The cost of illness analysis of inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition involving individuals across all age groups. Recent data suggests the increase in the prevalence of IBD and the surge in applying the biologic drugs in which both change the cost of IBD in recent years. Comprehensive assessment of direct and indirect cost profiles associated with IBD in our area is scarce. This study aimed to determine the economic burden of IBD in Iran from a societal perspective, using cost diaries. METHODS: Patients available on clinic registry and hospital information system (HIS), who were diagnosed with IBD, were invited to take part in this study. Demographic and clinical data, the healthcare resource utilization or cost items, absenteeism for the patients and their caregivers were obtained. The cost of the used resources were derived from national tariffs. The data regarding premature mortality in IBD patients was extracted from HIS. Productivity loss was estimated based on the human capital method. Then, cost date were calculated as mean annual costs per patient. RESULTS: The cost diaries were obtained from 240 subjects (Ulcerative colitis: n = 168, Crohn's disease, n = 72). The mean annual costs per patient were 1077 US$ (95% CI 900-1253), and 1608 (95% CI 1256, 1960) for the patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. Of the total costs, 58% and 63% were in terms of the indirect costs for the patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. The cost of illness for country was found to be 22,331,079 US$ and 15,183,678 US$ for patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. Highest nationwide economic burden of IBD was found for patients older than 40 years were estimated to be 8,198,519 US$ and 7,120,891 US$, for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. CONCLUSION: The medication was found to be the greatest contributor of direct medical costs. Productivity loss in terms of long-term disability and premature mortality were major components of IBD's economic burden in Iran.

An adapted model of cost-related medication nonadherence among older adult patients with chronic diseases: an Iranian qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Following the rapid aging of population, some concerns have emerged regarding increasing demand for health care services and the consequent increase in health costs. Besides, older adult patients with chronic disease are more prone to show cost-related medication non-adherence (CRN) to cope with their medication costs. The objective of this qualitative study was to develop an adopted conceptual framework on the contextual determinants that affect the CRN in older adult patients with chronic diseases. METHODS: Problem-centered, semi-structured, in-depth, and face-to-face interviews, were conducted with healthcare informants in Iran, from Sep. 2021 to Feb. 2022. Collected data were analyzed using deductive and inductive analytic approaches and content analysis methodology was used to develop the model. This study applies to the COREQ checklist. RESULTS: Fifteen informants, including 8 (60%) males, with mean ± SD age of 44.4 ± 9.7 years, entered into the study. Based on the data analysis performed on the information obtained from the interview with 3 subgroups of geriatricians, health policymakers, and pharmacists, six major themes identified as determinants: 1) socio-economic factors, 2) health system-related factors, 3) healthcare provider-related factors, 4) medication-related factors, 5) disease-related factors, and 6) patient-related factors. There were also 23 minor themes which were matched with the aforementioned six major themes. CONCLUSION: The final framework obtained in this qualitative study depicts CRN as an issue that is highly likely affected by six main determinants among older patients with chronic disease. Our findings emphasize that policymakers would focus on certain major themes and allocate resources to programs to improve medication therapy management in older adult patients.

Genetic Characterizations of the Iranian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera meda Skorikov 1929) Populations Using the Microsatellite DNA Markers.

The genetic characterization of the Iranian honey bee was investigated by analyzing 10 polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci in 300 honey bee samples representative of twenty Iranian provinces. This study evaluated the heterozygosity (Ho and He), the Shannon index, the number of observed alleles, and F-statistics among tested populations as genetic parameters. Our finding demonstrated that the Iranian honey bee populations were described by low genetic diversity in terms of the number of observed alleles, Shannon index, and Heterozygosity values. Most populations had significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium cause of heterozygote shortage. Low FST and FIS values proposed the absence or very low genetic diversity within and among A. m. meda populations in the present study. The cluster analysis has categorized the honey bee samples gathered from various regions of Iran into two main groups, including honey bees in the North-West (i.e., North, Northwest, and West) provinces and honey bees in the East-South (i.e., Eastern North, Central part, and Southern) provinces of Iran. Our results also revealed lower genetic differentiation and heterozygosity among tested honey bee populations. The results from this study are consistent with previous investigations in Iran, alarming the loss of genetic diversity in the Iranian honey bee populations, which leads to more homozygosity. This study presented new data and reports on genetic structure in investigated native Iranian honey bee populations, and it will benefit future studies on selection, native biodiversity preservation and other conservation breeding projects.

Catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditure in patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the financial burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments to purchase antidiabetic medicines for type 2 patients in Iran. METHOD: The "budget share" and "capacity to pay" approaches were employed to assess the catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditures of antidiabetic medication therapies. The catastrophic thresholds were adjusted for pharmaceutical sectors. The data was 2019 monthly household expenditures in rural and urban areas, insurance coverages of antidiabetic medicines and patients' out-of-pocket (OOP) payments in 30-day treatment schedules. RESULTS: The results show that expenditure on diabetes medication therapies in the form of mono-dual therapy and some cases triple oral therapies were not catastrophic even for rural households. Insulin puts patients at risk of catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditures when added to the treatment schedules, and lack of financial protection intensifies it. In general, the poorer households and those resistant to first-line treatments were at increased risk of catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditures. The number of treatments that put patients at risk of catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditure in "budget share" was higher than the "capacity to pay" approach. CONCLUSIONS: Assessing medication treatment affordability instead of a single medicine assessment is needed. Assessment could be done by utilizing a macro-level data approach and applying adjusted pharmaceutical sector threshold values. Considering the variation between treatment schedules that put patients at risk of catastrophic pharmaceutical expenditures, targeted pharmaceutical policies and reimbursement decisions are recommended to promote Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and to protect vulnerable populations from hardship.

Chemical and morphological characteristics of common bean seed and evaluating genetic advance in commercial classes.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulagris L.) is a nutritionally important food crop with prospective health benefits in the world. The current study was evaluated the chemical components, morphological characteristics, and genetic advance of 22 common bean cultivars/lines seeds from three commercial classes (white, red, pinto beans) adapted to different climates of Iran. The results showed significant variations among 22 common bean cultivars/lines for all studied seed traits. The commercial group comparisons showed that pinto beans were the best in terms of seed morphological characteristics but red beans were superior for seed protein percentage and zinc content. White beans had high amounts of iron, calcium and magnesium, and also presented high amounts of starch and uronic acid as anti-nutritional factors. Among the chemical components, crude fat had the highest genetic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, whereas starch percentage showed the lowest values. The genetic advance over the mean ranged from 6.73% (starch percentage) to 66.31% (100-seed weight), and high heritability was estimated for calcium content (0.99). AND1007 Line demonstrated the high seed protein, iron and zinc contents. To confirm the results, a genotype-by-trait biplot was done. These results could help to achieve a common bean cultivar with a high amount of nutritional value of seeds and appropriate seed characteristics with a low amount of anti-nutritional factors.

Recommendations to improve insurance coverage for physiotherapy services in Iran: a multi criteria decision-making approach.

