The 5'-3' exoribonuclease pacman is required for epithelial sheet sealing in Drosophila and genetically interacts with the phosphatase puckered.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Ribonucleases have been well studied in yeast and bacteria, but their biological significance to developmental processes in multicellular organisms is not well understood. However, there is increasing evidence that specific timed transcript degradation is critical for regulation of many cellular processes, including translational repression, nonsense-mediated decay and RNA interference. The Drosophila gene pacman is highly homologous to the major yeast exoribonuclease XRN1 and is the only known cytoplasmic 5'-3' exoribonuclease in eukaryotes. To determine the effects of this exoribonuclease in development we have constructed a number of mutations in pacman by P-element excision and characterized the resulting phenotypes. RESULTS: Mutations in pacman resulted in flies with a number of specific phenotypes, such as low viability, dull wings, crooked legs, failure of correct dorsal/thorax closure and defects in wound healing. The epithelial sheet movement involved in dorsal/thorax closure is a conserved morphogenetic process which is similar to that of hind-brain closure in vertebrates and wound healing in humans. As the JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signalling pathway is known to be involved in dorsal/thorax closure and wound healing, we tested whether pacman affects JNK signalling. Our experiments demonstrate that pacman genetically interacts with puckered, a phosphatase that negatively regulates the JNK signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal that the 5'-3' exoribonuclease pacman is required for a critical aspect of epithelial sheet sealing in Drosophila. Since these mutations result in specific phenotypes, our data suggest that the exoribonuclease Pacman targets a specific subset of mRNAs involved in this process. One of these targets could be a member of the JNK signalling pathway, although it is possible that a parallel pathway may instead be affected. The exoribonuclease pacman is highly conserved in all eukaryotes, therefore it is likely that it is involved in similar morphological processes, such as wound healing in human cells.

The 5'-3' exoribonuclease Pacman is required for normal male fertility and is dynamically localized in cytoplasmic particles in Drosophila testis cells.

The exoribonuclease Xrn1 is widely recognised as a key component in the 5'-3' RNA degradation pathway. This enzyme is highly conserved between yeast and humans and is known to be involved in RNA interference and degradation of microRNAs as well as RNA turnover. In yeast and human tissue culture cells, Xrn1 has been shown to be a component of P-bodies (processing bodies), dynamic cytoplasmic granules where RNA degradation can take place. In this paper we show for the first time that Pacman, the Drosophila homologue of Xrn1, is localized in cytoplasmic particles in Drosophila testis cells. These particles are present in both the mitotically dividing spermatogonia derived from primordial stem cells and in the transcriptionally active spermatocytes. Pacman is co-localized with the decapping activator dDcp1 and the helicase Me31B (a Dhh1 homologue) in these particles, although this co-localization is not completely overlapping, suggesting that there are different compartments within these granules. Particles containing Pacman respond to stress and depletion of 5'-3' decay factors in the same way as yeast P-bodies, and therefore are likely to be sites of mRNA degradation or storage. Pacman is shown to be required for normal Drosophila spermatogenesis, suggesting that control of mRNA stability is crucial in the testis differentiation pathway.

Xrn1/Pacman affects apoptosis and regulates expression of hid and reaper.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is a highly conserved cellular process that is crucial for tissue homeostasis under normal development as well as environmental stress. Misregulation of apoptosis is linked to many developmental defects and diseases such as tumour formation, autoimmune diseases and neurological disorders. In this paper, we show a novel role for the exoribonuclease Pacman/Xrn1 in regulating apoptosis. Using Drosophila wing imaginal discs as a model system, we demonstrate that a null mutation in pacman results in small imaginal discs as well as lethality during pupation. Mutant wing discs show an increase in the number of cells undergoing apoptosis, especially in the wing pouch area. Compensatory proliferation also occurs in these mutant discs, but this is insufficient to compensate for the concurrent increase in apoptosis. The phenotypic effects of the pacman null mutation are rescued by a deletion that removes one copy of each of the pro-apoptotic genes reaper, hid and grim, demonstrating that pacman acts through this pathway. The null pacman mutation also results in a significant increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic mRNAs, hid and reaper, with this increase mostly occurring at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting that Pacman normally targets these mRNAs for degradation. Our results uncover a novel function for the conserved exoribonuclease Pacman and suggest that this exoribonuclease is important in the regulation of apoptosis in other organisms.

A novel neutral protease from Thermoactinomyces species 27a: sequencing of the gene, purification, and characterization of the enzyme.

The nucleotide sequence of the previously cloned (Zabolotskaya, M. V., Nosovskaya, E. A., Kaplun, M. A., and Akimkina, T. V. (2001). Mol. Gen. Mikrobiol. Virusol. No 1, 32-34) DNA fragment from Thermoactinomyces sp. 27a (GenBank Accession No. AY280367) containing the metalloproteinase gene was determined. A continuous open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 673 aa was revealed. Analysis of this sequence demonstrated that the metalloproteinase from Thermoactinomyces sp. 27a is synthesized as a preproprotein and includes a leader peptide (26 aa), N-terminal propeptide (215 aa), mature region (317 aa), and additional C-terminal domain (115 aa). The recombinant enzyme from Thermoactinomyces sp. 27a was expressed in Bacillus subtilis AJ73 cells and purified by anion exchange chromatography to an electrophoretically homogeneous state. The determined N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature protein was identical to that deduced from the gene. The obtained data suggest that the mature protein should include 432 aa and have a calculated molecular weight of 46,262 Da. However, the molecular weight of the mature protein determined by mass spectrometry was 34,190+/-70 Da indicating a C-terminal processing. The proteinase was not inhibited by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride but was inhibited by o-phenanthroline and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The enzyme had maximum activity by azocasein hydrolysis at 55 degrees C and pH 6.5-7.5; it was stable at pH 7.5-8.5 and remained stable at 50 degrees C for several hours. The k(cat)/Km for 3-(2-furyl)acryloyl-glycyl-L-leucine amide hydrolysis was (2.8+/-0.1) x 10(3) M(-1) x s(-1).

Cloning, sequencing, expression, and characterization of protealysin, a novel neutral proteinase from Serratia proteamaculans representing a new group of thermolysin-like proteases with short N-terminal region of precursor.

The gene of Serratia proteamaculans proteinase, protealysin, was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The gene encoded a precursor of 341 amino acids (AAs) with a significant homology to thermolysin-like proteinases (TLPs). The molecular weight of the purified mature active recombinant protein was 32 kDa, the N-terminal amino acid sequence was AKTSTGGEVI. The optimum pH for azocasein hydrolysis by protealysin was seven and it was completely inhibited by o-phenanthroline. The enzyme hydrolyzed 3-(2-furyl)acryloyl-glycyl-L-leucine amide, the standard substrate for TLPs, with k(cat)/K(m) ratio of (2.52 +/- 0.02) x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1). Protealysin maturation removes 50 AA from the N-terminus of the precursor. The removed region had no similarity with the preprosequence of thermolysin (232 AA) but was homologous to some other TLPs. These proteins shared a conserved 7-AA motif near the initial methionine. Such motif was also found in some nonproteolytic putative proteins; two of them were eukaryotic.