RNA polymerase II dynamics and mRNA stability feedback scale mRNA amounts with cell size.

A fundamental feature of cellular growth is that total protein and RNA amounts increase with cell size to keep concentrations approximately constant. A key component of this is that global transcription rates increase in larger cells. Here, we identify RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) as the limiting factor scaling mRNA transcription with cell size in budding yeast, as transcription is highly sensitive to the dosage of RNAPII but not to other components of the transcriptional machinery. Our experiments support a dynamic equilibrium model where global RNAPII transcription at a given size is set by the mass action recruitment kinetics of unengaged nucleoplasmic RNAPII to the genome. However, this only drives a sub-linear increase in transcription with size, which is then partially compensated for by a decrease in mRNA decay rates as cells enlarge. Thus, limiting RNAPII and feedback on mRNA stability work in concert to scale mRNA amounts with cell size.

Processive Activity of Replicative DNA Polymerases in the Replisome of Live Eukaryotic Cells.

DNA replication is carried out by a multi-protein machine called the replisome. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the replisome is composed of over 30 different proteins arranged into multiple subassemblies, each performing distinct activities. Synchrony of these activities is required for efficient replication and preservation of genomic integrity. How this is achieved is particularly puzzling at the lagging strand, where current models of the replisome architecture propose turnover of the canonical lagging strand polymerase, Pol δ, at every cycle of Okazaki fragment synthesis. Here, we established single-molecule fluorescence microscopy protocols to study the binding kinetics of individual replisome subunits in live S. cerevisiae. Our results show long residence times for most subunits at the active replisome, supporting a model where all subassemblies bind tightly and work in a coordinated manner for extended periods, including Pol δ, redefining the architecture of the active eukaryotic replisome.

Phenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex.

Cortical neurons exhibit extreme diversity in gene expression as well as in morphological and electrophysiological properties1,2. Most existing neural taxonomies are based on either transcriptomic3,4 or morpho-electric5,6 criteria, as it has been technically challenging to study both aspects of neuronal diversity in the same set of cells7. Here we used Patch-seq8 to combine patch-clamp recording, biocytin staining, and single-cell RNA sequencing of more than 1,300 neurons in adult mouse primary motor cortex, providing a morpho-electric annotation of almost all transcriptomically defined neural cell types. We found that, although broad families of transcriptomic types (those expressing Vip, Pvalb, Sst and so on) had distinct and essentially non-overlapping morpho-electric phenotypes, individual transcriptomic types within the same family were not well separated in the morpho-electric space. Instead, there was a continuum of variability in morphology and electrophysiology, with neighbouring transcriptomic cell types showing similar morpho-electric features, often without clear boundaries between them. Our results suggest that neuronal types in the neocortex do not always form discrete entities. Instead, neurons form a hierarchy that consists of distinct non-overlapping branches at the level of families, but can form continuous and correlated transcriptomic and morpho-electrical landscapes within families.

Adjustable ultraviolet and white light dual emission phosphor Y2Sr(Ga1-yAly)4SiO12:xPr3+ for health lighting.

Mid-ultraviolet light (290-320 nm) can promote human vitamin D synthesis, which helps in the prevention and treatment of rickets and cartilage disease. For people who lack sufficient ultraviolet radiation all year round, it is significant to supplement the ultraviolet component in daily lighting sources. However, there are few luminous materials showing a combination of mid-ultraviolet light and white light emission on the market. Here, we designed a new material, Y2Sr(Ga1-yAly)4SiO12:xPr3+ (YSGAS:xPr3+), which achieves dual emission of 320 nm ultraviolet and white light from a single substrate with a single doped phosphor. Without Al3+ ions, the emission intensity of the Y2SrGa4SiO12:xPr3+ phosphor shows a contribution-dependent relationship, and concentration quenching due to exchange interaction. The crystal field environment was regulated by partially replacing Ga3+ ions with Al3+ ions. After introducing Al3+, YSGAS:xPr3+ phosphors exhibit dual ultraviolet emission (320 nm) and visible light emission. The emission color of YSGAS:xPr3+ can be adjusted by changing the Al3+ concentration, and Y2Sr(Ga0.6Al0.4)4SiO12:1%Pr3+ emits both ultraviolet light and white light. The LED device prepared by using the YSGAS:Pr3+ phosphor and chips shows a color temperature of 4858 K and appropriate CIE coordinates of (0.3474, 0.3390), indicating wide application prospects in the field of "health lighting" for particular populations.