BACKGROUND: High toll of traffic-related injuries, climate change, natural disasters, population aging, as well as chronic diseases have all made considerable demands on receiving physiotherapy services in Iran. Nevertheless, there is an assortment of complications facing utilization of such services, particularly poor insurance coverage. Therefore, the present study investigated and identified gaps in insurance coverage in order to inform future policy reforms and the design of a more comprehensive and universal benefits package for physiotherapy services in Iran. METHODS: This project was carried out in Iran, using a mix-methods (viz. qualitative-quantitative) approach. Within the first phase, a qualitative study was completed to find policy recommendations. Such recommendations were then prioritized through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), in the second phase, based on effectiveness, acceptability, cost, fairness, feasibility, and time. RESULTS: Within the first phase, a total number of 30 semi-structured interviews with health policy-makers, health insurers, faculty members, rehabilitation experts, and physiotherapists were completed. Several policy recommendations were also proposed by the study participants. Following the second phase, prioritized recommendations were provided to promote stewardship (e.g., informing policy-makers about physiotherapy services), collection of funds (e.g., placing value-added taxes on luxury goods and services), pooling of funds (e.g., moving allocated resources towards insurance (viz. third-party) mechanism), purchasing (e.g., using strategic purchasing), and benefit package (e.g., considering preventive interventions) as the main components of insurance coverage. CONCLUSION: The study findings provided a favorable ground to improve insurance coverage for physiotherapy services in Iran. As well, decision- and policy-makers can place these recommendations on the agenda in the health sector to protect population health status, especially that of groups with disabilities.

Temperament and character of patients with alcohol toxicity during COVID - 19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Corona virus epidemic may be acts as a stressor or trauma that affects both physical health and mental health. People exhibited various reactive behaviors to confront with this stressful situation. In Iran, one of the common motives for alcohol consumption is to scape problems and cope with stresses. It has been shown that personality factors influence alcohol consumption, since they are associated with drinking motives. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between temperament and character and alcohol abuse. METHODS: This cross-section study was conducted on 135 alcohol intoxicated patients admitted to emergency room in March 2020 and 255 participants who were randomly selected from public in Shiraz. A questionnaire consisted of TCI (Temperament and character inventory) and several questions about COVID-19 pandemic. It was completed by a trained interviewer using the matched answer technique. Demographic factors were self-reported. RESULTS: Among the alcohol intoxicated group, 117 (86.7%) were males and 18(13.3%) were females. The mean age of the participants was 32.43 ± 10.81 years. Among control group, 99 (38.8%) were males and 156 (61.2%) were females. The mean age of control group was 33.12 ± 14.77 years. Alcohol toxicity was mostly observed among the young males (male/female ratio was 6.45). According to temperament and character index, mean scores of novelty seeking, harm avoidant, and self-transcendence were higher in the alcohol toxicity group than normal population (P < 0.01). Mean scores of reward dependent, cooperativeness, and self-directedness were higher in normal population than the alcohol toxicity group (P < 0.001). The mean score of persistence was not significantly different between methanol intoxicated and normal population groups (P = 0.718). CONCLUSION: Alcohol intoxicated patients had higher scores of novelty-seeking and self-transcendence and lower scores of reward-dependency scores, cooperativeness and self-directedness. These scores are associated with higher likelihood of personality disorders.

Public sphere attitudes towards the rumor sources of the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from community perceptions in Iran.

BACKGROUND: In the COVID-19 pandemic, rumors travel far faster than the outbreak itself. The current study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting the attitudes of individuals towards the rumors-producing media in Iran. METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in Iran in March 2020 on the source of information and rumors, along with the perception of individuals regarding the reasons for rumors propagation during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: Results showed that the majority of the participants (59.3%) believed that social media were the main source of rumors. The lack of a reliable and formal news resource was also considered the most common cause of rumoring by the participants (63.6%). An evaluation was carried out to identify the main source of misinformation and rumors. Results showed that Retired participants considered foreign media (P < 0.001) as the main resource. The middle-income level participants believed that social media (P < 0.001) were the main source. In this regard, the highly educated participants (P < 0.001), government employees, and middle-income individuals (P = 0.008) believed that national media produced rumors. CONCLUSION: Although findings were achieved during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the authorities immediately introduced the national media as a reliable news resource, which allowed both media and its journalists to reduce the gap between themselves and the public sphere. It was suggested that social networks and foreign media be more accountable in pandemics.

