Effectiveness and safety of an institutional aminoglycoside-based regimen as empirical treatment of patients with pyelonephritis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine clinical outcomes associated with aminoglycosides versus other antimicrobial agents as empirical treatment of hospitalized patients with pyelonephritis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An institutional programme promoting aminoglycosides as empirical treatment of pyelonephritis was implemented in 2016. We reviewed the hospital records of patients with pyelonephritis from January 2017 to April 2019. The primary outcome was death within 30 days of index culture. Initial treatment with aminoglycoside-based regimens was compared with non-aminoglycoside antibiotics. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for between-group differences in baseline covariates. RESULTS: The study cohort included 2026 patients, 715 treated with aminoglycosides and 1311 treated with non-aminoglycoside drugs (ceftriaxone, n = 774; piperacillin/tazobactam, n = 179; carbapenems, n = 161; and fluoroquinolones, n = 133); 589 patients (29%) had bloodstream infections. Treatment with aminoglycosides was associated with a higher likelihood of in vitro activity against clinical isolates (OR = 2.0; P < 0.001). Death at 30 days occurred in 55 (7.6%) versus 145 (11%) patients treated with aminoglycosides and non-aminoglycoside drugs, respectively (adjusted HR = 0.78; P = 0.013). Aminoglycosides were either superior or similar to comparator drugs in all patient subgroups, stratified according to age, glomerular filtration rate, bacteraemia, haemodynamic shock and infection with third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The incidence of acute kidney injury was similar for aminoglycosides and comparators (2.5% versus 2.9%, respectively; P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Within the context of an institutional programme, initial empirical treatment of pyelonephritis with aminoglycosides was associated with higher rates of in vitro activity and lower overall mortality compared with non-aminoglycoside drugs, without excess nephrotoxicity.

The implementation of rapid microbial identification via MALDI-ToF reduces mortality in gram-negative but not gram-positive bacteremia.

Our goals were to study the effect of rapid microbial identification (RMI) of positive blood culture on patient's outcome and to identify specific microbiological characteristics related to clinical benefit of RMI. This was a retrospective-cohort study of hospitalized, adult patients with bacteremia. The outcome of patients with bacteremia episodes was compared before vs. after the initiation of RMI. RMI was done by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight testing of microcolonies. The study included 1460 and 2710 cases in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively. There were similar rates of gram-negative, gram-positive, anaerobes, and polymicrobial infections, but higher rate of contaminants in the intervention period (39.9 vs. 43.7%, p = 0.019). The median time-to-identification decreased from 47.5 to 21.3 h (p < 0.001). Post-intervention, the median LOS declined from 10.83 to 9.79 days (p = 0.016), the rate of ICU transfer declined from 13.8 to 11.6% (p = 0.054), and the mortality rate declined from 20.9 to 18.3% (p = 0.047). The improvement in outcome variables remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis when performed for all episodes and non-contaminants but not for contaminants. The mortality declined in gram-negative bacteremia (20% vs. 15.5%, p = 0.005 in multivariate analysis) but not in gram-positive bacteremia (18.1% vs. 18.5%). RMI reduces mortality from gram-negative but not gram-positive bacteremia.

Mosquito Surveillance for 15 Years Reveals High Genetic Diversity Among West Nile Viruses in Israel.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is endemic in Israel and has been the cause of several outbreaks in recent years. In 2000, a countrywide mosquito survey was established to monitor WNV activity and characterize viral genotypes in Israel. We analyzed data from 7135 pools containing 277 186 mosquitoes collected over the past 15 years and, here, report partial sequences of WNV genomes obtained from 102 of the 336 positive mosquito pools. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that cluster 4 and the Mediterranean and Eastern European subtypes of cluster 2 within WNV lineage 1 circulated in Israel, as did WNV lineage 2, highlighting a high genetic diversity of WNV genotypes in our region. As a major crossroads for bird migration between Africa and Eurasia and with a long history of human infection, Israel serves as a resource hub for WNV in Africa and Eurasia and provides valuable information on WNV circulation in these regions.

