Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis in Cattle in China.

Giardia duodenum (G. duodenalis) can cause giardiasis and infect a variety of hosts. So far, there have been no detailed data regarding the positive rate of G. duodenalis in cattle in China. Here, a systematic literature review was carried out to investigate the epidemiology of bovine G. duodenalis in China. To perform the meta-analysis, the databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Chinese Journal Databases, WanFang Databases, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were employed for screening studies related to the prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle in China. The total prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was estimated to be 8.00% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.51-11.62). In the age subgroup, the prevalence of G. duodenalis in calves (11.72%; 95% CI: 7.75-17.73) was significantly higher than that in cattle of other age groups. An analysis based on seasons showed that the prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was higher in summer (9.69%; 95% CI: 2.66-35.30) than that in other seasons. The prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle in 2016 or later was 11.62% (95% CI: 6.49-20.79), which was significantly higher than that before 2016 (3.65%; 95% CI: 2.17-6.12). The highest prevalence of G. duodenalis in cattle was 74.23% (95% CI: 69.76-78.45) recorded in South China. The NOAA's National Center for Environmental Information (https://gis.ncdc.noaa.gov/maps/ncei/cdo/monthly) was used to extract relevant geoclimatic data (latitude, longitude, elevation, temperature, precipitation, humidity, and climate). By analyzing the data of each subgroup, it was shown that age of cattle, sampling year, province, region, temperature, and climate were potential risk factors for giardiasis prevalence in cattle. Based on the analysis of common factors and geographical factors, it is recommended to strengthen effective management measures (e.g., ventilation and disinfection in warm and humid areas) and formulate relevant policies according to local conditions. Breeders should pay more attention to the detection of G. duodenalis in calves, to prevent giardiasis prevalence in cattle of different ages, thereby reducing the economic losses of animal husbandry in China.

[Impact of the waist circumference change on new onset of diabetes in the population with impaired fasting glucose].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of the waist circumference change on new onset diabetes (NOD) in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) population. METHODS: A total of 12 657 subjects who took part in the health examination from 2006 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2011 from the employees of Kailuan Group and met the inclusion criteria were selected as the observation cohort.Of the 12 657 subjects, 10 697 were male, 1960 were female, with age of (49.9 ± 11.3) years old. According to the baseline waist circumference (WC) measurements and its quartile in the health examinations during 2006 to 2007, the observation population was divided into four groups (first, second, third and the fourth quartile groups) . Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to test the relation between the increasing of WC and NOD. RESULTS: The incidences in the IFG population of NOD were 4.27% (1884/12 657) in the total population;4.25% (1581/10 697) in male and 4.44% (303/1960) in females, respectively (P < 0.05) . Along with increasing WC in the 4 quartile groups, the incidences of NOD was progressively increased, which were 2.19% (235/3083) , 3.07% (333/3114) , 4.47% (473/3037) and 7.08% (843/3423) , respectively;2.34% (213/2626) , 3.06% (282/2645) , 4.37% (393/2582), 7.00% (693/2844) in males and 1.38% (22/457) , 3.12% (51/469) , 5.05% (80/455) , 7.45% (150/579) in female (P < 0.05) . Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the first quartile group, the second, third and fourth quartile group had increased risk of NOD after adjusting for age, gender and other risk factors, the OR (95%CI) values were 1.38(1.13-1.68), 1.79 (1.47-2.09) and 3.10 (2.57-3.75), respectively. CONCLUSION: The incidence of NOD in the IFG population increased as the WC increased.

[Determination of lead and isotope ratios in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to determine lead and Isotope Ratios in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). METHODS: The whole blood samples was removed protein by 5% nitric acid , Online join thallium (Tl) as internal standard substance, used lyophilized bovine blood lead and cadmium standard material (GBW09139h and GBW09140h) for quality control of blood lead concentrations. Lead isotope standard substances (GBW04426) is used to determine the correction factor, lead isotope ratios will lead isotope standard reference material NIST SRM981 by icp-ms with samples for testing. RESULTS: Optimize the detection method, detection of blood lead and lead isotope, and the method of linear range r >0.9999, GBW09139h and GBW09140h test results are within the scope of quality control. NIST SRM981 isotope determination precision RSD<1%, NIST SRM981 test results and the certificate of value close to. CONCLUSION: The method is simple and convenient data is reliable, can meet the total lead (pb) in blood and former isotope simultaneous determination.

[Therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) combined with plasma cryoprecipitate (CRYO) on the corneal injury induced by paraquat].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) combined with plasma cryoprecipitate (CRYO) on the corneal injury induced by paraquat (PQ). METHODS: According to the "Toxicological test methods of pesticides for registration" (GB 15670-1995), the conjunctival sacs of 18 health New Zealand rabbits were exposed to 100 µl 20% PQ, which were randomly divided into EGF, CRYO and EGF plus CRYO groups. The routine treatments (normal saline washing and antibiotic eyedrops) were administrated to the injured eyes of 3 groups, at the same time the left eyes of 3 groups were treated with EGF, CRYO and EGF plus CRYO, respectively. The injury of conjunctival, iris and corneal, fluorescent stranded and pathology changes of corneal were observed. The injury score was calculated and the recovery time of corneal injury was recorded. RESULTS: The recovery time of corneal injury in EGF and EGF plus CRYO groups were 19.50 ± 3.08 and 18.67 ± 2.73 days, respectively which were significantly lower than those (27.33 ± 2.58 and 26.83 ± 3.13 days) in corresponding routine treatment controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: EGF and EGF plus CRYO could be used to treat the corneal injury induced by paraquat.

[Evaluation of the capacity of personal protection on poison emergency items in Chinese disease control and prevention institutes].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the capacity of personal protection on poison emergency items in Chinese disease control and prevention institutes. METHODS: Evaluation analysis based on data obtained from investigating personal protection equipments and professional knowledge quizzing about personal protection in poisoning control of 57 different level centers for disease control and prevention selected from China by a multi-stage stratified sampling. RESULTS: All 80.70% of the institutes possessed the protection equipments, provincial, municipal, county level institutes were 100.00%, 95.24%, 66.67%, respectively, with significant statistical difference (H = 7.94, P < 0.05). The average level of the type of individual protective equipments in disease control and prevention institutes was (5.42 +/- 4.00) kinds, the average points in category of provincial, municipal, county level institutes were (11.33 +/- 3.67), (6.52 +/- 3.16), (3.47 +/- 3.10) kinds, being statistically significant (F = 17.30, P < 0.05); type difference counts of disease control and prevention institutes in economic development, secondary, less-developed regions were (6.41 +/- 4.03), (3.55 +/- 3.35), (6.45 +/- 4.07) kinds, with statistical significance (F = 3.70, P < 0.05). Protection equipments chiefly possessed were latex gloves, gauze masks and C-protective clothing. Protective clothing and respiratory protective equipments were insufficient evidently. The average points in testing personal protection basic knowledge were (71.39 +/- 12.52) points; there were no differences between different institutes with different economic regions, levels, technical posts and title degrees. CONCLUSION: Certain advances have been achieved in recent years in personal protection capacity of institutes for disease control and prevention, but far from the actual demands, and maybe no enough effective response on emergency occurred.

A case study of Lepiota brunneoincarnata poisoning with endoscopic nasobiliary drainage in Shandong, China.

The most frequently reported fatal Lepiota ingestions are due to L. brunneoincarnata. We present a case of L. brunneoincarnata poisoning with endoscopic nasobiliary drainage known to be the first in China. The patient suffered gastrointestinal symptoms 9 h post ingestion of mushrooms. The patient was hospitalized 4 days after eating the mushrooms with jaundice. The peak ALT, AST, APTT, TBIL and DBIL values of the patient were as follow: ALT, 2980 U/L (day 4 post ingestion); AST, 1910 U/L (day 4 post ingestion); APTT, 92.8 seconds (day 8 post ingestion), TBIL, 136 µmol/L (day 10 post ingestion), DBIL 74 µmol/L (day 10 post ingestion). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS was used to detect the peptide toxins in the mushroom and biological samples from the patient. We calculated that the patient may have ingested a total of 29.05 mg amatoxin from 300 g mushrooms, consisting of 19.91 mg α-amanitin, 9.1 mg ß-amanitin, and 0.044 mg γ-amanitin. Amatoxins could be detected in bile even on day 6 after ingestion of L. brunneoincarnata. With rehydration, endoscopic nasobiliary drainage and intravenous infusion of Legalon SIL, the patient recovered after serious hepatotoxicity developed.

Toxicity and toxicokinetics of Amanita exitialis in beagle dogs.

In this study, the toxicology of A. exitialis, a lethal mushroom found in China, and the toxicokinetics of peptide toxins contained in it were evaluated. Beagles were fed A. exitialis powder (20 or 60 mg/kg) in starch capsules, after which they were assessed for signs of toxicity, as well as biochemical and pathological changes. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to assay the peptide toxins. The total peptide toxins in A. exitialis was 3482.6 ±â€¯124.94 mg/kg. The beagles showed signs of toxicity, such as vomiting and diarrhea, at 12-48 h following ingestion of A. exitialis. Furthermore, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels in plasma, as well as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time peaked at 36 h post A. exitialis ingestion. Furthermore, total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels peaked at 48 h after A. exitialis ingestion. Three dogs that were administered 60 mg/kg A. exitialis died at 24-72 h after ingesting the capsules. Additionally, liver histopathological examinations showed hemorrhagic necrosis of hepatocytes. α-Amanitin, ß-amanitin, and phallacidin were rapidly absorbed and eliminated from plasma after A. exitialis was ingested. A long latency period (12-24 h post A. exitialis ingestion) was observed in the dogs before the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms. There was acute liver damage thereafter. Gastric lavage and enhanced plasma clearance methods such as hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, or plasma exchange may be ineffective in removing amatoxins from blood at 12 h post A. exitialis ingestion. Enhanced excretion of amatoxins in urine could be effective within 2 days after ingestion of A. exitialis because amatoxins in 0-2 d urine accounted for more than 90% of the total urine excretion.