Expectations of citizens from the government in response to COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: The government is the main body in charge of controlling epidemics; hence, expectations from the intention and capacities of the government would affect the flexibility and behaviors of citizens. Given the severity of COVID-19 pandemic and the urgent need for cooperation of people in the prevention and combat processes, understanding the public perspectives would be crucial and instructive. This study aimed to explore such perspectives towards the current pandemic among the Iranian. Indeed, we sought to provide a favorable platform for effective policies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic through recognizing public expectations. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey used an open-ended online questionnaire to investigate the common perspectives of the Iranian towards the response of government to COVID-19 pandemic. The participants were selected using snowball and convenient sampling techniques across the country. The collected data were analyzed and described using a thematic analysis. RESULTS: In general, 2547 participants agreed to participate in this study and completed the online questionnaire. According to the findings, the Iranian exhibited several expectations regarding the response of the government to COVID-19 pandemic. Three main themes were extracted based on these expectations: (1) health-related expectations, (2) policy-related expectations, and (3) Information-related expectations. In this study, a majority of participants highlighted the need to consider and follow-up the patients and their families, providing the financial and hygiene support during the pandemic, applying strict restrictions, and using close monitoring and controlling procedures. Furthermore, they mentioned that authorities and news agencies should observe the principals honesty and transparency. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that people expect the government and other responsible institutions to minimize the burden of this pandemic through adopting effective policies. Also, they could help policy-makers become aware of the expectations of people and develop better strategies.

The effect of risk communication on preventive and protective Behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: mediating role of risk perception.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 outbreak is a global pandemic, during which the community preventive and protective behaviors play a crucial role in the containment and control of infection. This study was designed to contribute to the existing knowledge on how risk communication (RC) and risk perception (RP) affect protective and preventive behaviors (PPB) during the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: The required data were extracted from a national online survey of Iranian adults aged 15 and older during March 15-19, 2020 (n=3213). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The study findings reveal that RC has direct and indirect positive effects on PB. Furthermore, this study also provides new evidence indicating that RP mediates the relationship between RC and PB and there is a two-way relationship between RC and RP. These interactions may have impact on risk communication strategies which should be adopted during this pandemic. CONCLUSION: The study findings have remarkable implications for informing future communications as well as interventions during this ongoing outbreak and subsequent national risk events.

Transparency in public pharmaceutical sector: the key informants' perceptions from a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Policymaking in the pharmaceutical sector plays a pivotal role in achieving the health systems' goals. Transparency in the pharmaceutical policy could increase confidence in decision-making processes. This study aims to assess transparency in the public pharmaceutical sector of Iran. METHODS: This qualitative study with a content analysis approach was conducted in 2017 using the World Health Organization tool to explore pharmaceutical transparency. The perceptions of the various stakeholders of the health system through semi-structured interviews with a maximum variation of stakeholders were obtained in eight functions, including registration, licensing, inspection, promotion, clinical trials, selection, procurement, and distribution of medicines. RESULTS: There are some problems in two main categories: (1) General problems, including lack of transparency, conflict of interest, centralization, and monopoly. (2) Ethical problems include illegal payments, gifts, bribes, conflicts of interest, hidden power, hoarding, relationship-oriented behavior, medicine trafficking, and counterfeit medicine. Suggested solutions include evidence-based decision-making, the use of transparent and accountable processes, standardization, needs assessment, declaring a conflict of interest, skilled human resources, and tracking prescription. CONCLUSION: Despite the development of effective pharmaceutical policy in the health care system and government interventions for the control of the market, in some functions, reviewing the pharmaceutical policy is essential. Additionally, declaring a conflict of interest statement must be at the core of policy development to provide greater transparency.

Mental health status during COVID-19 pandemic in Fars Province, Iran: timely measures.

