An all-in-one FeOx-rGO sponge fabricated by solid-phase microwave thermal shock for water evaporation and purification.

Developing high-efficiency photothermal seawater desalination devices is of significant importance in addressing the shortage of freshwater. Despite much effort made into photothermal materials, there is an urgent need to design a rapidly synthesized photothermal evaporator for the comprehensive purification of complex seawater. Therefore, we report on all-in-one FeOx-rGO photothermal sponges synthesized via solid-phase microwave thermal shock. The narrow band gap of the semiconductor material Fe3O4 greatly reduces the recombination of electron-hole pairs, enhancing non-radiative relaxation light absorption. The abundant π orbitals in rGO promote electron excitation and thermal vibration between the lattices. Control of the surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity promotes salt resistance while simultaneously achieving the purification of various complex polluted waters. The optimized GFM-3 sponge exhibitedan enhanced photothermal conversion rate of 97.3% and a water evaporation rate of 2.04 kg/(m2·hr), showing promising synergistic water purification properties. These findings provide a highly efficient photothermal sponge for practical applicationsof seawater desalination and purification,as well as develop a super-rapid processing methodology for evaporation devices.

Surface, Interface and Structure Optimization of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Towards Efficient Resourceful Conversion of Industrial Waste Gases.

Industrial waste gas emissions from fossil fuel over-exploitation have aroused great attention in modern society. Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been developed in the capture and catalytic conversion of industrial exhaust gases such as SO2 , H2 S, NOx , CO2 , CO, etc. Based on these resourceful conversion applications, in this review, we summarize the crucial role of the surface, interface, and structure optimization of MOFs for performance enhancement. The main points include (1) adsorption enhancement of target molecules by surface functional modification, (2) promotion of catalytic reaction kinetics through enhanced coupling in interfaces, and (3) adaptive matching of guest molecules by structural and pore size modulation. We expect that this review will provide valuable references and illumination for the design and development of MOF and related materials with excellent exhaust gas treatment performance.

A theoretical study of novel orthorhombic group-IVB nitride halide monolayers for photocatalytic overall water splitting.

Hydrogen energy is very important as a new clean energy source to combat the growing environmental problems. In this regard, novel photocatalyst materials for water splitting have a wide range of applications. Using first principles calculations, we theoretically studied three orthorhombic group-IVB nitride halide monolayers, Hf2N2Br2, Janus HfZrN2Br2 and Janus Hf2N2ClBr. The energy, dynamic and thermal stabilities are demonstrated for all three monolayers. Using the HSE hybrid functional, the calculations reveal that they are direct band gap semiconductors with suitable band edge positions, good optical absorptions, and anisotropic carrier mobilities, which makes them promising for water splitting applications. Importantly, the photogenerated carriers provide enough driving force to trigger the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) within wide pH ranges, and then overall water splitting can be achieved spontaneously. We conclude that orthorhombic group-IVB nitride halide monolayers have potential applications in photocatalytic nanodevices.

Electrical Control of the Valley-Layer Hall Effect in Ferromagnetic Bilayer Lattices.

The layertronics based on the layer degree of freedom are of essential significance for the construction and application of new-generation electronic devices. Although the Hall layer effect has been realized theoretically and experimentally, it is mainly based on topological and antiferromagnetic lattices. On the basis of the low-energy effective k·p model, the mechanism of the controllable valley-layer Hall effect (V-LHE) in a bilayer ferromagnetic lattice through interlayer sliding has been proposed. Due to the broken time-reversal and inversion symmetries, the V-LHE based on the valley, layer degree of freedom, ferromagnetism, and ferroelectricity can be predicted. In addition, valley and layer indexes can be controlled by magnetization orientation and slipping, respectively. The mechanism can be demonstrated in the real bilayer CrSI lattice through first-principles calculations. Moreover, V-LHE can be effectively tuned by the perpendicular external electric field in configurations without out-of-plane polarization. These findings provide a new platform for the research of valleytronics and layertronics.

Prediction ofπ-electrons mediated high-temperature superconductivity in monolayer LiC12.