Factors associated with childhood influenza vaccination in Israel: a cross-sectional evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Vaccinating children against influenza has shown both direct and indirect beneficial effects. However, despite being offered free of charge, childhood influenza vaccine coverage in Israel has been low. Our objective was to evaluate the factors associated with childhood influenza vaccination in Israel. METHODS: A cross-sectional language-specific telephone survey was conducted among adults 18 years or older, to examine childhood influenza vaccination practices and their associations with socio-demographic and relevant health variables. We further explored the reasons for these practices among parents. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with childhood influenza vaccine acceptance. RESULTS: Of a total of 6518 individuals contacted by mobile phone, 1165 eligible parents, ≥18 years old with children 1-18 years of age, were interviewed, and 1040 of them completed the survey successfully. Overall, factors associated with childhood influenza vaccination were younger child's age, influenza vaccination of other family members and belonging to the Arab population group. No association was found between childhood influenza vaccination and routine childhood vaccine uptake. Several of the parents' reasons for vaccine acceptance - preventing influenza or its transmission, awareness regarding the need for influenza vaccination and receipt of invitation to get vaccinated - differed significantly between Jewish and Arab parents. Several reasons reported by parents for not vaccinating children against influenza, indicated a likelihood to accept influenza vaccine outreach efforts. Such reasons were reported by 27.5% of Jewish parents and 37.5% of Arab parents. CONCLUSIONS: We found that certain demographic factors were associated with childhood influenza vaccination in Israel. Several reasons described by the parent for not vaccinating their children indicate that outreach efforts are likely to increase childhood influenza vaccination. Addressing population group-specific needs is recommended to optimize the success of influenza vaccine outreach efforts.

Ineffectiveness of the 2014-2015 H3N2 influenza vaccine.

The seasonal influenza vaccine is currently the most effective preventive modality against influenza infection. Nasopharyngeal samples of vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients presenting with Influenza-like-illness (ILI) were collected from over 20 outpatient clinics located in different geographic parts of Israel and were tested for the presence of influenza viruses (influenza A and influenza B). Here we show, that in the 2014-2015 season, the vaccine that included the A/Texas/50/2012 H3N2 virus was ineffective. Significant numbers of individuals vaccinated with the 2014-2015 vaccine, of all ages, were infected with influenza A (H3N2), manifesting similar symptoms as the non-vaccinated group. We further demonstrate that the Israeli circulating influenza A(H3N2) virus was different than that included in the 2014-2015 northern hemisphere vaccine, and that antibodies elicited by this vaccine were significantly less efficient in neutralizing influenza A(H3N2) infection.

Neighboring Pallidal Neurons Do Not Exhibit more Synchronous Oscillations than Remote Ones in the MPTP Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease.

In the healthy primate, neurons of the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus (GP) present a primarily irregular firing pattern, and a negligible level of synchrony is observed between pairs of neurons. This holds even for neighboring cells, despite their higher probability to receive common inputs and to innervate each other via lateral connectivity. In the Parkinsonian primate, this changes drastically, and many pairs of GP cells show synchronous oscillations. To address the relation between distance and synchrony in the Parkinsonian state, we compared the synchrony of discharge of close pairs of neurons, recorded by the same electrode, with remote pairs, recorded by different ones. However, spike trains of neighboring cells recorded by the same extracellular electrode exhibit the shadowing effect; i.e., lack of detection of spikes that occur within a few milliseconds of each other. Here, we demonstrate that the shadowing artifact can both induce apparent correlations between non-correlated neurons, as well as conceal existing correlations between neighboring ones. We therefore introduced artificial shadowing in the remote pairs, similar to the effect we observed in the close ones. After the artificial shadowing, neighboring cells did not show a higher tendency to oscillate synchronously than remote ones. On the contrary, the average percentage (over all sessions) of artificially shadowed remote pairs exhibiting synchronous oscillations was 35.4% compared to 17.2% in the close ones. Similar trend was found when the unshadowed remote pairs were separated according to the estimated distance between electrode tips: 29.9% of pairs at approximate distance of less than 750 µm were significantly synchronized, in comparison with 28.5% of the pairs whose distance was more than 750 µm. We conclude that the synchronous oscillations in the GP of MPTP treated primates are homogenously distributed.