Promoter replication of grape MYB transcription factor is associated with a new red flesh phenotype.

KEY MESSAGE: In our study, we discovered a fragment duplication autoregulation mechanism in 'ZS-HY', which may be the reason for the phenotype of red foliage and red flesh in grapes. In grapes, MYBA1 and MYBA2 are the main genetic factors responsible for skin coloration which are located at the color loci on chromosome 2, but the exact genes responsible for color have not been identified in the flesh. We used a new teinturier grape germplasm 'ZhongShan-HongYu' (ZS-HY) which accumulate anthocyanin both in skin and flesh as experimental materials. All tissues of 'ZS-HY' contained cyanidin 3-O-(6″-p-coumaroyl glucoside), and pelargonidins were detected in skin, flesh, and tendril. Through gene expression analysis at different stage of flesh, significant differences in the expression levels of VvMYBA1 were found. Gene amplification analysis showed that the VvMYBA1 promoter is composed of two alleles, VvMYBA1a and 'VvMYBA1c-like'. An insertion of a 408 bp repetitive fragment was detected in the allele 'VvMYBA1c-like'. In this process, we found the 408 bp repetitive fragment was co-segregated with red flesh and foliage phenotype. Our results revealed that the 408 bp fragment replication insertion in promoter of 'VvMYBA1c-like' was the target of its protein, and the number of repeat fragments was related to the increase of trans-activation of VvMYBA1 protein. The activation of promoter by VvMYBA1 was enhanced by the addition of VvMYC1. In addition, VvMYBA1 interacted with VvMYC1 to promote the expression of VvGT1 and VvGST4 genes in 'ZS-HY'. The discovery of this mutation event provides new insights into the regulation of VvMYBA1 on anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed grape, which is of great significance for molecular breeding of red-fleshed table grapes.

Nomogram predicting the efficacy of transurethral surgery in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting the efficacy of transurethral surgery in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. METHODS: Patients with BPH who underwent transurethral surgery in the West China Hospital and West China Shang Jin Hospital were enrolled. Patients were retrospectively involved as the training group and were prospectively recruited as the validation group for the nomogram. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to generate nomogram for predicting the efficacy of transurethral surgery. The discrimination of the nomogram was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots were applied to evaluate the calibration of the nomogram. RESULTS: A total of 426 patients with BPH who underwent transurethral surgery were included in the study, and they were further divided into a training group (n = 245) and a validation group (n = 181). Age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.15, P < 0.01), the compliance of the bladder (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.20-4.67, P < 0.01), the function of the detrusor (OR 5.92, 95% CI 2.10-16.6, P < 0.01), and the bladder outlet obstruction (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.07-4.54, P < 0.01) were incorporated in the nomogram. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.825 in the training group, and 0.785 in the validation group, respectively. CONCLUSION: The nomogram we developed included age, the compliance of the bladder, the function of the detrusor, and the severity of bladder outlet obstruction. The discrimination and calibration of the nomogram were confirmed by internal and external validation.

Excitatory neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus mediate the interruptive effect of inflammatory pain on a sustained attention task.