BACKGROUND: The current corona virus pandemic is acting as a stressor or trauma, which not only threats physical health status, but also threats mental health status and well-being of people. Currently, COVID-19 pandemic is a life-threatening unpredictable condition accompanied with a large number of uncertainties. The present study has mainly aimed to assess mental health and the relevant social factors during this pandemic in Fars province. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 922 participants in Fars province, Iran, using internet-based data collection technique. All the included participants filled out the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Moreover, demographic variables and some social factors were evaluated by asking some questions. All the participants were ensured of the confidentiality of the collected data, and willingly completed the questionnaire. RESULTS: Among the participants, there were 629 women (68.2%) and 293 men (31.2%). The mean age of the participants was 36.98 ± 11.08 years old. Four hundred twenty-five subjects (46.1%) obtained GHQ-28 scores above the cut-off point, and accordingly, they were suspected of having poor mental health statuses. Women, in comparison to men (OR = 2.034, 95%:1.62-3.28), and individuals aged < 50 years old, in comparison to those aged > 50 years old (OR: 4.01 95%:2.15-7.50), have poorer mental health statuses. Trusting on media, health authorities, and cooperation with policy makers, as well as having uncertainty on information about Coronavirus pandemic were also shown to be associated with poor mental health condition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study revealed that the number of those people with suspected poor mental health in Fars province significantly increased compared to a previous study using the same questionnaire. Furthermore, the participants who had less trust in media and policymakers were more prone to mental health problems. Therefore, it can be concluded that supporting people in these life-threatening pandemic crises is of great importance, so the policy makers and media must present reliable and valid information to people as soon as possible.

An application of analytic network process model in supporting decision making to address pharmaceutical shortage.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to develop an Analytic Network Process (ANP) model to assist policymakers in identifying and prioritizing allocation indicators, which are being used or should be used to distribute drugs in short supply among different provinces. METHODS: The model encompasses the interactions between various indicators and efficiency, equity, and effectiveness paradigms. Accordingly, a set of clusters and elements, which were associated with the allocation of drugs in short supply in Iran's pharmaceutical system, were detected to develop the model and were then compared in pairs in terms of a specified factor to show the priorities. RESULTS: Equity had the highest priority (0.459) following by Efficiency (0.37), and Effectiveness (0.171). The 4 most important allocation indicator were "number of prescriptions" (0.26) and "total bed occupancy rate" (0.19) related to equity, "total population" (0.21) in efficiency and "the burden of rare and incurable disease" (0.07) in effectiveness paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: The capability to overcome inefficient resource allocation patterns caused by both oversupply and undersupply derived from historic resource allocation may be highly limited in the absence of the need indicators. The quality of the decision is related to a careful balancing act of the three paradigms which represents roughly the triple aim of public healthcare systems: clinical improvement (effectiveness), population health improvement (equity and access), and reducing cost (economic aspects -efficiency).

Willingness to pay for one quality-adjusted life year in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Recent years have witnessed a strong tendency to apply economic evidence as a guide for making health resource allocation decisions, especially those related to reimbursement policies. One such measure is the use of the cost-effectiveness threshold as a benchmark. This study explored the threshold for use in the health system of Iran by determining society's preferences. METHODS: A cross-sectional household survey based on the contingent valuation method was administered to a representative general population of 1002 in Tehran, Iran from April to June 2015. The survey was intended to estimate the respondents' willingness-to-pay (WTP) preferences for one quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. The valuation scenarios featured 12 vignettes on mild to severe diseases that can change people's quality of life. The mean of WTP for QALY was estimated using different health instruments, and the determinants of such willingness were analyzed using the Heckman selection model. RESULTS: WTP for QALY varied depending on the severity of a disease and the instrument used to determine health preferences. Mean low health state value were associated with high valuation. The best estimated WTP values ranged from US$1032 to US$2666 and 0.22-0.56 of Iran's local gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in 2014. Except for educational level, significant variables differed across different disease scenarios. Generally, a high health state valuation for target diseases, high income, high educational level, and being married were associated with high WTP for QALY. CONCLUSION: From the general public's perspective, the monetary value of QALY for mild to severe diseases with no risk of death was less than one GDP per capita. Therefore, the obtained valuation range is recommended as reference only for the adoption of interventions designed to improve quality of life. Future studies should estimate the threshold of interventions for life-threatening diseases or formulate transparent policies in such contexts.

