 patients had hemodynamically significant CAD (FFR ≤ 0.80 or luminal stenosis ≥ 90% on ICA) and 67 patients had hemodynamically non-significant CAD (FFR Ë 0.80 or luminal stenosis < 30% on ICA) were enrolled. On the per-territory analysis, patients with hemodynamically significant CAD had higher myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest, lower MBF under stress, and lower myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) than patients with hemodynamically non-significant CAD (p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of MPR (0.93) was significantly larger than those of stress and rest MBF, visual assessment of CMR-MPI, and CMRA (p < 0.05), but similar to that of the integration of CMR-MPI with CMRA (0.90). CONCLUSIONS: Fully automated pixel-wise quantitative CMR-MPI can accurately detect hemodynamically significant CAD, but the integration of CMRA obtained between stress and rest CMR-MPI acquisition did not provide significantly additive value. KEY POINTS: ⢠Full quantification of stress and rest cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging can be postprocessed fully automatically, generating pixel-wise myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) maps. ⢠Fully quantitative MPR provided higher diagnostic performance for detecting hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease, compared with stress and rest MBF, qualitative assessment, and coronary magnetic resonance angiography (CMRA). ⢠The integration of CMRA and MPR did not significantly improve the diagnostic performance of MPR alone.
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Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Estenose Coronária , Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Miocárdico , Imagem de Perfusão do Miocárdio , Humanos , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Angiografia Coronária/métodos , Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Miocárdico/fisiologia , Constrição Patológica , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Perfusão , Imagem de Perfusão do Miocárdio/métodosRESUMO
Efflorescence of ammonium nitrate (AN) aerosols significantly impacts atmospheric secondary aerosol formation, climate, and human health. We investigated the effect of representative water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) (sucralose (SUC), glycerol (GLY), and citric acid (CA) on AN:WSOC aerosol efflorescence using vacuum Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Combining efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) measurements, heterogeneous nucleation rates, and model predictions, we found that aerosol viscosity, correlating with molecular diffusion, effectively predicted ERH variations among the AN:WSOC aerosols. WSOCs with higher viscosity (SUC and CA) hindered efflorescence, while GLY with a lower viscosity showed a minor effect. At a low AN:CA molar ratio (10:1), CA promoted ERH, likely due to CA crystallization. Increasing the droplet pH inhibited AN:CA aerosol efflorescence. In contrast, for AN:SUC and AN:GLY aerosols, efflorescence is pH-insensitive. With the addition of trivial sulfate, AN:SUC droplets exhibited two-stage efflorescence, coinciding with ammonium sulfate and AN efflorescence. Given the atmospheric abundance, the morphology, phase, and mixing state of nitrate aerosols are significant for atmospheric chemistry and physics. Our results suggest that AN:WSOCs aerosols can exist in the amorphous phase in the atmosphere, with efflorescence behavior depending on the aerosol composition, viscosity, pH, and the cation and anion interactions in a complex manner.
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Nitratos , Água , Humanos , Nitratos/química , Água/química , Umidade , Sulfato de Amônio/química , Aerossóis , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Previous reports on the epidemiology, influencing factors, and the prognostic value of the components of PR interval in hospitalized heart failure patients were limited. METHODS: This study retrospectively enrolled 1182 patients hospitalized with heart failure from 2014 to 2017. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the association between the components of PR interval and the baseline parameters. The primary outcome was all-cause death or heart transplantation. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were constructed to explore the predictive value of the components of PR interval for the primary outcome. RESULTS: In multiple linear regression analysis, higher height (for every 10 cm increase in height: regression coefficient 4.83, P < 0.001) as well as larger atrial and ventricular size were associated with larger P wave duration but not with PR segment. The primary outcome occurred in 310 patients after an average follow-up of 2.39 years. Cox regression analyses revealed that the increase in PR segment was an independent predictor of the primary outcome (every 10 ms increase: hazard ratio 1.041, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.010-1.083, P = 0.023), whereas the P wave duration did not show significant correlation. When adding the PR segment to an initial prognostic prediction model, the likelihood ratio test and categorical net reclassification index (NRI) showed a significant improvement, but the increase in C-index was not significant. In subgroup analysis, increased PR segment was an independent predictor of the primary endpoint in patients taller than 170 cm (each 10 ms increase: hazard ratio 1.153, 95% CI 1.085-1.225, P < 0.001) but not the shorter group (P for interaction = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalized patients with heart failure, longer PR segment was an independent predictor of the composite endpoint of all-cause death and heart transplantation, especially in the taller group, but it had limited significance in improving the prognostic risk stratification of this population.