BACKGROUND: Attentional deficits are among the most common pain-induced cognitive disorders. Pain disrupts attention and may excessively occupy attentional resources in pathological states, leading to daily function impairment and increased disability. However, the neural circuit mechanisms by which pain disrupts attention are incompletely understood. METHODS: We used a three-choice serial reaction time task (3CSRTT) to construct a sustained-attention task model in male C57BL/6J mice. Formalin or complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into a paw to establish an inflammatory pain model. We measured changes in 3CSRTT performance in the two inflammatory pain models, and investigated the neural circuit mechanisms of pain-induced attentional deficits. RESULTS: Acute inflammatory pain impaired 3CSRTT performance, while chronic inflammatory pain had no effect. Either inhibition of the ascending pain pathway by blockade of the conduction of nociceptive signals in the sciatic nerve using the local anesthetic lidocaine or chemogenetic inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) attenuated the acute inflammatory pain-induced impairment of 3CSRTT performance, while chemogenetic activation of CaMKIIα neurons in the LPBN disrupted the 3CSRTT. Furthermore, the activity of CaMKIIα neurons in the LPBN was significantly lower on Day 2 after complete Freund's adjuvant injection than on the day of injection, which correlated with the recovery of 3CSRTT performance during chronic inflammatory pain. CONCLUSIONS: Activation of excitatory neurons in the LPBN is a mechanism by which acute inflammatory pain disrupts sustained attention. This finding has implications for the treatment of pain and its cognitive comorbidities.

Swimming of Buoyant Bacteria in Quiescent Medium and Shear Flows.

Gravity has an unavoidable effect on all living organisms inhabiting fluidic surroundings. To investigate the spatial distribution of bacteria in quiescent fluids and their rheotactic behavior in shear flows under buoyancy, we adjust the buoyant force to regulate bacterial swimming in a microfluidic channel. It is found that swimming bacteria of Escherichia coli exhibit an obvious vertical separation when exposed to a medium with high density and gradually gather close to the up wall within minutes. The bacterial population presents a net upward number flux, which enhances the trapping of motile bacteria onto the up surface as a result of buoyancy force apart from the hydrodynamic and kinematic interactions in quiescent fluids. When flow is imposed into the channel, the buoyancy effect is however significantly suppressed. Additionally, the drift velocity perpendicular to the buoyancy vector as a result of chirality-induced transverse swimming decreases with buoyancy force. However, this transverse drift capability is recovered after excluding the intrinsic swimming motility in a quiescent medium. Failing to escape from the trapping as a result of buoyant force allows for a facile separation of bacteria along the vertical direction. The findings also offer a controllable way to redisperse and homogenize the bacteria distribution close to walls by imposing a weak shear flow.

Photoredox/Nickel Dual-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Distal Cyano-Substituted Enamides.

Herein, the efficient photoredox/nickel dual-catalyzed cyanoalkylation reaction of enamides is illustrated. A wide scope of enamides and cycloketone oxime esters was well-tolerated, affording the synthetically versatile and geometrically defined ß-cyanoalkylated enamide scaffolds. The synthetic practicality of this protocol was revealed by gram-scale reactions, further transformations of enamides, and late-stage modifications of biologically active molecules.

Genome-Scale Analysis of the Grapevine KCS Genes Reveals Its Potential Role in Male Sterility.

Very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis in plants, is primarily rate-limited by the enzyme 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase (KCS), which also controls the rate and carbon chain length of VLCFA synthesis. Disruption of VLCFA during pollen development, may affect the pollen wall formation and ultimately lead to male sterility. Our study identified 24 grapevine KCS (VvKCS) genes and provided new names based on their relative chromosome distribution. Based on sequence alignment and phylogenetic investigation, these genes were grouped into seven subgroups, members of the same subgroup having similar motif structures. Synteny analysis of VvKCS genes, showed that the segmental duplication events played an important role in expanding this gene family. Expression profiles obtained from the transcriptome data showed different expression patterns of VvKCS genes in different tissues. Comparison of transcriptome and RT-qPCR data of the male sterile grape 'Y-14' and its fertile parent 'Shine Muscat', revealed that 10 VvKCS genes were significantly differentially expressed at the meiosis stage, which is a critical period of pollen wall formation. Further, joint analysis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), revealed that five of these VvKCS (VvKCS6/15/19/20/24) genes were involved in the fatty acid elongation pathway, which may ultimately affect the structural integrity of the pollen wall in 'Y-14'. This systematic analysis provided a foundation for further functional characterization of VvKCS genes, with the aim of grapevine precision breeding improvement.