DNA-Hybridization Detection on Si(100) Surfaces Using Light-Activated Electrochemistry: A Comparative Study between Bovine Serum Albumin and Hexaethylene Glycol as Antifouling Layers.

Light can be used to spatially resolve electrochemical measurements on a semiconductor electrode. This phenomenon has been explored to detect DNA hybridization with light-addressable potentiometric sensors and, more recently, with light-addressable amperometric sensors based on organic-monolayer-protected Si(100). Here, a contribution to the field is presented by comparing sensing performances when bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hexaethylene glycol (OEG6) are employed as antifouling layers that resist nonspecific adsorption to the DNA-modified interface on Si(100) devices. What is observed is that both sensors based on BSA or OEG6 initially allow electrochemical distinction among complementary, noncomplementary, and mismatched DNA targets. However, only surfaces based on OEG6 can sustain electroactivity over time. Our results suggest that this relates to accelerated SiO x formation occasioned by BSA proteins adsorbing on monolayer-protected Si(100) surfaces. Therefore, DNA biosensors were analytically explored on low-doped Si(100) electrodes modified on the molecular level with OEG6 as an antifouling layer. First, light-activated electrochemical responses were recorded over a range of complementary DNA target concentrations. A linear semilog relation was obtained from 1.0 × 10-11 to 1.0 × 10-6 mol L-1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.942. Then, measurements with three independent surfaces indicated a relative standard deviation of 4.5%. Finally, selectivity tests were successfully performed in complex samples consisting of a cocktail mixture of four different DNA sequences. Together, these results indicate that reliable and stable light-activated amperometric DNA sensors can be achieved on Si(100) by employing OEG6 as an antifouling layer.

Taq1B Polymorphism of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) and Its Effects on the Serum Lipid Levels in Metabolic Syndrome Patients.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. The plasma origin of Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is responsible for transferring cholesterol esters from high-density lipoprotein particles to apolipoprotein B containing lipoproteins compartment. We conducted this study to investigate the association between CETP gene Taq1B (rs708272) polymorphism in the metabolic syndrome among Iranian subjects. A sample size of 200 patients diagnosed with MetS together with 200 healthy donors as control were enrolled in this study. The investigation of polymorphism was performed by the use of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. To determine the relationship between polymorphism and lipid profile, we measured lipids and CETP concentration in metabolic syndrome and control subjects. Genotype distribution and allelic frequencies of polymorphism were determined and compared in both groups. Our findings showed that all clinical and biochemical characteristics in patients differed from the control group. The results showed that genotype and allele frequency of the Taq1B polymorphism was not significantly different between two groups. Instinctively, CETP was significantly higher in metabolic syndrome (1.64 ± 0.32 µg/ml) than in control (1.53 ± 0.34 µg/ml). A low level of CETP was found in blood of B2B2 typified genotype. In spite of Taq1B polymorphism on ester transfer protein concentration, no direct correlation was found between this polymorphism and metabolic syndrome.

Public Preference for Financing Preventive Vaccines in Health Shocks: The Case of COVID-19 Vaccines in a Middle-Income Country.