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Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Insuficiência Cardíaca/terapia , Análise MultivariadaRESUMO
The high NO3- concentration in fine particulate matters (PM2.5) during heavy haze events has attracted much attention, but the formation mechanism of nitrates remains largely uncertain, especially concerning heterogeneous uptake of NOX by aqueous phase. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of NO2 by sodium acetate (NaAc) droplets with different NO2 concentrations and relative humidity (RH) conditions is investigated by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (micro-FTIR). The IR feature changes of aqueous droplets indicate the acetate depletion and nitrite formation in humid environment. This implies that acetate droplets can provide the alkaline aqueous circumstances caused by acetate hydrolysis and acetic acid (HAc) volatilization for nitrite formation during the NO2 heterogeneous uptake. Meanwhile, the nitrite formation will exhibit a pH neutralizing effect on acetate hydrolysis, further facilitating HAc volatilization and acetate depletion. The heterogeneous uptake coefficient increases from 5.2 × 10-6 to 1.27 × 10-5 as RH decreases from 90% to 60% due to the enhanced HAc volatilization. Furthermore, no obvious change in uptake coefficient with different NO2 concentrations is observed. This work may provide a new pathway for atmospheric nitrogen cycling and secondary nitrite aerosol formation.
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Nitritos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio , Acetato de Sódio , Aerossóis/análise , Material Particulado , ÁguaRESUMO
To improve the poor survival rate of lung cancer patients, we investigated the role of HDGF-related protein 3 (HRP-3) as a potential biomarker for lung cancer. The expression of endogenous HRP-3 in human lung cancer tissues and xenograft tumor models is indicative of its clinical relevance in lung cancer. Additionally, we demonstrated that HRP-3 directly binds to the E2F1 promoter on chromatin. Interestingly, HRP-3 depletion in A549 cells impedes the binding of HRP-3 to the E2F1 promoter; this in turn hampers the interaction between Histone H3/H4 and HDAC1/2 on the E2F1 promoter, while concomitantly inducing Histone H3/H4 acetylation around the E2F1 promoter. The enhanced Histone H3/H4 acetylation on the E2F1 promoter through HRP-3 depletion increases the transcription level of E2F1. Furthermore, the increased E2F1 transcription levels lead to the enhanced transcription of Cyclin E, known as the E2F1-responsive gene, thus inducing S-phase accumulation. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the utility of HRP-3 as a biomarker for the prognosis and treatment of lung cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the capacity of HRP-3 to regulate the E2F1 transcription level via histone deacetylation.
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Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Ciclina E/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição E2F1/genética , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Células A549 , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Acidity is a defining property of atmospheric aerosols that profoundly affects environmental systems, human health, and climate. However, directly measuring the pH of aerosol microdroplets remains a challenge, especially when the microdroplets' composition is nonhomogeneous or dynamically evolving or both. As a result, a pH measurement technique with high spatiotemporal resolution is needed. Here, we report a spatiotemporally resolved pH measurement technique in microdroplets using spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. Our target sample was the microdroplets comprising sodium chloride and oxalic acidâlaboratory surrogates of sea spray aerosols and water-soluble organic compounds, respectively. Our measurements show that the chloride depletion from the microdroplets caused a continuous increase in pH by â¼0.5 units in 2 hours. Meanwhile, the surface propensity of chloride anions triggers a stable pH gradient inside a single droplet, with the pH at the droplet surface lower than that at the core by â¼ 0.4 units. The uncertainties arising from the Raman detection limit (±0.08 pH units) and from the nonideal solution conditions (-0.06 pH units) are constrained. Our findings indicate that spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is a simple yet robust technique for precise pH measurement in aerosols with high spatiotemporal resolution.