How does environmental regulation affect industrial structure upgrading? Evidence from prefecture-level cities in China.

This study examines whether and how environmental regulation affects industrial structure upgrading with a panel data of 270 cities between 2006 and 2019. We first adopt two indicators-rationalization and advancement-to quantify industrial structure upgrading and then use kernel density estimation as well as trend surface analysis to investigate these indicators' spatial-temporal pattern. With a spatial Durbin model, we find that environmental regulation has inverted U-shaped and U-shaped direct impacts on rationalization and advancement, and inverted U-shaped indirect impacts on both rationalization and advancement in neighboring regions. Moreover, our subsample tests demonstrate that environmental regulation has various impacts on industrial structure upgrading in different regions. Last, a mediating effect analysis shows that technological innovation is an important path for environmental regulation to promote advancement. Our study provides new evidence for the Porter hypothesis, and offers suggestions for the authorities to formulate and optimize environmental regulation intensity.

Environmental regulation effect on green total factor productivity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

As a typical watershed ecological economy in China, the Yangtze River Economic Belt has two equally important objectives, namely ecological protection and economic development. Improving green total factor productivity is an essential approach to achieve these two objectives and promote sustainable growth in this area as well as the whole country. Therefore, this study explores the impact of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity with a panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt between 2003 and 2019. We first adopt the super slacks-based measure model to estimate city-level green total factor productivity. With kernel density curve, we find that green total factor productivity shows a downward pressure, and its absolute difference among cities shows a narrowing trend. Trend surface analysis displays an inverted U-shaped as well as a U-shaped spatial structures of green total factor productivity in the north-south as well as east-west directions, respectively. By using Spatial Durbin Model, we find a U-shaped direct impact of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity for the entire sample and three subsamples. For an indirect effect, environmental regulation has a positive spatial spill-over impact in the entire area; an insignificant effect in upstream and midstream areas; and an inverted U-shaped spatial spill-over in downstream area. Besides, we utilize threshold effect analysis to explore the impacts of technology innovation. The results show a single-threshold effect of technology innovation and the promotion effect decreases when technology innovation expenditure exceeds the threshold value. Based on our research findings, we suggest that the authorities should adhere to implementing and increasing the intensity of environmental regulation, so as to achieve better policy results. Moreover, local governments should keep technological innovation expenditure at a reasonable level to maximize the promoting effect of environmental regulation on green total factor productivity.

Speed behaviour and mental workload of small-spacing expressway interchanges based on field driving test.

Many small-spacing interchanges (SSI) appear with the improvement of the expressway network. To investigate the speed and mental workload characteristics in the SSI and acquire the mechanism of the influence of speed on the drivers' workload, 37 participants were recruited to perform a field driving test. Each driver performed four driving conditions (i.e. ramp-mainline, mainline-ramp, mainline driving, and auxiliary lane driving). The speed and drivers' electrocardiogram (ECG) data were collected using SpeedBox speed acquisition equipment and PhysioLAB physiological instrument. The heart rate increase (HRI) index was used to analyse the drivers' mental workload regularity. The relationship model between speed and HRI was developed to examine the impact of speed on HRI. The results show that the speed variation in the SSI displayed two patterns: 'decrease - increase and continuous decrease.' The drivers' HRI variation presented four patterns: 'convex curve, continuously increasing, continuously decreasing and concave curve'. SSI's influenced area length is given based on the speed and HRI variation regularity. HRI is significantly higher when driving in the ramp-mainline condition in the SSI than when driving in other conditions, indicating that drivers are more nervous when merging with the mainline traffic. HRI increases significantly in the first 50% of the weaving area in four driving conditions, indicating that vehicle weaving greatly influences the drivers' mental workload. A positive correlation exists between vehicle speed and drivers' HRI without interference from other vehicles and road alignment.

The shorter spacing of the interchange will result in a more difficult driving task for the drivers. This study shows that drivers have the highest mental workload in ramp-mainline driving condition at small-spacing interchanges. The first half of the weaving area is the area where drivers' mental workload increases significantly, and is a high-risk section for small-spacing interchanges. This study can provide a reference for the revision of the allowable minimum interchange spacing in the corresponding specification, and the calibration of the simulation test parameters for similar scenarios.