Prediction and synthesis of two-dimensional high transition temperature (TC) superconductors is an area of extensive research. Based on calculations of the electronic structures and lattice dynamics, we predict that graphene-like layered monolayer LiC12is aπ-electrons mediated Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer-type superconductor. Monolayer LiC12is theoretically stable and expected to be synthesized experimentally. From the band structures and the phonon dispersion spectrum, it is found that the saddle point ofπ-bonding bands induces large density of states at the Fermi energy level. There is strongly coupled between the vibration mode in the in-plane direction of the lithium atoms and theπ-electrons of carbon atoms, which induces the high-TCsuperconductivity in LiC12. TheTCcan reach to 41 K under an applied 10% biaxial tensile strain based on the anisotropic Eliashberg equation. Our results show that monolayer LiC12is a good candidate asπ-electrons mediated electron-phonon coupling high-TCsuperconductor.

Top management team boundary-spanning leadership: Measurement development and its impact on innovative behavior.

With the advancement of digital economy, organizations around the world need to stretch the boundaries of their strategy, business, and knowledge to gain a competitive advantage and achieve sustainable growth. Although boundary-spanning leadership, with a set of practical tools developed by the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), has been explored over the past 10 years, the comprehensive understanding of top management team boundary-spanning leadership has still reached no consensus. This research focuses on the concept of top management team boundary-spanning leadership (TMTBSL) and its effect on employees' innovative behavior. Study 1 comprises the concept of TMTBSL and the measurement of its development. The classical grounded theory was used to analyze biographical texts and in-depth interview data from local Chinese organizations. We developed a 5-dimension scale with14 items for TMTBSL. In Study 2, we empirically examined the impact of TMTBSL on employees' innovative behavior. The results demonstrate that TMTBSL can promote employee innovative behavior through perceived motivational climate. The theoretical and practical implications are also outlined.

Intrinsic Valley-Polarized Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect and Controllable Topological Phase Transition in Janus Fe2SSe.

The valley-polarized quantum anomalous Hall effect (VP-QAHE) in topological materials, which usually is induced by applying external manipulations, has attracted intensive attention. Here, we predict the formation and regulation of the intrinsic VP-QAHE in ferromagnetic Janus monolayer Fe2SSe. Spontaneous valley polarization (VP) appears without external manipulations due to the Janus structure in monolayer Fe2SSe. The spontaneous VP in addition to the nonzero Chern number in Fe2SSe confirm the intrinsic VP-QAHE. Besides, the topologically protected chiral-spin-valley locking edge states can be regulated by reversing the magnetization. Topological phase transitions between metal, half-metal, topological insulator, and ferrovalley phases can be obtained by applying biaxial strains in Fe2SSe, and the nontrivial band gap reaches up to 441 meV. Also, the topological phase with the VP-QAHE is robust under certain conditions. Both the intrinsic VP-QAHE and controllable topological phase transitions can be achieved in Janus monolayer Fe2SSe, which provides an avenue for the applications of dissipationless valleytronic devices.

Manipulable Electronic and Optical Properties of Two-Dimensional MoSTe/MoGe2N4 van der Waals Heterostructures.

van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) can exhibit novel physical properties and a wide range of applications compared with monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this work, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of MoSTe/MoGe2N4 vdWH under two different configurations using the VASP software package based on density functional theory. The results show that Te4-MoSTe/MoGe2N4 vdWH is a semimetal, while S4-MoSTe/MoGe2N4 vdWH is a direct band gap semiconductor. Compared with the two monolayers, the absorption coefficient of MoSTe/MoGe2N4 vdWH increases significantly. In addition, the electronic structure and the absorption coefficient can be manipulated by applying biaxial strains and changing interlayer distances. These studies show that MoSTe/MoGe2N4 vdWH is an excellent candidate for high-performance optoelectronic devices.

Large valley polarization in a novel two-dimensional semiconductor H-ZrX2(X=Cl, Br, I).