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Cloretos , Análise Espectral Raman , Humanos , Aerossóis/química , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Água/química , Halogênios , Concentração de Íons de HidrogênioRESUMO
Aerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and profoundly affect climate systems and human health. To gain more insights on their broad impacts, we need to comprehensively understand the fundamental properties of atmospheric aerosols. Since aerosols are multiphase, a dispersion of condensed matter (solid particles or liquid droplets, hereafter particles) in gas, partitioning of volatile matter between the condensed and the gas phases is one defining characteristic of aerosols. For example, water content partitioning under different relative humidity conditions, known as aerosol hygroscopicity, has been extensively investigated in the past decades. Meanwhile, partitioning of volatile organic or inorganic components, which is referred to as aerosol volatility, remains understudied. Commonly, a bulk solution system is treated as a single phase, with volatility mainly determined by the nature of its components, and the composition partitioning between solution and gas phase is limited. Aerosols, however, comprise an extensive gas phase, and their volatility can also be induced by component reactions. These reactions occurring within aerosols are driven by the formation of volatile products and their continuous partitioning into the gas phase. As a consequence, the overall aerosol systems exhibit prominent volatility. Noteworthily, such volatility induced by reactions is a phenomenon exclusively observed in the multiphase aerosol systems, and it is trivial in bulk solutions due to the limited extent of liquid-gas partitioning. Take the chloride depletion in sea salt particles as an example. Recent findings have revealed that chloride depletion can be caused by reactions between NaCl and weak organic acids, which release HCl into the gas phase. Such a reaction can be described as a strong acid displaced by a weak acid, which is hardly observed in bulk phase. Generally, this unique partitioning behavior of aerosol systems and its potential to alter aerosol composition, size, reactivity, and other physicochemical properties merits more attention by atmospheric community.This Account focuses on the recent advancements in the research of component reactions that induce aerosol volatility. These reactions can be categorized into four types: chloride depletion, nitrate depletion, ammonium depletion, and salt hydrolysis. The depletion of chloride or nitrate can be regarded as a displacement reaction, in which a strong acid is displaced by a weak acid. Such a reaction releases highly volatile HCl or HNO3 into the gas phase and leads to a loss of chloride or nitrate within the particles. Likewise, ammonium depletion is a displacement reaction in which a strong base is displaced by a weak base, resulting in release of ammonia and substantial changes in aerosol hygroscopicity. In addition, aerosol volatility can also be induced by salt hydrolysis in a specific case, which is sustained by the coexistence of proton acceptor and hydroxide ion acceptor within particles. Furthermore, we quantitatively discuss these displacement reactions from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives, by using the extended aerosol inorganic model (E-AIM) and Maxwell steady-state diffusive mass transfer equation, respectively. Given the ubiquity of component partitioning in aerosol systems, our discussion may provide a new perspective on the underlying mechanisms of aerosol aging and relevant climate effects.
RESUMO
The complexity of global biodiversity in the tropical Indochina Peninsula and subtropical China bioregions has fascinated biologists for decades, but little is known about the spatiotemporal patterns in these regions. Accordingly, the aims of present study were to investigate the evolutionary and distribution patterns of Engelhardia in these regions and establish a model for examining biogeographic patterns and geological events throughout the tropical Indochina Peninsula and subtropical China. The effects of geological events occurring in the area between the Indochina Peninsula and subtropical China bioregions on the two trees species (i.e., E. roxburghiana and E. fenzelii) were evaluated. A robust phylogenetic framework of 884 individuals from 79 populations was used to generate time-calibrated cytoplasmic and nuclear phylogenetic frameworks based on cpDNA, nrDNA, and nSSR data, respectively. When considered along with ancestral area reconstructions, the genetic data were also used to assess and reconstruct the species' population genetic structure and diversity. These analyses yielded important information about the (1) historical distribution relationships between the tropical and subtropical flora of China; (2) effects of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) on the evolutionary history of Asia's plants; and (3) importance of biogeography in conservation planning. Although cytoplasmic-nuclear discordance indicated cpDNA and nrDNA were subject to distinct evolutionary mechanisms that reflected respective evolutionary histories of the plastid and nuclear genomes of prior demographic and biogeographic events. The tropical elements of Engelhardia occupied the Indochina Peninsula during the early Eocene, whereas the subtropical elements were transformed from the tropical elements during Miocene cooling and the onset of the EASM at the Oligocene-Miocene boundary, intensified during the late Miocene and Pliocene, facilitating the transformation of Engelhardia from the tropical Indochina Peninsula to subtropical China. Demographic history provided insights into prominent planning frameworks in conservation biology, namely that subtropical China functioned as a refugium during past climate oscillations and will continue to serve in this capacity in the future.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Plantas , China , DNA de Cloroplastos , Humanos , Indochina , Filogenia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis is a potentially fatal complication. Sparse published researches evaluated the prognostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT) for ICI-associated myocarditis. METHODS: In the single-center retrospective study, 52 patients with ICI-associated myocarditis and CMR were included from August 2018 to July 2021. The ICI-associated myocarditis was diagnosed by using the clinical criteria of the European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were comprised of cardiovascular death, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, and complete heart block. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 171 days, 14 (27%) patients developed MACE. For patients with MACE, the global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), global longitudinal strain (GLS), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were significantly worse and native T1 values and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) extent were significantly increased, compared with patients without MACE (p < 0.05). The GLS remained the independent factor associated with a higher risk of MACE (hazard ratio (HR): 2.115; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.379-3.246; p = 0.001) when adjusting for LVEF, LGE extent, age, sex, body mass index, steroid treatment, and prior cardiotoxic chemotherapy or radiation. After adjustment for LVEF, the GLS remained the independent risk factor associated with a higher rate of MACE among patients with a preserved LVEF (HR: 1.358; 95% CI: 1.007-1.830; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: GLS could provide independent prognostic value over GCS, GRS, traditional CMR features, and clinical features in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis. KEY POINTS: ⢠The global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking were significantly impaired in patients with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated myocarditis. ⢠GLS was still significantly impaired in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. ⢠The worse GLS was an independent risk factor over GCS, GRS, traditional CMR features, and clinical features for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with ICI-associated myocarditis.