Response of endothelial function and oxidative stress after supervised aerobic exercise training in formerly preeclamptic women.

We sought to investigate effects of aerobic exercise in women with preeclampsia history. 42 women were enrolled. After 16 weeks, we found improvement in endothelial function index and oxidative stress biomarkers in the exercise group. Moreover, the change of endothelial function index was significantly associated with the change of total antioxidant capacity in the exercise group. Our findings showed aerobic exercise improved exercise capacity, endothelial function and oxidative stress in formerly preeclamptic women, and favorable modification of oxidative stress might be a vital pathway of endothelial function's melioration in those women, which deserves further exploration.

Periodic evolution of the out-of-phase dipole and the single-charged vortex solitons in periodic photonic moiré lattice with saturable self-focusing nonlinearity media.

We survey the propagation properties of the out-of-phase (OOP) dipole solitons and the single-charged vortex (SCV) soliton in a periodic photonic moiré lattice with θ=arctan⁡(3/4) under self-focusing nonlinearity media. Since the rotation angle, periodic photonic moiré lattices have peculiar energy band structures, with highly flat bands and the bandgaps being much more extensive, which is very favorable for the realization and stability of the solitons. When exciting a single point on-site with the OOP dipole beam, its evolution shows a periodic rollover around the lattice axis. Whereas, when exciting a single point on-site with the SCV beam, it transmits counterclockwise rotating periodically. Both the OOP dipole solitons and the SVC soliton maintain the local state, but their phase exhibits different variations. The phase of the OOP dipole solitons is flipped, while that of the SCV is rotated counterclockwise. Our work further complements the exploration of solitons in photonic moiré lattice with nonlinearity.

Impact of Fuzheng Huayu tablet on antiviral effect of entecavir in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Fuzheng Huayu tablet is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used for the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, whether the combination with Fuzheng Huayu tablet could affect the antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide remains a concern. The objective of this trial was to explore the impact of Fuzheng Huayu tablet on antiviral effect of entecavir in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. METHODS: A prospective, randomized control trial was conducted. Patients with compensated hepatitis B cirrhosis were randomly divided into the treatment group (entecavir capsule plus Fuzheng Huayu tablet) and the control group (entecavir capsule plus simulant of Fuzheng Huayu), and followed up for 48 weeks. The dynamic changes of HBV DNA load, the rate of serological conversion of HBeAg, liver function, renal function and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were monitored. The general clinical data and adverse events were also recorded. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the rate of virological response and cumulative virological response between the treatment group and the control group (P > 0.05). After 48 weeks of treatment, the HBeAg seroconversion rate, biochemical response rate and LSM value were 21.05% and 4.76% (P = 0.164), 86.96% and 65.96% (P = 0.017), 9.5 kpa and 10.6 kpa (P = 0.827) in the treatment group and the control group, respectively. No serious adverse events related to the study therapy occurred during the trial. CONCLUSIONS: The antiviral entecavir combined with Fuzheng Huayu tablet did not affect the antiviral efficacy of entecavir, but could improve the rate of biochemical response, and had a tendency to improve the rate of serological conversion of HBeAg and liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis. Fuzheng Huayu tablet is clinically safe for patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis.

Brillouin Frequency Shift Extraction Based on AdaBoost Algorithm.

The Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analyzer assisted by the AdaBoost Algorithm for Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) extraction is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The Brillouin gain spectrum classification under different BFS is realized by iteratively updating the weak classifier in the form of a decision tree, forming several base classifiers and combining them into a strong classifier. Based on the pseudo-Voigt curve training set with noise, the performance of the AdaBoost Algorithm is studied, and the influence of different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency range, and frequency step is also studied. Results show that the performance of BFS extraction decreases with the decrease in SNR, the reduction in frequency range, and the increase in frequency step.

Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase and Expression Analysis in Response to Anthocyanin Transport in the Flesh of the New Teinturier Grape Germplasm 'Zhongshan-HongYu'.