Inspired by the new progress in the research field of two-dimensional valleytronics materials, we propose a new class of transition metal halides, i.e. H-ZrX2(X = Cl, Br, I), and investigated their valleytronics properties under the first-principles calculations. It harbors the spin-valley coupling at K and K' points in the top of valence band, in which the valley spin splitting of ZrI2can reach up to 115 meV. By carrying out the strain engineering, the valley spin splitting and Berry curvature can be effectively tuned. The long-sought valley polarization reaches up to 108 meV by doping Cr atom, which corresponds to the large Zeeman magnetic field of 778 T. Furthermore, the valley polarization in ZrX2can be lineally adjusted or flipped by manipulating the magnetization orientation of the doped magnetic atoms. All the results demonstrate the well-founded application prospects of single-layer ZrX2, which can be considered as great candidate for the development of valleytronics and spintronics.

Strain forces tuned the electronic and optical properties in GaTe/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructures.

Two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) have attracted widespread attention in fundamental materials science and device physics. In this work, we report a novel GaTe/MoS2 vdWH and theoretically investigate the electronic and optical properties based on first-principles calculations. GaTe/MoS2 vdWH possesses an indirect band gap with type-II band alignment. Meanwhile, the interfacial charge transfer from MoS2 to GaTe can effectively separate electrons and holes. Also, this vdWH shows improved visible-ultraviolet optical absorption properties compared with those of the isolated GaTe or MoS2 monolayers. More remarkably, the biaxial strain can not only modulate the band gap but also enhance the optical performance in GaTe/MoS2 vdWH. In particular, the tensile strain is more effective for improving the optical absorption in the visible light region. These findings indicate that GaTe/MoS2 vdWH is a promising candidate for nanoelectronics and optoelectronic devices.

Spin Polarization Properties of Pentagonal PdSe2 Induced by 3D Transition-Metal Doping: First-Principles Calculations.

The electronic structure and spin polarization properties of pentagonal structure PdSe2 doped with transition metal atoms are studied through first- principles calculations. The theoretical investigations show that the band gap of the PdSe2 monolayer decreases after introducing Cr, Mn, Fe and Co dopants. The projected densities of states show that p-d orbital couplings between the transition metal atoms and PdSe2 generate new spin nondegenerate states near the Fermi level which make the system spin polarized. The calculated magnetic moments, spin density distributions and charge transfer of the systems suggest that the spin polarization in Cr-doped PdSe2 will be the biggest. Our work shows that the properties of PdSe2 can be modified by doping transition metal atoms, which provides opportunity for the applications of PdSe2 in electronics and spintronics.

Optical Properties of Graphene/MoS2 Heterostructure: First Principles Calculations.

The electronic structure and the optical properties of Graphene/MoS2 heterostructure (GM) are studied based on density functional theory. Compared with single-layer graphene, the bandgap will be opened; however, the bandgap will be reduced significantly when compared with single-layer MoS2. Redshifts of the absorption coefficient, refractive index, and the reflectance appear in the GM system; however, blueshift is found for the energy loss spectrum. Electronic structure and optical properties of single-layer graphene and MoS2 are changed after they are combined to form the heterostructure, which broadens the extensive developments of two-dimensional materials.

HIF1α regulates single differentiated glioma cell dedifferentiation to stem-like cell phenotypes with high tumorigenic potential under hypoxia.

The standard treatment for Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is surgical resection and subsequent radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgical resection of GBM is typically restricted because of its invasive growth, which results in residual tumor cells including glioma stem cells (GSCs) and differentiated cells. Recurrence has been previously thought to occur as a result of these GSCs, and hypoxic microenvironment maintains the GSCs stemness also plays an important role. Summarizing traditional studies and we find many researchers ignored the influence of hypoxia on differentiated cells. We hypothesized that the residual differentiated cells may be dedifferentiated to GSC-like cells under hypoxia and play a crucial role in the rapid, high-frequency recurrence of GBM. Therefore, isolated CD133-CD15-NESTIN- cells were prepared as single-cell culture and treated with hypoxia. More than 95% of the surviving single differentiated CD133-CD15-NESTIN- cell dedifferentiated into tumorigenic CD133+CD15+NESTIN+ GSCs, and this process was regulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α. Moreover, the serum also played an important role in this dedifferentiation. These findings challenge the traditional glioma cell heterogeneity model, cell division model and glioma malignancy development model. Our study also highlights the mechanism of GBM recurrence and the importance of anti-hypoxia therapy. In addition to GSCs, residual differentiated tumor cells also substantially contribute to treatment resistance and the rapid, high recurrence of GBM.

Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in 115 rural and urban communities involving 47 000 people from China.

BACKGROUND: Identification and treatment of hypertension in China remain suboptimal despite high prevalence of hypertension and increasing incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: This study reported blood pressure levels, prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of hypertension, in addition to drug treatments in China. METHODS: This is a country-specific analysis of 45 108 individuals, average age 51.4 (standard deviation 9.6) (35-70) years, enrolled between 2005 and 2009, from 70 rural and 45 urban communities in 12 provinces. RESULTS: Among 18 915 (41.9% overall population) hypertensive participants, 7866 (41.6%) were aware, 6503 (34.4%) treated but only 1545 (8.2%) controlled. Prevalence of hypertension was higher, but awareness, treatment, and control were lower in rural than urban residents. Prevalence of hypertension was highest in eastern (44.3%), intermediate in central (39.3%), and lowest in western regions (37.0%). Awareness was higher in central (44.3%) and eastern (42.4%) but lower in western regions (37.0%). Similar patterns were observed in treatment rates, 37.7% central, 35.2% eastern, and 26.7% in western regions with control rates of 8.3% in eastern, 7.6% central, and 5.3% west regions. Of 4744 participants receiving documented treatments, 37.5% received traditional combination drugs alone, 55.4% western drugs alone and 7.1% combination of traditional combination drug in addition to western drugs. CONCLUSION: In China, hypertension is common, and while recent studies suggest some improvements, more than half of affected individuals were unaware that they had hypertension. Rates of control remain low. National programs effective in preventing and controlling hypertension in China are urgently needed.

Cloning and characterization of a novel cardiac-specific kinase that interacts specifically with cardiac troponin I.

Cardiac-restricted genes play important roles in cardiovascular system. In an effort to identify such novel genes we identified a novel cardiac-specific kinase gene TNNI3K localized on 1p31.1 based on bioinformatics analyses. Sequence analysis suggested that TNNI3K is a distant family member of integrin-linked kinase. Northern blot and 76-tissue array analyses showed that TNNI3K is highly expressed in heart, but is undetectable in other tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis predominantly localized TNNI3K in the nucleus of cardiac myocytes. In vitro kinase assay showed that TNNI3K is a functional kinase. The yeast two-hybrid system showed that TNNI3K could directly interact with cardiac troponin I, results that were further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in vivo. Our data suggest that TNNI3K is a cardiac-specific kinase and play important roles in cardiac system.

[Cloning and characterization of a novel cardiac-specific kinase gene p93 related to sarcomere].

Myocyte's contraction is regulated by signal transduction pathway composed with many protein factors, but the definite mechanism is still uncertain. A novel cardiac-specific kinase gene which participates in regulation of signal transduction, p93 named, was cloned from adult heart cDNA library. p93, coding a family member of MAPKKK, localized on 1p31.1 based on bioinformatics analyses. Northern blot and 76-tissue array analyses determined that p93 was merely expressed in heart, but was undetectable in other tissues. Immunohistochemical study showed that p93 predominantly localized in the nucleus of cardiac myocytes. In vitro kinase assay indicated that p93 was a functional kinase capable of autophosphorylation. p93 could directly interact with cardiac troponin I by yeast two-hybrid system assessed utilizing bait plasmid containing p93 C-terminus (733 835 aa) and results were further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation in vivo. Our data suggest that p93 is a cardiac-specific kinase and may play important role in regulation of sarcomeric contraction protein with signal transduction pathway similar ILK.