Effect of Biliary Drainage on the Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of Amanita exitialis in Beagles.

Amatoxin poisoning induces delayed-onset acute liver failure, which are responsible for more than 90% of deaths in mushroom poisoning. It has been postulated from animal and human studies that biliary drainage interrupting enterohepatic amatoxin circulation may affect amatoxin poisoning. Dogs were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each. In 20 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg with biliary drainage groups, after accepting bile drainage operation, beagles were fed Amanita exitialis powder (20 or 60 mg/kg) in starch capsules. In control and bile drainage groups, the beagle dogs were fed with empty capsules. They were assessed for toxicity signs, biochemical and pathological changes, and peptide toxins in plasma, urine and bile. The data were directly compared with those from our published studies on Amanita exitialis-exposed beagles without biliary drainage. Amatoxins were rapidly absorbed and eliminated from plasma after Amanita exitialis ingestion. Amatoxins in 0⁻1-day urine accounted for more than 90% of the total urine excretion, and amatoxins in bile accounted for less than 20% of the total urine and bile excretion. The dogs with biliary drainage showed less severe toxicity signs and biochemical and pathological changes and much lower internal exposure than dogs without biliary drainage. Biliary drainage caused a more than 70% reduction in intestinal amatoxin absorption and could reduce amatoxin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

[Toxicokinetics of tetramethylene disulphotetramine].

OBJECTIVE: To explore toxicokinetics of tetramethylene disulphotetramine (TETS) in rabbit and the effects on toxicokinetics of TETS after activated charcoal by gavage. METHODS: Eight rabbits were exposed through gavage and vein respectively, the blood samples were collected from the center artery in ear of rabbit at an arranged time. Four rabbits were exposed after being intubated into urethra and common bile duct. The samples of bile and urine were collected at arranged times. After being exposed by gavage, activated charcoal (1 g/kg) was administrated in the activated charcoal group and the distilled water (1 g/kg) administrated to the controls. The samples of blood were collected from the center artery in ear of rabbit at arranged times. The contents of TETS in samples were determined by GC/NPD method. Analysed by the 3p87 soft, toxicokinetics parameters of TETS were acquired. RESULTS: TETS was eliminated very slowly in rabbit. The plasma half time in elimination phase (Tke1/2) of TETS was 56.9 hours in vein exposure group and 262.5 hours in oral exposure group respectively. The plasma clearance (CL) of it was only 15.4 ml.kg(-1).h(-1) in oral exposure group and 24.1 ml.kg(-1).h(-1) in vein exposure group. TETS was eliminated from urine in rabbit. The eliminated amount of it from urine was more 5 times than from bile. All parameters of toxicokinetics of TETS were significantly different between the activated charcoal group and the control. Compared to the control, Tke1/2 of TETS in the activated charcoal group was equal to 55%, CL was increased over 3-fold, area under the curve was equal to 30%. CONCLUSION: TETS was a poison eliminated very slowly in body. The eliminated amount of it from urine was more than from bile. The excretion of TETS could be quickened after activated charcoal by gavage.

[Evaluation of therapeutic project on acute tetramethylene disulphotetramine poisoning and effect on intelligence in children].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate four therapeutic measures on acute tetramethylene disulphotetramine (TETS) poisoning and the effects of it on intelligence of children. METHODS: All 86 patients of acute TETS poisoning were randomly divided into 4 groups (the control group, sodium valproate group, sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate group and the hemoperfusion group). The therapeutic effects were observed after the arranged treatment was administrated. According to age, residence, sex, education and domestic economy, 30 children were matched by 1:1 with children of TETS poisoning. RESULTS: The termination time of seizure, doses of diazepam, mental symptoms and the continual time of mental symptoms were not significantly different among these three groups. After hemoperfusion, the seizure of patients was terminated or the frequency was obviously decreased, but the level of TETS in blood was not reduced. The average scores of full intelligence quotient (FIQ), the verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and the performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) of children in poisoning group were 9.1, 8.8 and 7.7 less than the controls. The average scores of FIQ of children with bad state were 15 less than the controls. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic effects of sodium valproate and sodium dimercaptopropane sulfonate on acute TETS poisoning should be not better than using diazepam and sodium phenobarbital. Therapeutic effects of hemoperfusion on TETS poisoning is good. TETS poisoning should have a great influence on intelligence of children.