Anthocyanins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuole in plants. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play a key role in anthocyanin transport. To clarify the mechanism of GST genes in the accumulation and transport of anthocyanin in the early fruit stage, we analyzed and characterized the GST family in the flesh of 'Zhongshan-HongYu' (ZS-HY) based on the transcriptome. In this study, the 92 GST genes identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were unevenly present in all chromosomes of grapes, except chromosomes 3, 9 and 10. Through the analysis of the chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and cis-acting elements of GST family genes, the phylogenetic tree divided the GST genes into 9 subfamilies. Eighteen GST genes were screened and identified from grape berries via a transcriptome sequencing analysis, of which 4 belonged to the phi subfamily and 14 to the tau subfamily, and the expression levels of these GST genes were not tissue-specific. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that VvGST4 was closely related to PhAN9 and AtTT19. This study provides a foundation for the analysis of the GST gene family and insight into the roles of GSTs in grape anthocyanin transport.

Attenuated heart rate recovery in children and adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Autonomic dysfunction is a key trait in the development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults. However, few similar studies focused on children and adolescents. We investigated if there was any association between heart rate recovery (HRR) and the severity of OSAS in children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 161 subjects were included: 87 healthy controls, 35 mild OSAS patients (M-OSAS) and 39 moderate-severe OSAS (M-S-OSAS) patients. Clinical parameters, cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) indexes including HRR and polysomnographic records including apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) were compared among the three groups. Pearson correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression analysis were used to detect the relationship between HRR and polysomnographic parameters. RESULTS: HRR values in either the OSAS group were lower than those of the control group, and the values in the M-S OSAS group were even lower than those of the M-OSAS group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that HRR was inversely correlated with AHI (r = -0.190, P < 0.01). Moreover, multivariable linear regression analyses showed the association between HRR and AHI was significant (ß = 0.174, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: HRR was closely associated with OSAS severity, which suggested that HRR might be a promising index for risk stratification and clinical management in children and adolescents with OSAS. IMPACT: Heart rate recovery (HRR), a noninvasive and reliable index of automatic nervous system, is closely associated with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents. To our knowledge, our study was the first study in China focusing on evaluating the role of HRR in children with OSAS. We found HRR was closely associated with OSAS severity in children and adolescents, and it suggested that HRR might be a promising index for risk stratification and clinical management in children and adolescents with OSAS.

Biological Characteristics and Molecular Mechanism of Procymidone Resistance in Stemphylium eturmiunum From Garlic.

Garlic leaf blight caused by Stemphylium eturmiunum was first reported in Jiangsu Province in China. The dicarboximide fungicide (DCF) procymidone is reported to possess broad-spectrum action in inhibiting filamentous fungi and is widely used to control leaf disease of various plants. Of 41 Stemphylium eturmiunum isolates collected in this study from commercial garlic farms in Pizhou and Dafeng counties of Jiangsu Province, eight isolates were resistant to procymidone. The following three phenotypes were categorized according to in vitro responses to DCFs: sensitive, low resistance to iprodione and procymidone, and high resistance to all iprodione and procymidone. The fitness of all resistant isolates was decreased in accordance with data on mycelial growth, conidiation, and virulence. After treatment with 10 µg/ml of procymidone for 4 h, mycelial intracellular glycerol concentrations of resistant isolates were significantly lower than those of sensitive isolates. Positive cross-resistance was observed between dicarboximides and phenylpyrroles, but there was no cross-resistance between dicarboximides and fluazinam or difenoconazole in the two resistant phenotypes. Nucleotide sequence alignment of two-component histidine kinase genes from sensitive and resistant isolates indicated that amino acid mutations were located at the histidine kinase, adenylyl cyclase, methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein and at the phosphatase domain of the N-terminal region and the response regulator domain of the C-terminal region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of DCF resistance in Stemphylium eturmiunum, and these findings will help establish a rational strategy to manage DCF-resistant populations of Stemphylium eturmiunum in the field.