Killing effect of coexpressing cytosine deaminase and thymidine kinase on rat vascular smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND: Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation following arterial injury plays a critical role in a variety of vascular proliferative disorders, such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after balloon angioplasty. Herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) and E. coli cytosine deaminase (CD)/5-fluorocytosine (5-Fc) suicide gene systems have been successfully employed in cardiovascular gene therapy, respectively. We reasoned that coexpression of both HSV-TK with CD suicide genes would lead to increased cell killing. To test this imagine, the adenoviral vectors expressing TK and/or CD genes were developed and tested on vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS: Adenoviral vectors, including Ad-EF1alpha-CD-cytomegalovirus (CMV)-TK coexpressing both CD and TK double suicide genes, Ad-EF1alpha-CD and Ad-CMV-TK expressing CD and TK respectively, and control vector Ad-CMV-LacZ, were constructed and prepared with homologous recombination in RecA + E. coli cells. Integration and expression of CD and/or TK gene were identified by PCR and Western blot. Primary cultured VSMCs were infected at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 with exposure to their matching prodrugs 5-Fc and GCV. Cell mortality was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect cell death. Apoptotic cells were analyzed using Hoechst 33342 fluorescence dye as a DNA probe. Genomic DNA cleavage of apoptotic VSMCs was tested by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Recombinant adenovirus expressing CD and/or TK suicide genes were successfully constructed. Both single and double suicide genes could be integrated into adenoviral genome and expressed. Cytotoxic effects of Ad-EF1alpha-CD-CMV-TK double suicide genes combined with 5-Fc and GCV were higher than those of Ad-CMV-TK and Ad-EF1alpha-CD single gene groups. The rate of cell survival was only (9 +/- 3)% in the Ad-EF1alpha-CD-CMV-TK group, but (37 +/- 3)% in the Ad-CMV-TK and (46 +/- 4)% in the Ad-EF1alpha-CD groups (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis indicated that the killing mechanisms of the groups were different. Necrosis and apoptosis were involved in the mechanism of the double gene group. Based on the DNA stainability with Hoechst 33342, the apoptotic rates of VSMCs in the Ad-EF1alpha-CD-CMV-TK [(11.0 +/- 2.1)%] and Ad-CMV-TK [(12.0 +/- 2.2)%] groups were higher than those in Ad-CMV-LacZ [(1.2 +/- 0.11)%] and Ad-EF1alpha-CD [(5.0 +/- 1.8)%] groups (P < 0.05, respectively). DNA smear could be observed in both Ad-CMV-TK and Ad-EF1alpha-CD-CMV-TK groups after administration of prodrugs. CONCLUSIONS: The killing effect on rat VSMCs mediated by adenoviral CD/TK double suicide genes is superior to that of single suicide gene. The killing mechanism of recombinant adenovirus coexpressing CD/TK double suicide genes is mainly through cytotoxic effect and apoptosis.

[Effect of antisense thrombin receptor and p21 double gene co-expression system on the proliferation and apoptosis in human aortic smooth muscle cells].

OBJECTIVE: To focus on the study of the effect on proliferation and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMC) by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector carrying antisense thrombin receptor (ATR) and p21 double gene co-expression system. METHODS: Cultured human AMSC was infected with recombinant AAV containing ATR, p21 single gene and AP double gene respectively. The integration and expression of genes were confirmed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The anti-proliferation effect was determined by MTT assay. Cell cycle and apoptotic cell counts were measured through Flow Cytometry. The rate of apoptotic cells was examined with acridine orange/ethidium bromide(AO/EB) stain. RESULTS: RT-PCR indicated that the exogenous genes had been integrated into ASMC. The rates of cell survival were decreased by 16.67%, 21.60%, and 29.4% and the cell counts of G0/G1 phase were (61.8 +/- 2.9)%, (82.5 +/- 4.0)%, (80.4 +/- 6.1)% in ATR, p21 and AP group respectively after rAAV infected 4 days. The level and area of apoptotic peak were greater in AP double gene than ATR and p21 single gene. Cell stain indicated that apoptotic cells were (7.2 +/- 3.3)%, (10.7 +/- 5.6)%, and (18.3 +/- 2.7)% in each transgene group compared with (1.5 +/- 0.8)% in control group. CONCLUSION: AP double gene co-expression system has powerful effect for inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis ASMC than ATR and p21 single gene and that is a superior way for gene therapy to restenosis.