BACKGROUND: To effectively manage health crises such as disease pandemics, health authorities require reliable information regarding people's preferences. This helps to ensure timely and targeted interventions and avoids increasing societal costs through developing evidence-based policies. This study investigates the Iranian people's preference for financing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines and the factors affecting this. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed during the third-wave peak of COVID-19 in Iran from 1 to 20 February 2021 utilizing various data collection methods. The public preference regarding imported and domestically produced vaccines, their willingness to fully or partially contribute to the financing of these vaccines, and their willingness to pay (WTP) for domestically produced vaccines using the contingent valuation method was assessed in different scenarios. The determinants of the probability of positive financing preferences were evaluated using an ordered probit regression model. RESULTS: Among the 2071 survey respondents, approximately 60% stated willingness to contribute to vaccine financing in the form of partial or full user fee payments. Forty percent of respondents are willing to be vaccinated if it is provided for free by the government. Interestingly, people's preference for financing the vaccine was not related to the type of vaccine. The regression analysis showed that income, having supplementary insurance, being male, perceived COVID-19 risk, education, and working in the health sector are significantly related to a higher probability of contribution to vaccine financing. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of country of origin of COVID-19 vaccines, vaccination is very important for the Iranian people, and the majority of respondents in our study showed an inclination to contribute to vaccine funding, from partial to full user fees, to achieve higher protection against COVID-19 disease. Hence, ensuring timely access to vaccines during health crises such as pandemics is imperative, as it saves lives and reduces the economic burden of disease. This commitment from the health system can be supported by financial contributions from the general public. In this regard, considering public preferences is strongly advised to policymakers.

Synthesis of coumarins and 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones using trichloroacetic acid as a catalyst.

Trichloroacetic acid was used as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of coumarins from phenols and beta-ketoesters and in an efficient synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones through the condensation of 2-aminobenzamide with aldehydes or ketones under solvent-free conditions. The remarkable advantages offered by this method are short reaction times, simple procedure, and an easy work-up without using any chromatographic methods.

Main drivers of diabetes pharmaceuticals expenditures: evidence from OECD countries and Iran.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the impact of prominent drivers on drug expenditure for diabetes. Method: Following the examination of previous studies, this study identified possible factors contributing to diabetes pharmaceutical expenditures. The explanatory variables for the study were the median population age, access to innovative drugs, GDP per capita, prevalence, price, and consumption of diabetes drugs. Then, to estimate the per capita expenditure among diabetic patients, this study developed the panel data model and two time-series regression models for OECD countries and Iran, respectively. Results: In the panel data regression model, R2 was 0.43. The influence of the age, prevalence, consumption volume and GDP per capita coefficients were + 1.79, + 0.704, + 3.86057, + 0.00054, respectively. Also, the probability level of all variables was less than 0.05. In Iran's comparative time-series regression model, R2 was 0.9, and the only significant influence coefficient was the age (ß=+0.91). In the another model for Iran, R2 was 0.99, the influence coefficient of age was + 0.249, the prevalence was + 0.131, innovation was + 0.029, and the price was + 0.00054; all the probability levels were less than 0.05. Conclusion: Pharmaceutical per capita expenditure is affected by several factors. These factors are not the same in various counties. Passing a judgment on drug utilization only based on pharmaceutical per capita expenditure cannot be perfect. Also, judging whether the per capita drug expenditure in one country is desirable without attention to the affecting factors and only relying on the value of utilized medicines is defective.

Requirements for improving social capital among faculty members of medical universities: A multicenter qualitative study.

Introduction: Social capital is critical to organizational dynamics, particularly in developing countries. This study explored strategies for enhancing social capital among faculty members at seven medical universities in the south of Iran. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in 2021. We used a purposeful sampling technique to recruit faculty members and conducted individual semi-structured interviews with them. Thematic analysis was used to analyze and describe the collected data. Results: A total of 49 faculty members (34 males; 15 females) participated in this study. The participants expressed satisfaction with their affiliations with medical universities. Social capital was related to the feeling of belonging to the organization, as well as to interpersonal and intra-organizational relations. Social capital was associated with three components: empowerment, organizational policy change, and organizational identification. Additionally, a dynamic relationship between the individual, interpersonal, and macro-organizational levels reinforced the organization's social capital. This means that, just as the macro-organizational level affects the members' identities, the members' activism affects the macro-organizational level. Conclusion: To strengthen the organization's social capital, managers should work on the mentioned components at the individual, interpersonal, and macro-organizational levels.